Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Praveen V. Vadlani / Lactic acid is an important platform chemical that has long history and wide applications in food, polymer, pharmaceutics and cosmetic industries. Lactic acid has two optical isomers; namely D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid. Racemic mixture of lactic acid are usually used as preservatives and ingredients in solvents, or as precursors for different chemicals. Currently there is an increasing demand of optical pure lactic acid as a feedstock for the production of poly-lactic acid (PLA). PLA is a biodegradable, biocompatible and environmental friendly alternative to plastics derived from petroleum based chemicals. Optically pure D or L-lactic acid is used for the synthesis of poly D or L- lactic acid (PDLA, PLLA). Blend of PDLA with PLLA results in a heat-resistant stereocomplex PLA with excellent properties. As a consequence, large quantity of cost effective D-lactic acid is required to meet the demand of stereocomplex PLA. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for lactic acid production because of its availability, sustainability and cost effectiveness compared to refined sugars and cereal grain-based sugars. Commercial use of lignocellulosic biomass for economic production of lactic acid requires microorganisms that are capable of using all sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) to produce high level of optically pure D-lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugars using a homofermentative strain L. delbrueckii via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF); 2) to develop a co-culture fermentation system to produce lactic acid from both pentose and hexose sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass; 3) to produce D-lactic acid by genetically engineered L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 ∆ldhL1 and its derivatives; 4) to construct recombinant L. plantarum by introduction of a plasmid (pLEM415-xylAB) used for xylose assimilation and evaluate its ability to produce D-lactic acid from biomass sugars; and 5) to perform metabolic flux analysis of carbon flow in Lactobacillus strains used in our study. Our results showed that D-lactic acid yield from alkali-treated corn stover by L. delbrueckii and L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 ∆ldhL1 via SSF were 0.50 g g[superscript]-1 and 0.53 g g[superscript]-1 respectively; however, these two D-lactic acid producing strains cannot use xylose from hemicellulose. Complete sugar utilization was achieved by co-cultivation of L. plantarum ATCC 21028 and L. brevis ATCC 367, and lactic acid yield increased to 0.78 g g[superscript]-1 from alkali-treated corn stover, but this co-cultivation system produced racemic mixture of D and L lactic acid. Simultaneous utilization of hexose and pentose sugars derived from biomass was achieved by introduction of two plasmids pCU-PxylAB and pLEM415-xylAB carrying xylose assimilation genes into L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 ∆ldhL1, respectively; the resulting recombinant strains ∆ldhL1-pCU-PxylAB and ∆ldhL1-pLEM415-xylAB used xylose and glucose simultaneously and produced high yield of optically pure D-lactic acid. Metabolic flux analysis verified the pathways used in these Lactobacillus strains and provided critical information to judiciously select the desired Lactobacillus strain to produce lactic acid catering to the composition of raw material and the optical purity requirement. This innovative study demonstrated strategies for low-cost biotechnological production of tailor-made lactic acid from specific lignocellulosic biomass, and thereby provides a foundational manufacturing route for a flexible and sustainable biorefinery to cater to the fuel and chemical industry.

Dissertation (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Xylose is the second most abundant sugar present in plant biomass. Plant biomass is the only potential renewable and sustainable source of energy available to mankind at present, especially in the production of transportation fuels. Transportation fuels such as gasoline can be blended with or completely replaced by ethanol produced exclusively from plant biomass, known as bio-ethanol. Bio-ethanol has the potential to reduce carbon emissions and also the dependence on foreign oil (mostly from the Middle East and Africa) for many countries. Bio-ethanol can be produced from both starch and cellulose present in plants, even though cellulosic ethanol has been suggested to be the more feasible option. Lignocellulose can be broken down to cellulose and hemicellulose by the hydrolytic action of acids or enzymes, which can, in turn, be broken down to monosaccharides such as hexoses and pentoses. These simple sugars can then be fermented to ethanol by microorganisms. Among the innumerable microorganisms present in nature, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most efficient ethanol producer on an industrial scale. Its unique ability to efficiently synthesise and tolerate alcohol has made it the ‘workhorse’ of the alcohol industry. Although S. cerevisiae has arguably a relatively wide substrate utilisation range, it cannot assimilate pentose sugars such as xylose and arabinose. Since xylose constitutes at least one-third of the sugars present in lignocellulose, the ethanol yield from fermentation using S. cerevisiae would be inefficient due to the non-utilisation of this sugar. Thus, several attempts towards xylose fermentation by S. cerevisiae have been made. Through molecular cloning methods, xylose pathway genes from the natural xylose-utilising yeast Pichia stipitis and an anaerobic fungus, Piromyces, have been cloned and expressed separately in various S. cerevisiae strains. However, recombinant S. cerevisiae strains expressing P. stipitis genes encoding xylose reductase (XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2) had poor growth on xylose and fermented this pentose sugar to xylitol. The main focus of this study was to improve xylose utilisation by a recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing the P. stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 genes under anaerobic fermentation conditions. This has been approached at three different levels: (i) by creating constitutive carbon catabolite repression mutants in the recombinant S. cerevisiae background so that a glucose-like environment is mimicked for the yeast cells during xylose fermentation; (ii) by isolating and cloning a novel xylose reductase gene from the natural xylose-degrading fungus Neurospora crassa through functional complementation in S. cerevisiae; and (iii) by random mutagenesis of a recombinant XYL1 and XYL2 expressing S. cerevisiae strain to create haploid xylose-fermenting mutant that showed an altered product profile after anaerobic xylose fermentation. From the data obtained, it has been shown that it is possible to improve the anaerobic xylose utilisation of recombinant S. cerevisiae to varying degrees using the strategies followed, although ethanol formation appears to be a highly regulated process in the cell. In summary, this work exposits three different methods of improving xylose utilisation under anaerobic conditions through manipulations at the molecular level and metabolic level. The novel S. cerevisiae strains developed and described in this study show improved xylose utilisation. These strains, in turn, could be developed further to encompass other polysaccharide degradation properties to be used in the so-called consolidated bioprocess. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Xilose is die tweede volopste suiker wat in plantbiomassa teenwoordig is. Plantbiomassa is die enigste potensiële hernubare en volhoubare bron van energie wat tans vir die mensdom beskikbaar is, veral vir die produksie van vervoerbrandstowwe. Vervoerbrandstowwe soos petrol kan vermeng word met etanol wat uitsluitlik van plantbiomassa vervaardig is, bekend as bio-etanol, of heeltemal daardeur vervang word. Bio-etanol het die potensiaal om koolstofuitlatings te verminder en vir baie lande ook afhanklikheid op buitelandse olie (hoofsaaklik afkomstig van die Midde-Ooste en Afrika) te verminder. Bio-etanol kan vanaf beide die stysel en sellulose in plante vervaardig word, maar sellulosiese etanol word as die meer praktiese opsie beskou. Lignosellulose kan deur die hidrolitiese aksie van sure of ensieme in sellulose en hemisellulose afgebreek word en dit kan op hulle beurt weer in monosakkariede soos heksoses en pentoses afgebreek word. Hierdie eenvoudige suikers kan dan deur mikro-organismes tot etanol gegis word. Onder die tallose mikro-organismes wat in die natuur teenwoordig is, is die gis Saccharomyces cerevisiae die doeltreffendste etanolprodusent in die bedryf. Sy unieke vermoë om alkohol te vervaardig en te weerstaan het dit die werksperd van die alkoholbedryf gemaak. Hoewel S. cerevisiae ‘n taamlike breë spektrum van substrate kan benut, kan dit nie pentosesuikers soos xilose en arabinose assimileer nie. Aangesien xilose ten minste ‘n derde van die suikers wat in lignosellulose teenwoordig is, uitmaak, sou die etanolopbrengs uit gisting met S. cerevisiae onvoldoende wees omdat hierdie suiker nie benut word nie. Verskeie pogings is dus aangewend om xilosegisting deur S. cerevisiae te bewerkstellig. Deur middel van molekulêre kloneringsmetodes is gene van die xiloseweg uit ‘n gis wat xilose natuurlik benut, Pichia stipitis, en ‘n anaërobiese swam, Piromyces, afsonderlik in S. cerevisiae-rasse gekloneer en uitgedruk. ‘n Rekombinante ras wat P. stipitis- se XYL1-xilosereduktase- en XYL2-xilitoldehidrogenase gene uitdruk, het egter swak groei op xilose getoon en het dié pentosesuiker tot xilitol gegis. Die hooffokus van hierdie ondersoek was om die benutting van xilose deur ‘n rekombinante S. cerevisiae-ras wat P. stipitis se XYL1 en XYL2-gene uitdruk onder anaërobiese gistingstoestande te verbeter. Dit is op drie verskillende vlakke benader: (i) deur konstitutiewe koolstofkataboliet-onderdrukkende mutante in die rekombinante S. cerevisiae-agtergrond te skep sodat ‘n glukose-agtige omgewing tydens xilosegisting vir die gisselle nageboots word; (ii) deur ‘n nuwe xilose-reduktasegeen uit die natuurlike xilose-afbrekende swam Neurospora crassa te isoleer en deur funksionele komplementasie in S. cerevisiae te kloneer; en (iii) deur willekeurige mutagenese van die rekombinante S. cerevisiae-ras ‘n haploïede xilose-gistende mutant te skep wat ‘n gewysigde produkprofiel ná anaërobiese xilosegisting vertoon. Deur hierdie drieledige benadering te volg, is dit bewys dat dit moontlik is om die anaërobiese xilosebenutting van rekombinante S. cerevisiae-rasse in wisselende mate deur die aangepaste metodes te verbeter, hoewel etanolvorming ‘n hoogs gereguleerde proses in die sel blyk te wees. Opsommend kan gesê word dat hierdie werk drie verskillende metodes uiteensit om xilosebenutting onder anaërobiese toestande te verbeter deur manipulasies op die molekulêre en metaboliese vlak. Die nuwe S. cerevisiae-rasse wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel en beskryf word, toon verbeterde xilosebenutting. Hierdie rasse kan op hulle beurt verder ontwikkel word om ander polisakkariedafbrekende eienskappe in te sluit wat in die sogenaamde gekonsolideerde bioproses gebruik kan word.

Efforts are made to change from 1st to 2nd generation bioethanol production, using lignocellulosics as raw materials rather than using raw materials that alternatively can be used as food sources. An issue with lignocellulosics is that a harsh pretreatment step is required in the process of converting them into fermentable sugars. In this step, inhibitory compounds such as furan aldehydes and carboxylic acids are formed, leading to suboptimal fermentation rates. Another issue is that lignocellulosics may contain a large portion of pentoses, which cannot be fermented simultaneously with glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this thesis, high local cell density has been investigated as a means of overcoming these two issues. Encapsulation of yeast in semi-permeable alginate-chitosan capsules increased the tolerance towards furan aldehydes, but not towards carboxylic acids. The selective tolerance can be explained by differences in the concentration of compounds radially through the cell pellet inside the capsule. For inhibitors, gradients will only be formed if the compounds are readily convertible, like the furan aldehydes. Conversion of inhibitors by cells close to the membrane leads to decreased concentrations radially through the cell pellet. Thus, cells closer to the core experience subinhibitory levels of inhibitors and can ferment sugars. Carbohydrate gradients also give rise to nutrient limitations, which in turn trigger a stress response in the yeast, as was observed on mRNA and protein level. The stress response is believed to increase the robustness of the yeast and lead to improved tolerance towards additional stress. Glucose and xylose co-consumption by a recombinant strain, CEN.PK XXX, was also improved by encapsulation. Differences in affinity of the sugar transporters normally result in that glucose is taken up preferentially to xylose. However, when encapsulated, cells in different parts of the capsule experienced high and low glucose concentrations simultaneously. Xylose and glucose could thus be taken up concurrently. This improved the co-utilisation of the sugars by the system and led to 50% higher xylose consumption and 15% higher final ethanol titres. A protective effect by the capsule membrane itself could not be shown. Hence, the interest in flocculation was triggered, as a more convenient way to keep the cells together. To investigate whether flocculation increases the tolerance, like encapsulation, recombinant flocculating yeast strains were constructed and compared with the non-flocculating parental strain. Experiments showed that strong flocculation did not increase the tolerance towards carboxylic acids. However, the tolerance towards a spruce hydrolysate and especially against furfural was indeed increased. The results of this thesis show that high local cell density yeast cultures have the potential to aid against two of the major problems for 2nd generation bioethanol production: inhibitors and simultaneous hexose and pentose utilisation. / <p>Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen vid Chalmers tekniska högskola försvaras vid offentlig disputation den 19 februari 2014,klockan 13.30 i KA-salen, Kemigården 4, Göteborg.</p>

A produção comercial dos surfactantes ocorre principalmente por síntese química a partir do petróleo. A via biotecnológica se apresenta como uma alternativa promissora por possibilitar a utilização de biomassas vegetais, ricas em carboidratos a exemplo da palha de cana-de-açúcar. Assim, esta biomolécula torna-se mais competitiva comercialmente em relação aos surfactantes químicos, obtendo um processo biossustentável e biodegradável. Microrganismos isolados da Antártica apresentam potencial para a produção destas biomoléculas, uma vez que em condições extremas de sobrevivência estas poderiam ser produzidas em concentrações elevadas. Assim, este estudo avaliou a produção de biossurfactante em hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de cana-de-açúcar (HHPC) a partir de leveduras da Antártica, além da caracterização parcial da biomolécula e testes de estabilidade da emulsão. Inicialmente foram avaliadas 24 leveduras, cultivadas em frascos Erlenmeyer de 50 mL em meio semi-definido contendo xilose ou glicose como fontes de carbono, a 25ºC, 150 rpm, por até 72 horas. As propriedades emulsificante e tensoativa do bioproduto foram avaliadas e as culturas que apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para ambas as propriedades e consumo de xilose superior ou igual a 80% foram selecionadas para cultivo em meio formulado com HHPC. Das 24 leveduras testadas, três foram selecionadas para cultivo em hidrolisado: Cryptococcus laurentii (L62), Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (L52). Destas, a levedura Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) se destacou por apresentar produção de biomoléculas com maior propriedade emulsificante e tensoativa. Para esta levedura o consumo de xilose em meio semi-definido e em HHPC bem como o índice de emulsificação nas diferentes condições foram semelhantes. O biossurfactante produzido por Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) foi caracterizado como glicolipídeo. Diferentes métodos de extração desta biomolécula foram testados, no entanto, estes não apresentaram diferença significativa. A estabilidade da emulsão obtida do sobrenadante de L95 em HHPC foi determinada em distintas condições físico-químicas, sendo que esta foi estável a pH extremamente baixo (2,00), baixas temperaturas (0oC e 4oC) e elevada concentração salina (10% m/V). Estes resultados são promissores considerando o potencial de aplicação de biossurfactantes em biorremediação bem como insumos nos mais diversos segmentos industriais, os quais necessitam de biomoléculas que resistam às mais diversas condições ambientais. Desta forma nesta pesquisa foi possível inferir que a biomassa de palha de cana pode ser destinada à obtenção de biossurfactantes a partir de leveduras da Antártica, destacando a relevância da pesquisa quanto à inovação biotecnológica. / The commercial production of surfactants occurs mainly by chemical synthesis from petroleum. The biotechnological pathway is considered as a promising alternative because it allows the use of vegetable biomass, rich in carbohydrates such as sugarcane straw. Thus, this biomolecule becomes more commercially competitive with respect to the chemical surfactants, obtaining a biodegradable process. Microorganisms isolated from Antarctica have the potential to produce these biomolecules, since under extreme conditions of survival, these could be produced in higher concentrations. In this way, this study aims to evaluate the biosurfactant production in sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate from Antarctic yeasts, in addition to the partial characterization of the biomolecule and stability tests of the emulsion. Initially, 24 yeasts were evaluated, grown in 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in semi-defined medium with xylose or glucose as carbono sources, at 25ºC, 150 rpm, up to 72 hours. The emulsifying and surfactante properties of the bioproduct were evaluated, and the cultures that had satisfactory results for both properties and xylose consumption higher or equal to 80% were selected to be cultivated in a medium formulated with sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SSHH). In the 24 yeasts tested, three were selected to be cultivated in the hydrolysed: Cryptococcus laurentii (L62), Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (L52). Among these C. adeliensis (L95) was distinguished by the production of biomolecules with higher emulsifying and tensoactive properties. For this yeast, the xylose consumption in semi-defined medium and in SSHH, as well as the emulsification index under diferente conditions were similar. The biosurfactant produced by C. adeliensis (L95) was characterized as glycolipid. Different methods of extraction of this biomolecule were tested, however, these did not have significant difference. The emulsion stability obtained from the C. adeliensis (L95) supernatant in SSHH was determined under different physicochemical conditions, which was stable at extremely low pH (2,00), low temperatures (0oC and 4oC) and high saline concentration (10% m/v). These results are interesting considering the potential of the biosurfactants application in bioremediation and inputs for several industrial segments, which require biomolecules that resist to the most diverse environmental conditions. In this research, it was concluded that sugarcane straw biomass can be used to obtain biosurfactants from Antarctic yeasts, consequently highlighting the research relevance regarding to the biotechnological innovation.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a permeabilização celular de Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 empregando processos químicos (agentes tensoativos) e físicos (congelamento-descongelamento) e verificar o potencial uso das células permeabilizadas na redução de xilose em xilitol. Os ensaios de permeabilização empregaram suspensão celular de 2 g/L, temperatura de 30ºC e pH 7. Para os processos químicos foram avaliados CTAB (Brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio) e Triton X-100 e os ensaios foram realizados empregando metodologia do planejamento experimental. O monitoramento da permeabilidade celular foi realizado através da dosagem in situ e no sobrenadante da enzima glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD), selecionada como marcador do tratamento. As enzimas xilose redutase (XR) e xilitol desidrogenase (XD) também foram dosadas. A permeabilização de C. guilliermondii com CTAB permitiu a dosagem in situ de G6PD e XD, mas não de XR. As três enzimas avaliadas não foram detectadas no sobrenadante. As condições que promoveram máxima permeabilidade celular (0,41 mM de CTAB, 200 rpm de agitação e 50 min de tempo de contato) resultaram em níveis in situ de G6PD de 283,4 ± 60,7 U/L e 122,4 ± 15,7 U/gcélulas. Nestas condições de tratamento, o CTAB influenciou negativamente a atividade catalítica de G6PD, XR e XD presentes no homogenato das células rompidas (não tratadas). O estudo de permeabilização celular com Triton X-100 mostrou que o tensoativo foi pouco efetivo, permitindo a dosagem in situ apenas da G6PD. As condições que promoveram máxima permeabilidade celular, ou seja, 2,78 mM de Triton X-100, 200 rpm de agitação e 50 min de tempo de contato, resultaram em níveis in situ de G6PD de 44,7 ± 0,0 U/L e 16,9 ± 0,0 U/gcélulas. Nestas condições, Triton X-100 não afetou a atividade catalítica de G6PD, XR e XD presentes no homogenato das células rompidas (não tratadas). O processo físico de permeabilização consistiu no congelamento da suspensão celular (-18ºC) por período de 48h, seguido do descongelamento em banho-maria (30ºC). Este tratamento permitiu a dosagem in situ das enzimas G6PD (108,7 ± 3,8 U/L e 54,3 ± 1,9 U/ gcélulas) e XR (26,4 ± 0,1U/L e 13,2 ± 0,1 U/gcélulas), mas não da XD. O tratamento não foi suficiente para liberar G6PD, no entanto, cerca de 60% da atividade total de XR foi detectada no sobrenadante (47,1 ± 0,4 U/L e 23,6 ± 0,2 U/gcélulas). Os ensaios de biotransformação mostraram que, nas condições avaliadas, a conversão de xilose em xilitol foi dependente do tipo de tratamento de permeabilização do biocatalisador. Os ensaios de cultivo mostraram que o tratamento das células com Triton X-100 não foi suficiente para causar perda de viabilidade e atividade metabólica de C. guilliermondii, enquanto o congelamento-descongelamento promoveu perda parcial da viabilidade celular. O tratamento das células com CTAB foi mais agressivo, causando a perda total de viabilidade celular. Foi também verificado que resting cells (células em estado de repouso) de C. guilliermondii sem tratamento e permeabilizadas com Triton X-100 foram capazes de converter xilose em xilitol com rendimento de ~60%, após 10 h de reação. Com o presente trabalho pode se concluir que os métodos estudados podem ser especialmente úteis para a determinação in situ de G6PD. Além disto, a utilização de células permeabilizadas pode ajudar a superar os problemas/custos associados com a extração e purificação das enzimas e conseqüentemente contribuírem para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de baixo custo para a produção de xilitol. / This work describes the effect of the surfactants (CTAB and Triton X-100) and freezing-thawing treatment on the permeabilization of C. guilliermondii cells. The potential use of these cells (unpermeabilized and permeabilized by CTAB, Triton X-100 and freezing-thawing treatment) was also evaluated. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of different parameters (detergent concentration, agitation and treatment time) on the permeabilization of C. guilliermondii cells. The experimentation was aimed to find the values of process variables to achieve maximal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in situ. The intracellular G6PD of the C. guilliermondii could not be detected in intact (unpermeabilized) whole cells. However, on treatment of C.guilliermondii with detergents (CTAB and Triton X-100) and freeze-thawing, the G6PD activity could be measured.The effectiveness of detergent permeabilization of C.guilliermondii cells was dependent on its concentration and exposure time. Maximum permeabilization, measured in terms of assayable G6PD activity in situ, was obtained when the cells were treated with CTAB. Triton X-100 and freeze-thawing were also found to permeabilize the cells, but to a lesser degree than CTAB. The optimum operating conditions for permeabilization process were 0.41 mM (CTAB) or 2.78 mM (Triton X-100) under agitation of 200 rpm at 30ºC temperature and process duration of 50 min and pH 7. At these conditions of process variables, the maximum value of enzyme activity was found to be 283.4 ± 60.7 U/L (122.4 ± 15.7 U/gcells) and 44.7 ± 0.0 U/L (16.9 ± 0.0 U/gcells) for permeabilized cells with CTAB and Triton X-100, respectively. The Triton X-100 was not enough to cause loss of viability and metabolic activity of C. guilliermondii. Freezing-thawing treatment promoted partial loss of cell viability. On the other hand the cells treated with CTAB were totally affected. The biotransformation of xylose to xylitol was studied by employing C. gulliermondii FTI 20037 in two different forms namely unpermeabilized cells and permeabilized cells. The maximum xylitol yield of about 60% was observed with unpermeabilized yeast cells and Triton X-100 permeabilized cells after 10 h of reaction time. In conclusion, surfactants and freezing-thawing treatment provides a simple and mild procedure for C.guilliermondii permeabilization. The method may be especially useful for the in situ determination of G6PD. Response surface methodology was found effective in optimizing and determining the interactions among process variables for the permeabilization process. The use of permeabilized cells can help to overcome the problems/costs associated with enzyme extraction and purification from yeast cells and in the development of a low-cost technology for xylitol production.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de 39 isolados bacterianos para produção de polihidroxialcanoatos contendo monômeros de cadeia média (PHA|MCL). Os isolados foram incapazes de utilizar eficientemente amido, lactose ou sacarose. O desempenho na produção de PHA a partir de glicose ou frutose pelos isolados foi inferior à linhagem de referência (Pseudomonas sp. LFM046). Muitos dos isolados apresentaram bom desempenho na conversão de glicerol em PHAMCL. Pela primeira vez, foram detectadas bactérias capazes de produzir PHAMCL a partir de xilose. Com base no sequenciamento do rDNA 16S, estes isolados foram identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Pseudomonas. Cultivos em biorreator, resultaram em uma biomassa de aproximadamente 6 g/L, contendo cerca de 11 a 14% de PHA. A superexpressão dos genes responsáveis pelo catabolismo de xilose (xylAB) em Escherichia coli não levou a melhora no consumo de xilose ou produção de PHAMCL. / This work aimed to evaluate the potential of 39 bacterial isolates to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates containing medium-chain monomers (PHAMCL). The isolates were unable to efficiently utilize starch, lactose or sucrose. The performance of the PHA production from glucose or fructose by the isolates was lower than the reference strain (Pseudomonas sp. LFM046). Many isolates showed good performance in the conversion of glycerol into PHAMCL. For the first time, bacterial isolates capable of producing PHAMCL from xylose were detected. Based on the sequencing of 16S rDNA, these isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. Bioreactor cultures resulted in a biomass of approximately 6 g/L, containing about 11 to 14% PHA. Overexpression of the genes responsible for the catabolism of xylose (xylAB) in Escherichia coli did not led to improved xylose consumption or production of PHAMCL.

A produção comercial dos surfactantes ocorre principalmente por síntese química a partir do petróleo. A via biotecnológica se apresenta como uma alternativa promissora por possibilitar a utilização de biomassas vegetais, ricas em carboidratos a exemplo da palha de cana-de-açúcar. Assim, esta biomolécula torna-se mais competitiva comercialmente em relação aos surfactantes químicos, obtendo um processo biossustentável e biodegradável. Microrganismos isolados da Antártica apresentam potencial para a produção destas biomoléculas, uma vez que em condições extremas de sobrevivência estas poderiam ser produzidas em concentrações elevadas. Assim, este estudo avaliou a produção de biossurfactante em hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de cana-de-açúcar (HHPC) a partir de leveduras da Antártica, além da caracterização parcial da biomolécula e testes de estabilidade da emulsão. Inicialmente foram avaliadas 24 leveduras, cultivadas em frascos Erlenmeyer de 50 mL em meio semi-definido contendo xilose ou glicose como fontes de carbono, a 25ºC, 150 rpm, por até 72 horas. As propriedades emulsificante e tensoativa do bioproduto foram avaliadas e as culturas que apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para ambas as propriedades e consumo de xilose superior ou igual a 80% foram selecionadas para cultivo em meio formulado com HHPC. Das 24 leveduras testadas, três foram selecionadas para cultivo em hidrolisado: Cryptococcus laurentii (L62), Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (L52). Destas, a levedura Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) se destacou por apresentar produção de biomoléculas com maior propriedade emulsificante e tensoativa. Para esta levedura o consumo de xilose em meio semi-definido e em HHPC bem como o índice de emulsificação nas diferentes condições foram semelhantes. O biossurfactante produzido por Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) foi caracterizado como glicolipídeo. Diferentes métodos de extração desta biomolécula foram testados, no entanto, estes não apresentaram diferença significativa. A estabilidade da emulsão obtida do sobrenadante de L95 em HHPC foi determinada em distintas condições físico-químicas, sendo que esta foi estável a pH extremamente baixo (2,00), baixas temperaturas (0oC e 4oC) e elevada concentração salina (10% m/V). Estes resultados são promissores considerando o potencial de aplicação de biossurfactantes em biorremediação bem como insumos nos mais diversos segmentos industriais, os quais necessitam de biomoléculas que resistam às mais diversas condições ambientais. Desta forma nesta pesquisa foi possível inferir que a biomassa de palha de cana pode ser destinada à obtenção de biossurfactantes a partir de leveduras da Antártica, destacando a relevância da pesquisa quanto à inovação biotecnológica. / The commercial production of surfactants occurs mainly by chemical synthesis from petroleum. The biotechnological pathway is considered as a promising alternative because it allows the use of vegetable biomass, rich in carbohydrates such as sugarcane straw. Thus, this biomolecule becomes more commercially competitive with respect to the chemical surfactants, obtaining a biodegradable process. Microorganisms isolated from Antarctica have the potential to produce these biomolecules, since under extreme conditions of survival, these could be produced in higher concentrations. In this way, this study aims to evaluate the biosurfactant production in sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate from Antarctic yeasts, in addition to the partial characterization of the biomolecule and stability tests of the emulsion. Initially, 24 yeasts were evaluated, grown in 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in semi-defined medium with xylose or glucose as carbono sources, at 25ºC, 150 rpm, up to 72 hours. The emulsifying and surfactante properties of the bioproduct were evaluated, and the cultures that had satisfactory results for both properties and xylose consumption higher or equal to 80% were selected to be cultivated in a medium formulated with sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SSHH). In the 24 yeasts tested, three were selected to be cultivated in the hydrolysed: Cryptococcus laurentii (L62), Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (L52). Among these C. adeliensis (L95) was distinguished by the production of biomolecules with higher emulsifying and tensoactive properties. For this yeast, the xylose consumption in semi-defined medium and in SSHH, as well as the emulsification index under diferente conditions were similar. The biosurfactant produced by C. adeliensis (L95) was characterized as glycolipid. Different methods of extraction of this biomolecule were tested, however, these did not have significant difference. The emulsion stability obtained from the C. adeliensis (L95) supernatant in SSHH was determined under different physicochemical conditions, which was stable at extremely low pH (2,00), low temperatures (0oC and 4oC) and high saline concentration (10% m/v). These results are interesting considering the potential of the biosurfactants application in bioremediation and inputs for several industrial segments, which require biomolecules that resist to the most diverse environmental conditions. In this research, it was concluded that sugarcane straw biomass can be used to obtain biosurfactants from Antarctic yeasts, consequently highlighting the research relevance regarding to the biotechnological innovation.

A produção de PHAs é limitada devido ao alto custo da fonte de carbono para á produção. No Brasil, o uso de xilose uma fonte de carbono abundante no bagaço de cana é uma alternativa. Neste estudo o catabolismo de xilose em B. sacchari foi estudado para explorar seu potencial para a produção de PHB. Primeiro a organização do operon de xilose foi descrita e foi demostrado que a superexpressão de xylAB melhoro a velocidade máxima de crescimento assim como o teor de acumulo de PHB. Depois foi identificado o fenômeno de repressão catabólica, o qual foi abolido a traves da superexpressão dos genes xylE xylAB. Finalmente foi criado um set de plasmídeos induzíveis para fazer engenharia no consume de xilose em B. sacchari. A superexpressão de xylR permitiu que B. sacchari atinge a velocidade máxima de crescimento mais alta reportada e o melhor fator de conversão de xilose a PHB. Foi concluído então que a superexpressão de xylAB e xylR ajudam a melhorar a velocidade máxima de crescimento e a capacidade de acumulo de PHB usando xylose como fonte de carbono em B. sacchari. / Polyhydroxyalkanoate production is limited by the high production cost of carbon sources. The use of cheap carbon sources like xylose is an alternative to address this issue. In this work we aimed to understand and engineer xylose catabolism in B. sacchari, a bacteria isolated in Brazil to exploit its potential for producing PHB from renewable sources. Initially, we described organization of xylose assimilation genes and demonstrated that xylAB overexpression is an efficient strategy to improve B. sacchari growth rate and production of PHB using xylose as sole carbon source, achieving the highest conversion rate and titer described. Then we identified B. sacchari sequential preference for different sugars (glucose>arabinose>xylose) and overexpress xylE-xylAB to abolish this preference. Finally we created a set of inducible vectors and use them to engineer xylose metabolism. Overexpression of xylR, allowed B. sacchari cells to achieve the highest growth rate and PHB conversion factor and yield reported using xylose as a sole carbon source. Finally, we conclude that overexpression of xylAB and xylR genes improved growth rate, conversion factor and yield when PHB is produced using xylose as carbon source in B. sacchari.

O pré-tratamento a quente do inoculo associado ao controle do pH tem sido aplicado para selecionar bactérias produtoras de hidrogênio, como por exemplo, Clostridium sp. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi obter consórcio de bactérias anaeróbias produtoras de hidrogênio a partir de inóculo proveniente de lodo granulado de reator UASB, usado no tratamento de dejetos de suinocultura. Para tanto, foi realizado tratamento a quente do inóculo e, posterior, enriquecimento com diluições seriais visando obter consórcio anaeróbio. Foram utilizados 20% (v/v) desse consórcio como inóculo nos ensaios de determinação de gás hidrogênio em reatores com diferentes concentrações de sacarose e xilose. Os reatores anaeróbios (2 L) foram alimentados com sacarose e xilose, separadamente, em triplicata, a 37 graus Celsius, pH 5,5 e headspace com \'HE\' (100%) para as seguintes condições: (1) 630,0 mg sacarose/L; (2) 1184,0 mg sacarose/L; (3) 1816,0 mg sacarose/L, (4) 4128,0 mg sacarose/L, (5) 630,0 mg xilose/L; (6) 1341,0 mg xilose/L; (7) 1848,0 mg xilose/L e (8) 3588,0 mg xilose/L. A produção de \'H IND.2\' foi verificada em todos os reatores anaeróbios e não houve geração de metano. Os rendimentos de substrato a \'H IND.2\' para as condições (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) e (8) foram, respectivamente, 15% (1,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose), 20% (1,6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose), 15% (1,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose), 4% (0,3 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose); 3,0% (0,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose), 8,0% (0,5 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose), 10,0% (0,6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose) e, 14% (0,8 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose). Em todos os reatores foram detectados os ácidos acético e butírico e etanol. A morfologia predominante foi de bacilos Gram positivos e formadores de endósporos. Análises de clonagem e sequenciamento do consórcio bacteriano revelaram semelhanças com Clostridium, Burkolderia, Klebsiella e bactérias não cultivadas. A produção biológica de gás hidrogênio foi devida a consórcios de bactérias que estiveram presentes nas condições estudadas, identificados, principalmente, por espécies de, Clostridium sp., Clostridium acidotolerans e Klebsiella pneumoniae, reconhecidas como geradoras de \'H IND.2\' e ácidos voláteis. / The heat treatment of the inoculum associated with the pH control has been applied to select hydrogen-producing bacteria such as Clostridium sp. Therefore, this study aimed at preserving and keeping the anaerobic bacteria cultures producing hydrogen that comes from the granular sludge in UASB reactor, used to treat waste from pig farming, after heat treatment. For this, heat treatment of the inoculum was done and later, enrichment with serial dilutions to get anaerobic consortium. The 20% (v/v) of the bacterial consortium was used in essays for determination of hydrogen gas in reactors with different concentrations of sucrose and xylose. The reactors (2 L), fed with sucrose and xylose, separately, in triplicate, to 37 Celsius degrees, pH 5.5 and headspace with \'HE\' (100%) for the conditions: (1) 630.0 mg sucrose/L, (2) 1184.0 mg sucrose/L, (3) 1816.0 mg sucrose/L, (4) 4128.0 mg sucrose/L, (5) 630.0 mg xylose/L, (6) 1341.0 mg xylose /L, (7) 1848.0 mg xylose/L and (8) 3588.0 mg xylose/L. \'H IND.2\' production was detected in all the anaerobic reactors and there was no methane generation. \'H IND.2\' yield for the conditions (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) were, respectively, 15% (1, 2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 20% (1.6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 15% (1.2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 4% (0.3 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 3.0% (0.2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose), 8.0% (0.5 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose), 10.0% (0.6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose), and 14% (0.8 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose). The metabolic intermediarie products were acetic, butyric acid and ethanol in all anaerobic reactors. The main morphology was Gram positive bacilli and endospores formers. The cloning and sequencing analysis of the bacterial consortium revealed the presence of Clostridium genus (57%), Burkolderia genus (30%), Klebsiella genus (8%) and uncultivated bacteria (5%). The hydrogen gas production was due to bacterial consortium that were present in the studied conditions, marked mainly by species Clostridium sp., Clostridium acidotolerans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, recognized as \'H IND.2\' and volatile acids producing.

<p>U radu je ostvarena vi&scaron;efazna transformacija D-ksiloze u pogodno funkcionalizovane derivate koji su kuplovanjem sa siliranim timinom selektivno dali nukleozide sa beta-konfiguracijom na anomernom centru. Takođe, u cilju sinteze nukleozida L-serije, ispitana je mogućnost izomerizacije nekih derivata D-&scaron;ečera u odgovarajuće L-stereoizomere.</p> / <p>Muitistep transformation of D-xylose to suitabte functional derivatives were achieved. Coupling of these derivatives with silylated thymine gave the nucleosides with beta-configuration on anomeric centre. In order to synthesis nucleosides of L-series, the possibility for isomerization of some kinds D-sugar derivatives in corresponding L-stereisomeric compounds, were investigatet, too.</p>