Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-26T14:14:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Rita Batista Versão Atual.pdf: 1891188 bytes, checksum: b8349b594b942be02ab5b5e77125284e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T14:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Rita Batista Versão Atual.pdf: 1891188 bytes, checksum: b8349b594b942be02ab5b5e77125284e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-03 / A partir da apreciação do relatório Children’s understanding of probability, produzido por Bryant e Nunes (2012), surgiu o desenho inicial do presente estudo. Para os referidos autores, a probabilidade é um conceito complexo que envolve o desenvolvimento de quatro exigências cognitivas: compreender a natureza e as consequências da aleatoriedade; formar e categorizar o espaço amostral; comparar e quantificar probabilidades; e entender correlações. No estudo, optou-se por investigar as três primeiras exigências apontadas por Bryant e Nunes (2012), objetivando analisar, em situações de jogos, conhecimentos de estudantes acerca da probabilidade, em particular no que se refere à aleatoriedade, ao espaço amostral e à comparação de probabilidades. Para o estudo, foram selecionados dois jogos: Travessia do Rio (BRASIL, 2014) e uma adaptação do jogo Passeios Aleatórios da Mônica (CAZORLA; KATAOKA; NAGAMIME, 2011), aqui denominado Passeios Aleatórios da Rute. No aporte teórico considerou-se o letramento probabilístico de Gal (2004, 2012) e os significados da probabilidade propostos por Batanero e Diaz (2007), entre outros. Em relação a jogos, considerou-se, principalmente, os autores Kishimoto (1994), Grando (2000) e Muniz (2010). Foram realizadas entrevistas do tipo clínica com 36 crianças do 1º, 3º e 5º anos do Ensino Fundamental. Os resultados apontaram que o significado intuitivo da probabilidade foi evidenciado pelas crianças, que trouxeram à tona uma linguagem natural, baseada em crenças e opiniões. Relacionaram a aleatoriedade à sorte ou ao azar, justificando as respostas a partir de parâmetros particulares e demonstraram melhor compreensão em eventos pouco prováveis e impossíveis. As crianças mais velhas tiveram um desempenho melhor que as mais novas, apesar de também evidenciarem dificuldades. Foram observadas fragilidades na compreensão de eventos independentes, em que as crianças cometeram o erro de recência positiva ou de recência negativa. Em relação ao espaço amostral, a maior dificuldade observada foi a falta de percepção de que eventos, tais como 3 + 5 e 5 + 3, são possibilidades distintas. Poucas crianças refletiram, conscientemente, sobre o espaço amostral para estabelecer a comparação de probabilidades. As justificativas se apoiaram, especialmente, na recente experiência do jogo. Percebeu-se que o uso de jogos possibilitou que as noções intuitivas emergissem com naturalidade, mas que se faz necessário haver instrução, a qual pode também incluir esse recurso, para construção de conhecimentos probabilísticos mais coerentes. / From the appreciation of the research report Children's understanding of probability, produced by Bryant and Nunes (2012), the initial design of the present study arose. For these authors, probability is a complex concept that involves the development of four cognitive demands: understanding the nature and consequences of randomness; forming and categorizing sample space; comparing and quantifying probabilities; and understanding correlations. In the study, choice was made to investigate the first three requirements identified by Bryant and Nunes (2012), aiming to analyze, in game situations, students’ knowledge about probability, in particular with respect to randomness, sample space, and comparison of probabilities. For the study, two games were selected: Crossing the River (BRASIL, 2014) and an adaptation of the game Mônica’s Random Walks (CAZORLA; KATAOKA; NAGAMIME, 2011), which here is called Ruth’s Random Walks. The theoretical framework considered Gal’s probabilistic literacy (2004, 2012) and the meanings of probability proposed by Batanero and Diaz (2007), among others. Regarding games, were considered the authors Kishimoto (1994), Grando (2000) and Muniz (2010). Clinical interviews were performed with 36 children from 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade of Elementary School. The results showed that the intuitive meaning of probability was evidenced by the children, who brought natural language based on beliefs and opinions. Randomness was related to good luck or to bad luck, justifying the answers from particular parameters and demonstrating better understanding in unlikely and impossible events Older children also performed better than younger, although also evidencing difficulties. Weakness in the understanding of independent events was noticed, where children made the mistake of positive recency or negative recency. Regarding sample space, the major difficulty was the lack of conscience that events, such as 3 + 5 and 5 + 3, are distinct possibilities. Few children consciously reflected on the sample space to establish a comparison of probabilities. The justifications relied especially on recent experience of the game. The use of games, enabled intuitive notions to emerge naturally, but it is necessary to provide instruction, including the use of this resource, to construct more consistent probabilistic knowledge.

INTRODUCTION. Whereas the elderly population is increasing and that centenarians represent an ideal model of longevity, combining quantity with quality of life, the study of this age group it is essential for developing policies and programs to promote successful aging. OBJECTIVES. Understanding the factors that may be associated with living conditions and health of elderly centenarians (aged 98 years or more) in the city of Fortaleza and seek to identify whether the social support networks and family, the power over life, the personality traits and spirituality can contribute to extreme longevity. METHODS. It is an exploratory and descriptive study with qualitative approach, with the locus the city of Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, and as six elderly subjects aged over 98 years in a position to respond to the interview in his home. The instruments used for data collection were structured interviews and in depth, recorded and transcribed verbatim, after the participants signed a consent form. The method used for data analysis was recommended by Bardin - Content Analysis. The project followed the ethical guidelines of the National Health Council, which preserved the anonymity of the respondents for their cognominaÃÃo with names of birds. RESULTS. The reports most frequently observed and interviewed were transformed into five categories as follows: Category 1 - It was very good to my life!, Category 2 - I like it when I have to talk to, Category 3 - The friendship I value family a lot; Category 4 - The family sends my money and Category 5 - I was always charitable. CONCLUSION: the personality characteristics of the respondent, namely, extroversion, low neuroticism, kindness and consciensiosidade, the presence of family support and the subjective feeling of autonomy seem to have contributed positively to their quality of life and health. It was also observed that the respondents escaped from aging-related diseases, and maintained their independence until very advanced ages. Further studies are needed in order to understand the extreme longevity and also foster the creation of public policies for a better quality of life and support for this age group. / INTRODUÃÃO. Considerando que a populaÃÃo de idosos està aumentando e que os centenÃrios representam um modelo ideal de longevidade, aliando quantidade com qualidade de vida, o estudo desse grupo etÃrio torna-se fundamental para o desenvolvimento de polÃticas e programas de promoÃÃo do envelhecimento bem-sucedido. OBJETIVOS. Compreender os fatores que podem estar associados à condiÃÃo de vida e saÃde de idosos centenÃrios (com idade igual ou superior a 98 anos) do MunicÃpio de Fortaleza e procurar identificar se as redes de apoio social e familiar, a alimentaÃÃo ao longo da vida, os traÃos da personalidade e espiritualidade podem contribuir para a longevidade extrema. MÃTODOS. à um estudo exploratÃrio e descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, tendo como locus a cidade de Fortaleza-CearÃ-Brasil, e como sujeitos seis idosos com idade acima de 98 anos em condiÃÃes de responder à entrevista realizada em seu domicilio. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram entrevistas estruturadas e em profundidade, gravadas e transcritas literalmente, apÃs os participantes assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O mÃtodo utilizado para a anÃlise de dados foi o preconizado por Bardin â AnÃlise de ConteÃdo. O projeto obedeceu aos preceitos Ãticos do Conselho Nacional de SaÃde, sendo o anonimato dos entrevistados preservado por sua cognominaÃÃo com nomes de pÃssaros. RESULTADOS. As falas mais freqÃentes dos entrevistados foram observadas e transformadas em cinco categorias de anÃlise: Categoria 1 â Foi muito boa a minha vida!; Categoria 2 â Gosto quando tenho com quem conversar; Categoria 3 â A amizade da famÃlia eu prezo muito; Categoria 4 â A famÃlia manda no meu dinheiro e Categoria 5 â Sempre fui caridoso. CONCLUSÃO: as caracterÃsticas da personalidade do entrevistado, a saber, extroversÃo, baixos nÃveis de neuroticismo, amabilidade e consciensiosidade; a presenÃa do suporte familiar e a sensaÃÃo subjetiva de autonomia parecem ter contribuÃdo positivamente para sua qualidade de vida e saÃde. Observou-se tambÃm que os entrevistados escaparam das doenÃas relacionadas ao envelhecimento, tendo sua autonomia mantida atà idades bem avanÃadas. Novos estudos sÃo necessÃrios, visando a compreender a longevidade extrema e tambÃm fomentar a criaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas voltadas para uma melhor qualidade de vida e apoio à esta faixa etÃria.

The aim of this study was to ensure that the Sefton Educational Psychology and Portage Service (SEPPS) maintained a high quality service to very young children, their families and settings while responding to the national changes in Children’s Services prompted by Every Child Matters (ECM) (DfES, 2003) and changes in team structure and personnel at a local level. The methodology used was based on the appreciative inquiry (AI) 4-D cycle described by Coghlan, Preskill and Catsambas, (2003) and consisted of four phases which were implemented over a period of eighteen months: Discovery, Dream, Design and Destiny. During the Discovery phase of the project, three educational psychologists (EPs) provided rich narratives illustrating what drives them to work with very young children, families and settings and the contribution that they think EPs make to this area of work. Individual EP’s views of their own skills were corroborated by interviews with parents and analysis of all seven parental stories confirmed that the service that they received met the EPs’ expectations of best practice. In Phase Two, (Discovery/Dream) a workshop was held with representatives of the EP team’s other early years stakeholders to introduce them to AI and to elicit their perceptions of best practice in partnership working. The findings from the inquiry were then used to inform the work of the team during the period from April 2009 to February 2010 (Design/Destiny). Progress was tracked both formally and informally. At the end of the Destiny phase, the stakeholders involved in Phase Two of the project were interviewed to gather evidence on whether they had been able to apply AI in their own work and whether they had noticed any differences in the early years’ work of EPs since attending the initial workshop. The data collected by the author and other members of the EP team (who acted as co-researchers) included interview transcripts, worksheets, flipcharts, reflection/evaluation sheets and minutes of meetings. Each of these elements was analysed individually and collectively by the author according to the principles of thematic analysis, as described by Attride-Stirling (2001), Carter (2004) and Braun and Clarke (2006).At the end of the project, some of the stakeholders interviewed reported that the AI workshop had transformed their way of working from a deficit model to a strengths based model. There was also evidence that attendance at the workshop had changed participants’ perceptions of the role of the EP, facilitating improved channels of communication and the development of a shared vision. Each member of the early years EP team was mentioned in at least one positive story, indicating that high standards of service delivery were maintained during a period of considerable change. The extent to which AI contributed to this process and the challenges presented by this methodology are also discussed.

Introduction: The majority of the European population live in urban areas (UAs). Policy making in urban areas is complex and the use of summary and aggregate measures for public health are important tools. Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are important for national and international comparison. However, DALYs have not been calculated at urban level. Alcohol is an important European urban public health problem. Therefore the aim of this study was to calculate urban level DALYs attributable to alcohol consumption in Europe(AA-DALYs) and years of life lost (AA-YLL). This work was one of the deliverables of the European Urban Health Indicator System Part II (EURO-URHIS 2), a European Commission funded project. Methodology Design: This is a cross sectional study with four components to be able to calculate comparable DALYs. The boundary study determined the denominator to ensure comparability and facilitate identification of the UAs to be included in the study. The systematic review and national level DALY calculations were used to develop the methodology for calculating AA-DALYs, including AA-YLL. The main methodology was to calculate AA-DALYs and AA-YLL were calculated for comparison between UAs, but also to measure the relationship between alcohol policy strength (measured using the Alcohol Policy Index) and harms to health. Results: It was possible to calculate urban level AA-DALY and AA-YLL for males and females and for different age groups in 20 different UAs. There was no association at either national (p=0.15) or urban level with AA-DALYs and AA-YLL and API score. Clustering of the countries by European region may have influenced the lack of association as well as the need for further refinements of the API to include enforcement. Mean male (female) AA-YLL was 12.75 (3.23) per 1000 population (p<0.0001). Mean male (female) AA-DALYs was 18.85 (3.88) per 1000 population (p<0.0001). There were significant differences between mean male and female AA-DALYs and AA-YLL which were not present when the protective indicators were removed from the calculation. The mean effect size between all ages and the 15-79 year age groups were significant for AA-DALYs and AA-YLLs (p<0.0001).Conclusions: Comparable AA-DALYs and AA-YLL can be calculated at urban level. National level DALYs mask the intra-national differences observed within cities. AA-DALYs and AA-YLL can be used as a summary measure to help policy makers determine the outcomes of their alcohol policy strategies in cities of Europe. Morbidity data availability undermines AA-DALY estimates, but AA-YLL estimates were based on robust data on causes of death at the urban level. Future work will replicate this method for more risk factors for YLL.

To what extent do immigrants who spent their formative years under authoritarianism adapt to the socio-political environment of their new democratic host country? The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate the political socialization of immigrants and provide governments with information for evidence-based policy regarding the assimilation of these immigrants. This is achieved by statistical analysis, measuring the effects of exposure to host country and age on political interest, political participation and political values. The evidence shows that immigrants from authoritarianism are able to adapt their political attitudes after exposure to new democratic socio-political environments, but that the exposure gained from living in a democratic country might not be sufficient to increase political participation by itself. These results speak in favor of governments attempts to inform a potentially vulnerable minority group of their political rights and the importance of political participation so as their voices might be heard. As well as immigrant’s ability to adapt to democratic political life.

Small business owners are the primary initiators of innovation and economic growth but fail at high rates. Fifty percent of small businesses fail within the first 5 years of operations. Through the lens of systems theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies some small salon business owners use to remain in business for longer than 5 years. Using purposeful sampling, the 7 owners of small salon business owners in the southeastern United States were selected based upon evidence of their strategies to sustain their businesses for longer than 5 years. Data were collected through semistructured, face-to-face interviews and a review of business licenses, certifications, and financial records. During data analysis using Yin's 5-step process of compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and drawing data-based conclusions, 4 major themes emerged: (a) business growth strategy, (b) customer relationship strategy, (c) financial capital strategy, and (d) marketing strategy. The findings indicated that implementing strategies to maintain business growth, building relationships with customers, securing sufficient financial capital, and engaging in effective marketing are essential for small salon business owners to survive in business longer than 5 years. The implications for positive social change include the potential for small salon business owners to generate employment, sustain the livelihood of employees, contribute to the local economy, and reduce local unemployment rates.

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