No presente estudo, material zeolítico sintetizado a partir de cinzas de carvão e modificado por surfactante catiônico foi utilizado na remoção do corante ácido laranja 8 (AL8) por processo de adsorção utilizando leito móvel e coluna de leito fixo. As matérias primas e os adsorventes foram caracterizados por diferentes técnicas, tais como: difração de raios-x, fluorescência de raios-X, entre outras. A adsorção do AL8 foi realizada por leito móvel com o objetivo de otimizar os resultados quando lançados em leito fixo. Os efeitos na adsorção do AL8 sobre zeólita foram comparados: (1) efeito dos contra-íons Br- e Cl- do surfactante usado na modificação da zeólita; (2) efeito do tipo de cinzas de carvão usada como matéria prima na síntese das zeólitas (leve e pesada). Os seguintes adsorventes foram utilizados no estudo: zeólita leve e pesada modificada por surfactante brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (ZLMS-Br e ZPMS-Br) e zeólita leve modificada por surfactante cloreto de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (ZLMS-Cl). A cinética de pseudo-segunda-ordem descreveu a adsorção do corante sobre todos os adsorventes. O tempo de equilíbrio alcançado foi 40, 60 e 120 min para ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl e ZPMS-Br, respectivamente. O equilíbrio de adsorção foi analisado pelas equações dos modelos das isotermas lineares e não lineares de Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin e Dubinin-Radushkevivh (DR) e o critério de melhor ajuste foi avaliado usando as funções erros. O modelo DR ajustou-se melhor aos dados experimentais para o sistema AL8/ZLMS-Br, o modelo de Freundlich para AL8/ZLMS-Cl e Langmuir para AL8/ZPMS. Segundo Langmuir a capacidade máxima de adsorção foi 4,67 , 1,48 e 1,38 mg g-1 para ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl e ZPMS-Br, nesta ordem. Nos estudos empregando-se colunas de leito fixo, os efeitos da concentração de entrada (20 - 30 mg L-1), vazão de alimentação (4,0 - 5,3 mL min-1) e a altura do leito (5,5 - 6,5 cm) sobre as características da curva de ruptura no sistema de adsorção foram determinados. Os modelos Bohart-Adams, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson foram aplicados aos dados experimentais para a previsão das curvas de ruptura e para a determinação dos parâmetros que caracterizam a coluna. Os modelos matemáticos de Thomas e Yoon-Nelson se ajustaram satisfatoriamenete aos dados das curvas de ruptura. A maior capacidade total de remoção do AL8 pela coluna de leito fixo apresentou o valor de 5,30 mg g-1 obtida com a concentração do corante de 30 mg L-1, altura do leito de 5,5 cm e uma vazão de alimentação de 5,3 mL min-1. Os ensaios de ecotoxicidade aguda utilizando o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis com o efluente bruto (AL8) e após tratamento com zeólita leve modificada com surfactante foram realizados com o propósito de avaliar evidências de uma possível contaminação quando lançados no corpo hídrico receptor. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram que as amostras do corante AL8 em solução aquosa não apresentou efeito tóxico e as amostras tratadas com ZLMS-Br apresentaram toxicidade. / In this study, synthesized zeolitic material from coal ash and modified cationic surfactant was used for removing the acid dye Orange 8 (AL8) by adsorption process using moving bed and fixed-bed column. The raw material and adsorbents were characterized by different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, among others. The adsorption of AL8 was performed by moving bed in order to optimize the results when they are launched in a fixed bed. The effects of adsorption on zeolite AL8 were compared: (1) Effect of counterions Br- and Cl- surfactant used in the modification of the zeolite; (2) effect of type of coal ash used as raw material in the synthesis of zeolites (fly and bottom). The following adsorbents were used in the study: fly and bottom zeolite modified by surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ZLMS-Br-Br and ZPMS-Br) and fly zeolite modified by surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (ZLMS-Cl). The pseudo-second-order kinetic described the adsorption of the dye on all adsorbents. The equilibrium time was reached 40, 60 and 120 min for ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl and ZPMS-Br, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium was analyzed by the equations of the models of linear and nonlinear isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevivh (DR) and the criterion of best fit was evaluated using the error functions.The DR model was adjusted better to the experimental data for the system AL8 / ZLMS-Br, the Freundlich model for AL8 / ZLMS-Cl and Langmuir for AL8 / ZPMS. According to the Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity was 4.67, 1.48 and 1.38 mg g-1 for ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl and ZPMS-Br, in order. In studies employing fixed bed columns, the effects of inlet concentration (20-30 mg L-1), flow rate (4.0 -5.3 mL min-1) and the bed height (5, 5 - 6.5 cm) above the breakthrough curves characteristics in the adsorption system were determined. The Adams-Bohart, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson models were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the parameters that characterize the column. The mathematical models of Thomas and Yoon-Nelson adjusted well to the data of breakthrough curves. The highest bed capacity of 5.3 mg g-1 was obtained using 30 mg L-1 inlet Acid Orange 8 concentration, 5.5 cm bed height and 5.3 mL min-1 flow rate. Acute ecotoxicity tests using Daphnia similis microcrustacean with wastewater (AL8) and after treatment with surfactant modified zeolite were carried out with the purpose of evaluating evidence of possible contamination when launched on the receiving water body. The results of this study showed that samples AL8 dye in aqueous solution does not show any toxic effect, and the treated samples showed toxicity with ZLMS-Br.

A presença de elevada carga nitrogenada em corpos hídricos pode causar sérios impactos ambientais como a eutrofização e a toxicidade do meio. Um dos processos que possibilitam a remoção de nitrogênio de efluentes é a adsorção, na qual o uso de adsorventes alternativos tem sido aplicado para o aproveitamento de resíduos e redução dos custos no processo. Dentro deste contexto, o processo de extração e beneficiamento do carvão fóssil na Região Sul do Brasil produz um rejeito (RB) com características que possibilitam sua aplicação na síntese de zeólitas, as quais podem ser utilizadas como adsorventes. Assim, o objetivo da presente tese foi avaliar a remoção do íon amônio de soluções aquosas por adsorção utilizando-se zeólitas naturais e sintetizadas a partir do rejeito RB. Em um primeiro momento, experimentos de adsorção foram conduzidos utilizando-se zeólita Na-clinoptilolita para conhecimento dos parâmetros termodinâmicos e da capacidade de regeneração do material. Posteriormente, a síntese de zeólitas utilizando rejeito RB foi realizada variando-se a fonte de alumínio, o emprego da agitação do meio durante a síntese e temperatura de calcinação do rejeito. A caracterização dos materiais foi feita através das técnicas de Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura acoplada a Espectroscopia por Dispersão em Energia (MEV-EDS), Potencial Zeta (PZ), Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX), Porosimetria de Nitrogênio (BET), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Capacidade de Troca Catiônica (CTC). Por fim, experimentos de adsorção de amônio foram feitos para o material que apresentou o maior conteúdo de íons sódio em sua composição. Quanto aos estudos com a Na-clinoptilolita, o estudo termodinâmico demostrou que a constante de equilíbrio (K0) da adsorção da zeólita estimada por diferentes métodos pode apresentar variação de até 105 de um método para outro. O estudo em questão também revelou que o método de Gaines e Thomas é o mais adequado para a estimativa dos parâmetros termodinâmicos. Nos testes de regeneração da zeólita utilizando-se solução NaCl de 0,5 a 3,0 M foram obtidos valores acima de 76% de regeneração para toda faixa de concentração avaliada, sem o reuso da solução de NaCl. Os testes feitos com o reuso da solução salina na etapa da dessorção permitiram concluir que é possível tratar até 160 mL de efluente utilizando-se somente 20 mL de solução NaCl 1,0 M, mantendo-se uma capacidade de adsorção equivalente a 80% da capacidade original da zeólita. Através da aplicação de diferentes condições de síntese utilizando o rejeito RB, foram obtidos sete diferentes materiais. O material que apresentou maior conteúdo de Na+ em sua composição foi obtido utilizando-se: pré-tratamento do rejeito com calcinação a 800 °C, síntese sem agitação do meio reacional e sem adição de fonte de alumínio. As análises do material indicaram formação de zeólitas dos tipos SOD e LTA. Quanto à adsorção de íons amônio, o mesmo apresentou capacidade de adsorção (qe) equivalente a 6,8 mg·g-1 (a 25ºC), que corresponde a 34 % do valor obtido para a Na-clinoptilolita, indicando que a síntese ainda necessita de melhoramentos para tornar o material mais competitivo frente à zeólita natural comercializada. / The presence of high nitrogen loading in water bodies can cause serious environmental impacts, such as eutrophication and toxicity of the medium. One of the process that enables nitrogen removal from effluents is adsorption, in which the use of alternative adsorbents have been applied in order to reuse wastes from other production processes and for lowering costs. Within this context, the coal mining and beneficiation in southern Brazil generates a waste with features that allow its application in zeolite synthesis. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to evaluate the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions by adsorption using a natural zeolite and a zeolite synthesized from coal beneficiation tailings. Firstly, adsorption experiments were conducted using the natural zeolite Na-clinoptilolite in order to understand the thermodynamics and regeneration of process. Then, zeolite synthesis experiments using coal beneficiation tailings (RB) were conducted by varying the source of aluminum, stirring during crystallization step, and the calcination temperature applied to RB. The characterization of materials was made through the techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Zeta Potential (ZP), X-rays Fluorescence (XRF), Porosimetry of Nitrogen (BET), Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Finally, a test of ammonium adsorption was made with the material that had the highest content of Na+ in its composition. Regarding the studies with Na-clinoptilolite, the thermodynamic study showed that the equilibrium constant (K0) to adsorption process estimated through different approaches can present variation of up to 105 from one method to another. This study also revealed that the Gaines and Thomas method was the most adequate to the estimative of thermodynamic parameters. In the Na-clinoptilolite regeneration tests using NaCl solution from 0.5 to 3.0 M were obtained values above 76% regeneration to whole concentration range evaluated, without the reuse of NaCl solution. Tests made with the reuse of saline solution in the desorption step showed that it is possible to treat up to 160 mL of effluent using only 20 mL of NaCl solution, maintaining an adsorption capacity of 80 % of zeolite original capacity. By applying different synthesis conditions using the by-product of coal processing, seven different materials were obtained. The material with the highest content of Na+ was obtained using: calcination at 800°C as a thermal pretreatment applied to the waste, no stirring of the reaction during crystallization step and no additional aluminum source. The analysis of this material indicated formation of zeolites SOD and LTA. This same material was tested for the adsorption of ammonium, resulting in adsorption capacity (qe) of 6.8 m2·g-1, under the same conditions as the test with Na-clinoptilolite (at 25 ºC), which corresponds to 34 % of Na-clinoptilolite capacity, indicating that the synthesis still need some improvement in order to make the synthetic material competitive faced with the natural one.

No presente estudo, material zeolítico sintetizado a partir de cinzas de carvão e modificado por surfactante catiônico foi utilizado na remoção do corante ácido laranja 8 (AL8) por processo de adsorção utilizando leito móvel e coluna de leito fixo. As matérias primas e os adsorventes foram caracterizados por diferentes técnicas, tais como: difração de raios-x, fluorescência de raios-X, entre outras. A adsorção do AL8 foi realizada por leito móvel com o objetivo de otimizar os resultados quando lançados em leito fixo. Os efeitos na adsorção do AL8 sobre zeólita foram comparados: (1) efeito dos contra-íons Br- e Cl- do surfactante usado na modificação da zeólita; (2) efeito do tipo de cinzas de carvão usada como matéria prima na síntese das zeólitas (leve e pesada). Os seguintes adsorventes foram utilizados no estudo: zeólita leve e pesada modificada por surfactante brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (ZLMS-Br e ZPMS-Br) e zeólita leve modificada por surfactante cloreto de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (ZLMS-Cl). A cinética de pseudo-segunda-ordem descreveu a adsorção do corante sobre todos os adsorventes. O tempo de equilíbrio alcançado foi 40, 60 e 120 min para ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl e ZPMS-Br, respectivamente. O equilíbrio de adsorção foi analisado pelas equações dos modelos das isotermas lineares e não lineares de Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin e Dubinin-Radushkevivh (DR) e o critério de melhor ajuste foi avaliado usando as funções erros. O modelo DR ajustou-se melhor aos dados experimentais para o sistema AL8/ZLMS-Br, o modelo de Freundlich para AL8/ZLMS-Cl e Langmuir para AL8/ZPMS. Segundo Langmuir a capacidade máxima de adsorção foi 4,67 , 1,48 e 1,38 mg g-1 para ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl e ZPMS-Br, nesta ordem. Nos estudos empregando-se colunas de leito fixo, os efeitos da concentração de entrada (20 - 30 mg L-1), vazão de alimentação (4,0 - 5,3 mL min-1) e a altura do leito (5,5 - 6,5 cm) sobre as características da curva de ruptura no sistema de adsorção foram determinados. Os modelos Bohart-Adams, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson foram aplicados aos dados experimentais para a previsão das curvas de ruptura e para a determinação dos parâmetros que caracterizam a coluna. Os modelos matemáticos de Thomas e Yoon-Nelson se ajustaram satisfatoriamenete aos dados das curvas de ruptura. A maior capacidade total de remoção do AL8 pela coluna de leito fixo apresentou o valor de 5,30 mg g-1 obtida com a concentração do corante de 30 mg L-1, altura do leito de 5,5 cm e uma vazão de alimentação de 5,3 mL min-1. Os ensaios de ecotoxicidade aguda utilizando o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis com o efluente bruto (AL8) e após tratamento com zeólita leve modificada com surfactante foram realizados com o propósito de avaliar evidências de uma possível contaminação quando lançados no corpo hídrico receptor. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram que as amostras do corante AL8 em solução aquosa não apresentou efeito tóxico e as amostras tratadas com ZLMS-Br apresentaram toxicidade. / In this study, synthesized zeolitic material from coal ash and modified cationic surfactant was used for removing the acid dye Orange 8 (AL8) by adsorption process using moving bed and fixed-bed column. The raw material and adsorbents were characterized by different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, among others. The adsorption of AL8 was performed by moving bed in order to optimize the results when they are launched in a fixed bed. The effects of adsorption on zeolite AL8 were compared: (1) Effect of counterions Br- and Cl- surfactant used in the modification of the zeolite; (2) effect of type of coal ash used as raw material in the synthesis of zeolites (fly and bottom). The following adsorbents were used in the study: fly and bottom zeolite modified by surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ZLMS-Br-Br and ZPMS-Br) and fly zeolite modified by surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (ZLMS-Cl). The pseudo-second-order kinetic described the adsorption of the dye on all adsorbents. The equilibrium time was reached 40, 60 and 120 min for ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl and ZPMS-Br, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium was analyzed by the equations of the models of linear and nonlinear isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevivh (DR) and the criterion of best fit was evaluated using the error functions.The DR model was adjusted better to the experimental data for the system AL8 / ZLMS-Br, the Freundlich model for AL8 / ZLMS-Cl and Langmuir for AL8 / ZPMS. According to the Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity was 4.67, 1.48 and 1.38 mg g-1 for ZLMS-Br, ZLMS-Cl and ZPMS-Br, in order. In studies employing fixed bed columns, the effects of inlet concentration (20-30 mg L-1), flow rate (4.0 -5.3 mL min-1) and the bed height (5, 5 - 6.5 cm) above the breakthrough curves characteristics in the adsorption system were determined. The Adams-Bohart, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson models were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the parameters that characterize the column. The mathematical models of Thomas and Yoon-Nelson adjusted well to the data of breakthrough curves. The highest bed capacity of 5.3 mg g-1 was obtained using 30 mg L-1 inlet Acid Orange 8 concentration, 5.5 cm bed height and 5.3 mL min-1 flow rate. Acute ecotoxicity tests using Daphnia similis microcrustacean with wastewater (AL8) and after treatment with surfactant modified zeolite were carried out with the purpose of evaluating evidence of possible contamination when launched on the receiving water body. The results of this study showed that samples AL8 dye in aqueous solution does not show any toxic effect, and the treated samples showed toxicity with ZLMS-Br.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-04-04T13:50:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Guilherme Raymundo Sa.pdf: 3173899 bytes, checksum: 9c3276f740106907243c1c187bbc9d77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T13:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Guilherme Raymundo Sa.pdf: 3173899 bytes, checksum: 9c3276f740106907243c1c187bbc9d77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 / Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicates and have assumed the position of most important catalysts in the chemical industry. However, these microporous materials have the limitation of the diffusion of molecules with larger kinetic diameter. Hybrid materials with hierarchical arrangement of pores in the micro-mesoporous scale have attracted great attention and interest in the last decades because they present acidic activity similar to the microporous zeolites and ordered pore diameter of the mesoporous materials. Beta zeolite can be used in a number of applications, including refining, petrochemical and biomass. The generation of mesopores in the beta zeolite enables higher yields by improving mass transfer in the FCC process. In this work, samples of the mesoporous material SBA-15 were synthesized and used as a source of silica for the synthesis of the mesoporous beta zeolite using the Dry Gel Conversion (DGC) technique. Samples of SBA-15 were submitted to three carbonization methods, using as carbon source sucrose, the organic template and both, in order to fill their pores with carbonaceous material and to prevent the collapse of its structure. The aluminization samples were studied at two times, before and during the dry gel synthesis. Three crystallization times were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption / desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared absorption spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR) were used to characterize the samples. The results indicated that there was formation of zeolite beta presenting mesoporosity for the carbonization method that used only the template as carbon source. These samples showed BEA crystalline structure confirmed by XRD and FTIR analysis and formation of isotherms with type I and IV characteristics, with BET area greater than 500 m? / g, a volume of micropores close to 0.20 cm3 / g and with a volume of mesopores greater than 0.15 cm 3 / g. The other carbonization methods formed an amorphous phase, materials with low crystallinity and formation of polymorphs B and C over polymorph A. The samples presented the formation of mesoporosity did not present the mesopores present in the SBA-15, indicating collapse of the structure during the process of dry gel conversion / Ze?litas s?o aluminossilicatos microporosos e assumiram a posi??o de catalisadores mais importantes na ind?stria qu?mica. Entretanto, esses materiais microporosos possuem a limita??o da difus?o de mol?culas com di?metro cin?tico maior. Os materiais h?bridos com arranjo hier?rquico de poros na escala micro-mesoporosa atra?ram grande aten??o e interesses nas ?ltimas d?cadas pois apresentam atividade ?cida similar ?s ze?litas microporosas e di?metro de poros ordenados dos materiais mesoporosos. A ze?lita Beta pode ser usada em diversas aplica??es, incluindo o refino, a petroqu?mica e o processamento de biomassa. A gera??o de mesoporos na ze?lita beta possibilita maior rendimento melhorando a transfer?ncia de massa no processo de FCC. Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas amostras do material mesoporoso SBA-15 e utilizadas como fonte de s?lica para a s?ntese da ze?lita beta mesoporosa em meio seco utilizando a t?cnica de Dry Gel Conversion (DGC). As amostras de SBA-15 foram submetidas a tr?s m?todos de carboniza??o, utilizando como fonte de carbono sacarose, o direcionador de estrutura e ambos, com o objetivo de preencher seus poros com material carbon?ceo e evitar o colapso de sua estrutura. A aluminiza??o das amostras foi estudada em dois momentos, antes e durante a s?ntese do gel seco. Foram estudados tr?s tempos de cristaliza??o. Para caracteriza??o das amostras foram utilizadas as t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X (DRX), adsor??o/dessor??o de N2, resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de absor??o no infra vermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados indicaram que houve a forma??o de ze?lita beta apresentando mesoporosidade para o m?todo de carboniza??o que utilizou apenas o direcionador de estrutura como fonte de carbono. Estas amostras apresentaram estrutura cristalina BEA confirmado pelas an?lises de DRX e FTIR e forma??o de isotermas com caracter?sticas do tipo I e IV, com ?rea BET superior a 500m?/g, um volume de microporos pr?ximos de 0,20 cm3/g e com um volume de mesoporos superior a 0,15 cm3/g. Os demais m?todos de carboniza??o formaram uma fase amorfa, materiais de baixa cristalinidade e com forma??o dos polimorfos B e C em detrimento ao polimorfo A. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o tempo de cristaliza??o de 48 horas. As amostras apresentando a forma??o de mesoporosidade n?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mesn?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mesn?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mesn?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mes n?o apresentaram os mes oporos presentes na SBA oporos presentes na SBA oporos presentes na SBA oporos presentes na SBA oporos presentes na SBA oporos presentes na SBA oporos presentes na SBAoporos presentes na SBAoporos presentes na SBAoporos presentes na SBA-15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da 15, indicando colapso da estrutura estrutura estrutura durante o processo de s?ntese seca

Dans le domaine spatial, la contamination moléculaire est un problème important pouvant affecter considérablement la performance des instruments embarqués. Selon l’environnement thermique, certaines molécules polluantes provenant du dégazage sous vide des matériaux constitutifs des satellites viennent en effet se déposer sur les surfaces sensibles tels que les optiques et les différents détecteurs. Grâce à leur structure microporeuse organisée qui leurs confèrent de remarquables capacités d’adsorption, les zéolithes sont des solides de choix pour minimiser les risques de pollution. Les films zéolithiques offrent plus précisément l’avantage d’être directement intégrés dans la structure interne des satellites, sont légers et non pulvérulents. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la synthèse de films zéolithiques sur deux types d’alliages d’aluminium, matériaux largement utilisés dans l’industrie spatiale pour leur résistance mécanique élevée. Face aux milieux de synthèse corrosifs de certaines zéolithes, la sensibilité des substrats en aluminium a été minimisée grâce à la formation d’un film microporeux de type MFI, tandis que la couche zéolithique aux propriétés d’adsorption recherchées de type FAU, EMT ou *BEA a été synthétisée à sa surface. Cette étude propose donc l’élaboration de films hybrides contenant deux couches de zéolithes de type structural différent. Divers caractéristiques telles que la cristallinité, l’homogénéité, l’épaisseur des films et l’adhésion des différentes couches entre elles et au support ont été particulièrement étudiés. Après calcination, les films zéolithiques hybrides présentent une porosité disponible et des capacités d’adsorption de molécules organiques équivalentes à celles d’une poudre. De plus, en optimisant le traitement thermique final, les propriétés mécaniques des alliages d’aluminium de départ ont pu être conservées. / In low earth orbit, global performances of satellites can be affected by contamination of critical surfaces as optical devices and detectors. On-orbit molecular contamination is due to outgassed organic pollutants emanating from spacecraft materials. One way to reduce and eliminate this phenomenon is the use of molecular adsorbents. Among them, zeolites appear to be relevant materials for contaminants retaining. Unlike common powder materials, zeolites films can also avoid the secondary dust contamination due to particles breeding and can be easily inserted in the satellite structure. As a consequence, this work deals with the synthesis of zeolite films on aluminium alloys widely used in aerospace industry for their attractive mechanical properties. When attempting to elaborate microporous films of FAU, EMT or *BEA-type zeolites selected for their relevant sorption capacities, their corrosive synthesis media dissolves the aluminium substrate. To solve this problem, a bottom layer composed of MFI-type zeolite is synthesized and acts as a protective barrier for aluminium alloys. This study is thus dedicated to the development of zeolite hybrid films composed by two different structure-type layers. Various parameters such as crystallinity, homogeneity, film thickness and adhesion between both zeolite layers and the substrates were particularly studied in order to elaborate space-qualified materials. Once calcined, the sorption capacities of these hybrid films were identical to corresponding powders. Moreover, by optimizing the calcination step, the mechanical properties of the starting aluminium alloys are kept.

Orientador: Devaney Ribeiro do Carmo / Resumo: O presente trabalho descreve a preparação de materiais porosos (MCM-41 e Zeólita FAU) inorganofuncionalizados com Titânio e Zircônio e subsequente modificação química com hexacianoferrato de níquel. Os materiais preparados foram caracterizados empregando diferentes técnicas: Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDX), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Porosidade e Área superficial. Após a obtenção dos materias (MTiNiH, MZrNiH, ZTiNiH e ZZrNiH), realizou-se um estudo sistemático sobre o comportamento voltamétrico desses materiais, empregando a técnica de Voltametria Cíclica (VC) e eletrodos de pasta de grafite. O voltamograma cíclico dos materiais MTiNiH e ZTiNiH exibiram um par redox bem definido com Eθ’= 0,49 V e os eletrodos de pasta de grafite modificados com MZrNiH e ZZrNiH exibiram um par redox com Eθ’= 0,50 V, atribuídos ao processo Fe(II)/Fe(III) em presença de níquel (II). Os eletrodos de pasta de grafite modificados com os materiais citados anteriormente mostraram-se sensível a concentrações de isoniazida e sulfito, sendo que apresentaram melhores desempenhos na eletro-oxidação catalítica da isoniazida. Após os testes de eletro-oxidação catalítica dessas substâncias, realizou-se uma investigação da influência dos principais interferentes, de forma que a interferência observad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work describes the preparation of porous materials (MCM-41 and FAU Zeolite) inorganofunctionalized with Titanium and Zirconium and subsequent chemical modification with nickel hexacyanoferrate. The prepared materials were characterized using different techniques: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Porosity and Surface Area. After obtaining the materials (MTiNiH, MZrNiH, ZTiNiH and ZZrNiH), a systematic study on the voltammetric behavior of these materials was performed using the Cyclic Voltammetry technique (CV) and modified graphite paste electrodes. The cyclic voltammogram of the MTiNiH and ZTiNiH materials exhibited a well-defined redox pair with Eθ’ = 0.49 V whereas the MZrNiH and ZZrNiH modified graphite paste electrodes exhibited a redox pair with Eθ’ = 0.50 V, all of them being assigned to the redox process Fe(II)/Fe(III) in the presence of nickel (II). The graphite paste electrodes modified with the aforementioned materials were sensitive to isoniazid and sulfite concentrations, and showed greater performance in the catalytic electrooxidation of isoniazid. After the catalytic electro-oxidation tests of these substances, the influence of the main interferents was investigated and so the observed interference was not significant for isoniazid. Recovery of these substances fro... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

The design of functional materials for specific applications has been an ongoing challenge for scientists aiming to resolve present and future societal needs. A burgeoning interest was awarded to developing methods for the design and synthesis of hybrid materials, which encompass superior functionality via their multi-component system. In this context, Metal-Organic Materials (MOMs) are nominated as a new generation of crystalline solid-state materials, proven to provide attractive features in terms of tunability and versatility in the synthesis process. In strong correlation with their structure, their functions are related to numerous attractive features, with emphasis on gas storage related applications. Throughout the past decade, several design approaches have been systematically developed for the synthesis of MOMs. Their construction from building blocks has facilitated the process of rational design and has set necessary conditions for the assembly of intended networks. Herein, the focus is on utilizing the single-metal-ion based Molecular Building Block (MBB) approach to construct frameworks assembled from predetermined MBBs of the type MNx(CO2)y. These MBBs are derived from multifunctional organic ligands that have at least one N- and O- heterochelate function and which possess the capability to fully saturate the coordination sphere of a single-metal-ion (of 6- or higher coordination number), ensuring rigidity and directionality in the resulting MBBs. Ultimately, the target is on deriving rigid and directional MBBs that can be regarded as Tetrahedral Building Units (TBUs), which in conjunction with appropriate heterofunctional angular ligands are capable to facilitate the construction of Zeolite-like Metal-Organic Frameworks (ZMOFs). ZMOFs represent a unique subset of MOMs, particularly attractive due to their potential for numerous applications, arising from their fully exploitable large and extra-large cavities. The research studies highlighted in this dissertation will probe the validity and versatility of the single-metal-ion-based MBB approach to generate a repertoire of intended MOMs, ZMOFs, as well as novel functional materials constructed from heterochelating bridging ligands. Emphasis will be put on investigating the structure-function relationship in MOMs synthesized via this approach; hydrogen and CO2 sorption studies, ion exchange, guest sensing, encapsulation of molecules, and magnetic measurements will be evaluated.

The Central Queensland University developed an on-site wastewater treatment and reuse technology. Septic tanks were used for primary treatment and the discharged effluent was then pumped though a series of contained channels. The channels were designed to be a modified evapotranspiration trench; they were comprised of an aggregate layer and a soil layer in which were planted a variety of plants. The aggregate and the soil provided physical filtration, the microorganisms within the effluent, aggregate and soil provided nutrient reuse and transformation and the plants also used the nutrients and reused the treated effluent through evapotranspiration. Any effluent that was not transpired was returned to a holding tank and pumped through the evapotranspiration again. The treatment technology was assessed in relation to its ability to treat effluent in a sustainable manner. The water and soil was examined for concentrations of nutrients, heavy metals, salts, sodium, and organic carbon %. The pH, temperature and number of colony forming units of certain microorganism potential pathogens were also inspected in the soil and the water. The plants grown within the evapotranspiration channels were assessed in regards to their health, water usage, and in some cases potential pathogens on fruit. The infrastructure that was used to construct the wastewater treatment and reuse system was also evaluated in regards to reliability and maintenance. Certain limiting factors, in particular sodicity and salinity were identified, but the trial was successful and a sustainable form of on-site wastewater treatment and reuse technology was developed.

Thesis (M. Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.