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ix, 288 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / While the impact of Darwin's theory of evolution on Victorian and modernist literature has been well-documented, very little critical attention has been paid to the influence of Lamarckian evolutionary theory on literary portrayals of human progress during this same period. Lamarck's theory of inherited acquired characteristics provided an attractive alternative to the mechanism and materialism of Darwin's theory of natural selection for many writers in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, particularly those who refused to relinquish the role of the individual will in the evolutionary process. Lamarckian rhetoric permeated an ideologically diverse range of discourses related to progress, including reproduction, degeneration, race, class, eugenics, education, and even art. By analyzing the literary texts of Olive Schreiner, G.B. Shaw, and W.B. Yeats alongside their polemical writing, I demonstrate how Lamarckism inflected these writers' perceptions of the mechanism of human evolution and their ideas about human progress, and I argue that their work helped to sustain Lamarck's cultural influence beyond his scientific relevance. In the dissertation's introduction, I place the work of these three writers in the context of the Neo-Darwinian and Neo-Lamarckian evolutionary debates in order to establish the scientific credibility and cultural attractiveness of Lamarckism during this period. Chapter II argues that Schreiner creates her own evolutionary theory that rejects the cold, competitive materialism inherent in Darwinism and builds upon Lamarck's mechanism, modifying Lamarckism to include a uniquely feminist emphasis on the importance of community, motherhood, and self-sacrifice for the betterment of the human race. In Chapter III, I demonstrate that Shaw's "metabiological" religion of Creative Evolution, as portrayed in Man and Superman and Back to Methuselah , is not simply Bergsonian vitalism repackaged as a Neo-Lamarckian evolutionary theory but, rather, a uniquely Shavian theory of human progress that combines religious, philosophical, and political elements and is thoroughly steeped in contemporary evolutionary science. Finally, Chapter IV examines the interplay between Yeats's aesthetics and his anxieties about class in both his poetry and his 1939 essay collection On the Boiler to show how Lamarckian modes of thought inflected his understanding of degeneration and reproduction and eventually led him to embrace eugenics. / Committee in charge: Paul Peppis, Chairperson, English; Mark Quigley, Member, English; Paul Farber, Member, Not from U of O; Richard Stein, Member, English; John McCole, Outside Member, History

Remembering the Forgotten Beauty of Yeatsian Mythology: Personae and the Problem of Unity in The Wind Among the Reeds

A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma doença granulomatosa sistêmica, causada por Paracoccidioides spp., (P. brasiliensis e P. lutzii), geograficamente, limita-se a América Latina com as áreas endêmicas estendendo-se desde o México até a Argentina, constituindo uma das micoses sistêmicas de maior incidência na região, afetando principalmente trabalhadores rurais. O maior número de pacientes com PCM tem sido reportado principalmente no Brasil, Colômbia e Venezuela. A incidência real desta micose encontra-se subestimada no Brasil e pouco se conhece em relação a nova espécie descrita - P. lutzii. A maioria dos estudos em P. lutzii foram focados em genética, especiação e na geração de novos antígenos para melhorar a especificidade e sensibilidade dos testes sorológicos. Atualmente, as preparações antigênicas tradicionais, preparadas a partir de isolados de P. brasiliensis, são ineficientes. Raros são os trabalhos focados na biologia de P. lutzii e nos fatores de virulência que podem ser comparados com P. brasiliensis nos modelos experimentais. A nossa proposta de estudo foi avaliar alguns aspectos in vitro e in vivo relacionados com a patogenicidade e destacamos: a fagocitose e a morte intracelular de P. lutzii por macrófagos, peritoneais, de camundongos Knockouts (KO) e selvagens para PRRs (TLR2, TLR4 e Dectina) e ativadores intracelulares (MyD88 e NALP3). Paralelamente a este estudo, animais foram infectados com leveduras de P. lutzii e comparados com os modelos de infecção já estabelecidos com leveduras (Pb18) e conídios (ATCCPb60855) de P. brasiliensis. Nossos dados indicam que similar ao que ocorre com P. brasiliensis a fagocitose de P. lutzii depende de TLR2, TLR4 e Dectina- 1, resultados semelhantes também foram observadas na expressão de moléculas envolvidas na co-estimulação e a apresentação de antígenos (MHC II, CD80 e CD86). Contudo, a morte intracelular de leveduras de P. lutzii é claramente dependente de TLR4, e a produção de citocinas IL-6, MIP-2, IFN- e IL-12p40 são importantes para o controle das leveduras pelos macrófagos. No modelo experimental de P. lutzii, camundongos machos C57BL/6 (6-7 semanas) foram infectados intratraquealmente como 1x106 leveduras viáveis do isolado de P. lutzii Pb01. Encontramos duas fases da doença, a primeira de 0 hora até 2 a 4 semanas pós-infecção, e a segunda de 4 até 12 semanas. As leveduras parecem ser contidas na primeira semana de infecção e posteriormente não encontramos leveduras nos macerados de pulmão, diferente do modelo de BALB/c infetado com conídios de ATCC-Pb60855 no qual as UFC são recuperadas até a semana 16 pós-infeção. Como relação aos níveis de citocinas, encontramos que na lavagem broncoalveolar e macerado de pulmão um perfil misto Th1/Th2 porém, marcado por citocinas próinflamatórias no primeiro período e citocinas regulatórias tipo Th2 no segundo período (IL-12p70, IL-23, IL-10); similar ao descrito nos modelos de P. brasiliensis infectados tanto com conídios como com leveduras. No entanto, no primeiro período da doença, em camundongos C57BL/6, parece ter uma carga inflamatória maior que reflete nas citocinas que mantém seus níveis até o período crônico: TNF-alfa, MIP-2 e GM-CSF está última, regulada positivamente tanto em experimentos in vitro como in vivo. Também observamos que a partir das 48horas pós-infecção encontramos níveis aumentados de IL-12p70 até o período crônico onde junto com a IL-23 parecem ser as responsáveis pela diminuição da infecção no período tárdio. Esta é a primeira vez que se descreve um modelo experimental com P. lutzii (isolado Pb01) indicando o perfil imunopatológico com pequenas diferenças comparados ao P. brasiliensis porém, de importância na patogenicidade da doença auxiliando a compreender as diferentes formas da doença no modelo experimental / Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by Paracoccidioides spp. (P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii), geographically, is limited to Latin America with endemic areas from Mexico to Argentina, as one of the systemic mycoses with the highest incidence in the region, mainly affecting rural workers. The largest number of patients with PCM has been mainly reported in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. The true incidence of this mycosis is underestimated in Brazil and little is known about the new species described - P. lutzii. Most studies in P. lutzii were focused on genetics, speciation and the generation of new antigens to improve the specificity and sensitivity of serological tests. Currently, traditional antigenic preparations, prepared with isolates of P. brasiliensis, are inefficient. There are few studies focused on P. lutzii biology and virulence factors that can be compared with P. brasiliensis in experimental models. Our study aimed to evaluate some in vitro and in vivo aspects related to pathogenicity: phagocytosis and intracellular killing of P. lutzii by peritoneal macrophages from knockouts (KO) for PRRs (TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin) and intracellular activators (MyD88 and NALP3). In addition, animals were infected with P. lutzii yeast and compared with the well-established models of infection with yeast cells (Pb18) and conidia (ATCC Pb60855) from P. brasiliensis. Our data indicate that similarly to what happens with the phagocytosis of P. brasiliensis, P. lutzii phagocytosis is dependent on TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1. Other molecules, involved in co-stimulation and presentation of antigens such as MHC II, CD80 and CD86 were also shown to participate in the P. lutzii-host interaction. However, intracellular killing of P. lutzii yeast cells was clearly dependent on TLR4, and the production of cytokines as IL-6, MIP-2, IFN- and IL-12p40 were important for the control of the yeast by macrophages. In the experimental model of P. lutzii, male C57BL/6 mice (6-7 weeks) were infected intratracheally with 1x106 viable yeasts of the isolate Pb01like. We found two phases of the disease, the first from the inoculation to 2 or 4 weeks after infection and the second from 4 to 12 weeks. Yeast appear to be contained within the first week of infection and subsequently are also absent from macerated lung, differently from the model of BALB/c mice infected with ATCC Pb60855 conidia in which CFUs were detected up to week 16 post-infection. We found a mixed Th1/Th2 pattern (IL-12p70, IL-23, IL-10) in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung, with the predominance of proinflammatory cytokines in the first phase and predominance of regulatory Th2 cytokines in the second phase, reproducing findings of P. brasiliensis infection models produced with both conidia and yeast. However, in the first period of the disease in C57BL/6 mice there was a higher inflammatory burden, reflected by the high cytokine levels (TNF-alpha, MIP-2 and GM-CSF), the latter in particular because it was positively regulated both in vitro and vivo), that persisted through the chronic period. We also observed that starting from 48 hours postinfection to the chronic period there were increased levels of IL-12p70, which together with IL-23 appeared to be responsible for the reduction of infection in the late period. This is the first time that an experimental model with P. lutzii (Pb01) is described, showing an immunological profile with only slight differences compared to the P. brasiliensis model. The present study details important aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease due to different species of Paracoccidioides and helps to understand the different forms of presentation in experimental models

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Ireland's identity was continually pulled between its loyalties to Catholicism and British imperialism. In response to this conflict of identity, W. B. Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory argued the need for an Irish theatre that was demonstrative of the Irish people, returning to the literary traditions to the Celtic heritage. What resulted was a questioning of religion and politics in Ireland, specifically the Catholic Church and its priests. Yeat's own drama removed the priests from the stage and replaced them with characters demonstrative of those literary traditions, establishing what he called a "new priesthood". In response to this removal, Yeat's contemporaries such as J. M. Synge and Bernard Shaw evolved his vision, creating a criticism and, ultimately, a rejection of Irish priests. In doing so, these playwrights created depictions of absent, ineffectual, and pagan priests that have endured throughout the twentieth century.

On its surface, Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men appears to be a thoroughly grim and even fatalistic novel, but read in conjunction with W.B. Yeats' "The Second Coming"—a work with which the novel has a number of intertextual connection—it becomes clear that there is a distinct optimism at the heart of the novel. Approaching McCarthy's novel as an intertext with Yeats' poem illuminates an apparent critique of eschatological panic present in No Country for Old Men, provided mainly through Sheriff Bell's reflections on the state of society.

Love and growing old are thematically inseparable in W.B. Yeats' poetry, yet it is the former with which this great Irish poet is often associated. The poet's attitudes toward aging are made clear through his symbolism, complicated Irish allusions, and a sometimes jarring treatment of women. As it turns out, these devices have as much to do with Yeats' concern over aging as they have to do with the infamous Maud Gonne. This thesis attempts to not only expose and analyze these intricacies, but also challenge the way the literary canon typically isolates Yeats’ more famous poems without the context of his other work.

What this thesis attempts to do is to render as full a picture as possible of Yeats's interest in Ben Jonson, using to the fullest advantage the many hints that come from Yeats and secondary oriticism. Specifically, the focus of this paper is on the process by which Yeats was able, like Eliot, Pound and others, to found a tough, new poetic style with reference to this seventeenth-century period of Jonson. Yeats's reading of "Jonson and the others," which took place at the turn of this century, triggered a whole series of discoveries by Yeats which anticipated the aesthetic beliefs of his famous friends in the modern movement, whose later influence upon his poetry generally fortified poetic principles which had already found their way into his work. His early plays for the Abbey Theatre, for instance, demonstrate his call for a return to the "roots" of poet ic power that Synge associated with the best plays of Jonson and Moliere, and his poetry of that period demonstrates his first attempt at finding the "passionate syntax" of Jonson, Donne, Shakespeare and others.