Plusieurs recherches traitent de l’importance de la promotion de la diversité et l’équité pour les cohortes de médecine. D’autres recherches font état de la diversité des étudiants de médecine par rapport à la diversité de la population desservie. À cet intérêt, la plupart de ces études témoignent que « la profession médicale présente un problème d’iniquité » (Tricco et al., 2021, p. 664). Dans le cadre de la reddition de compte, le secteur médical, avec ses différents détenteurs d’enjeux, doit diriger ses services afin de répondre aux différents besoins locaux et régionaux de la société (Boelen et Heck, 1995). Cependant, en absence d’une diversité suffisante, le secteur médical ne peut vraisemblablement pas remplir son devoir de donner des soins optimaux à tout le monde (Cohen et al., 2002). Il faut noter qu’assurer une diversité optimale des cohortes de médecine implique de promouvoir la diversité des professionnels de santé. À cet intérêt, les facultés de médecine doivent être socialement responsables et doivent attacher une grande importance à la sélection des candidats afin de former de futurs médecins compétents, représentatifs de la société qu’ils desservent et en mesure de répondre aux besoins de celle-ci (Gough, 2004). Ainsi, les facultés de médecine sont engagées à promouvoir la diversité et l’équité parmi leurs cohortes de médecine. À cet intérêt, plusieurs recherches canadiennes ont trouvé que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des étudiants de médecine diffèrent de celles de la population (Khan et al., 2020; Pitre et al., 2020). Au Québec, peu d’études ont exploré cette problématique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené notre recherche afin de comprendre le processus d’admission aux facultés de médecine franco-québécoises tout en tenant compte des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et de la performance des candidats et des étudiants admis en 2019. En premier lieu, nous avons brossé le profil sociodémographique des candidats et des étudiants de médecine par rapport au profil sociodémographique de la population québécoise. En second lieu, nous avons exploré le lien entre la performance des candidats et des candidats admis (pour la cote R, le Casper et les MEMFI) avec leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Enfin, nous avons mené des études de simulation afin d’explorer l’effet potentiel de la variation des pondérations des résultats de la cote R, du Casper et des MEMFI sur la composition démographique des cohortes de médecine. Cette recherche utilise une base de données des candidats qui sont passés par la deuxième phase d’admission de 2019 et qui ont répondu au questionnaire sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques. À l’aide d’analyses descriptives, d’analyses de variance univariées, des tests T et de la simulation, nous avons essayé de répondre à nos intérêts de recherches déjà mentionnées. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des candidats et des candidats admis des facultés de médecine franco-québécoises, en général, diffèrent des caractéristiques sociodémographiques de la population québécoise. En effet, la majorité des étudiants sont des femmes et la grande majorité des étudiants sont favorisés ou ont tendance à la favorisation matérielle et sociale ; ayant des parents qui ont fréquenté l’université et qui ont un revenu annuel supérieur à 100 000 $. En ce qui concerne la diversité ethnoculturelle, les candidats noirs, latino-américains et autochtones sont sous-représentés dans notre bassin d’étudiants admis en 2019. D’autre part, nos analyses de simulation ont permis de reconnaitre le potentiel de chaque outil d’évaluation à promouvoir ou à limiter la diversité des cohortes simulées. En effet, dans le sous-groupe étudié, la cote R favorisera les chances d’admission des hommes et des candidats matériellement et socialement défavorisés. En contrepartie, les MEMFI favoriseront les chances des candidats matériellement et socialement favorisés et pourraient défavoriser les chances des candidats asiatiques par rapport aux autres. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la procédure d’admission de 2019 n’a pas favorisé des candidats sur la base de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. À travers ces résultats, nous avons constaté que notre recherche confirme les résultats d’études antérieures rapportés dans la littérature médicale. / Many research works seek to highlight the importance of promoting diversity and equity for medicine cohorts. Other works promote the diversity of medical students in relation to the diversity of the population. In this regard, most of these studies claimed that " the medical profession suffers from an inequity problem " (Tricco et al., 2021, p. 664). In terms of accountability, the medical sector, including its various stakeholders, must direct its services to meet the local and regional needs of society (Boelen et Heck, 1995). However, with lack of diversity, the medical sector is unlikely to fulfill its duty to provide optimal care for everyone (Cohen et al., 2002). Indeed, ensuring optimal diversity of medical cohorts enforces promoting the diversity of health professionals. Given the importance of health professionals, medical schools must be socially accountable and must give significant importance to the process of student selection in order to ensure diversity within doctors and health professionals (Gough, 2004). Thus, medical schools are committed to promoting diversity and equity among their medical cohorts. In this regard, several Canadian studies have found that socio-demographic characteristics of medical students differ from those of the general population (Khan et al., 2020; Pitre et al., 2020). In Quebec, few studies have explored this subject. In this context, we conducted our study to understand the process of admission to French medical schools in Quebec while considering the socio-demographic characteristics and performance of applicants and admitted students in 2019. First, we outlined the socio-demographic profile of applicants and medical students in relation to the socio-demographic profile of Quebec’s population. Second, we explored the link between the performance of candidates and admitted candidates (for the R score, the Casper and the MEMFI) and their socio-demographic characteristics. Finally, we performed various simulation scenarios to explore the potential effect of varying the weights of the R-score, Casper, and MEMFI scores on the demographic composition of medical cohorts. This study is based on a database of applicants who went through the second phase of admission in 2019 and answered the socio-demographic characteristics survey. Furthermore, the research interest is demonstrated using descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, Student’s T-tests and simulation. The results of this study demonstrate that, in general, the socio-demographic characteristics of candidates and students from French medical schools in Quebec differ from the socio-demographic characteristics of the Quebec population. Indeed, we found out that most of the students are women, have high socioeconomic status; have parents who attended university and have an annual parental income of more than $100,000. In terms of ethnocultural diversity, Black, Latino, and Indigenous candidates are underrepresented in our pool of admitted students in 2019. On the other hand, our simulation analyses revealed the potential for each assessment tool to promote or limit the diversity of the simulated cohorts. Indeed, the R-score would favour the chances of admission of men and materially and socially disadvantaged candidates in the studied subgroup. On the other hand, the MEMFI would favour the chances of materially and socially advantaged candidates and could disadvantage the chances of Asian candidates compared to others. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that admission procedure in 2019 did not favour candidates based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Through these results, we found that our research affirms the results of previous studies reported in the medical literature.

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Univ., Jur. Diss.--Tübingen, 1674.

Orientador : Manoel Carlos Muller de Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T13:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dutra_DelcikSantos_M.pdf: 872955 bytes, checksum: 3210d4ca68e3e45eb32ef62c6950410d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1973 / Resumo: A cefalonetria radiológica teve sua contribuição marcante no desenvolvimento da Ortodontia, pois tornou-se mais fácil a observação do crescimento e desenvolvimento dos componentes do crânio e face. Desta maneira, quando se faz uma analise cefalometrica, todos os componentes das estruturas do crânio e face devem ser a valiados em conjunto, a fim de fornecer informações importantes, dentre os quais, as possíveis correlações entre elas. Assim, foi estudada a correlação entre a base do crânio, representada pelo angulo ArSN, e a posição antero-posterior da maxila e mandíbula, representadas respectivamente pelos ângulos SNA e SNB, nos casos de oclusão normal e caloclusão classe II -div. 1 de Angle. Este estudo foi feito através de telerradiografias obtidas de 80 indivíduos entre as idades de 10 a 14 anos, 40 dos quais, portadores de oclusão normal e U0 de maloclusão Classe II div, 1. As três medidas angulares mencionadas, foram utilizadas também com o objetivo de determinar medidas padrão para os casos de oclusão normal, e para comparação entre os valores médios das duas amostras estudadas conjuntamente, para verificar se havia diferença significativa entre elas. Como conclusões foi observado que: 1 -o grau de correlação mostrou ser negativo. 2 - as medidas padrão foram representadas pelo padrão médio para os casos de oclusão normal. 3 - os valores médios das duas amostras estudadas conjuntemente não demonstraram diferenças significativas / Abstract: The radiologic cephalometry was of great importance in the development of 'Orthodontics by making it possible to observe the cranio-facial elements in the process of growth and development. In this manner, when a cefalometric analysis is performed all of the elements of the cranial and facial structures should be evaluated as a set, in order to give us important information and also the possible relationship among then. The present research was about the correlation between the cranial base, represented by the ArSH angle, and the antero-posterior position of the maxila and mandible, represented by the SNA and SNB angles respectively, in cases of normal occlusion and class II div. 1 maloclusion by Angle. This research was based on the cephalometric radiography of 80 individuals 10 to 14 years old, having 40 of the normal occlusion and the other 40 had class II div, 1 malocclusion. The three angular measurements mentioned above were also used in order to determine standard measurements for the cases of normal occlusion, and for comparison between the average values of the two samples studied (together) to see if there was a significant difference between them. Conclusion: It was noticed that; 1 - the correlation was negative; 2 - the standard measurements were represented by the average standard in the cases of normal occlusion; 3 - the average values of the set of the two samples studied didn't show significant differences / Mestrado / Ortodontia / Mestre em Ciências

Projektet har utvecklats i interdisciplinärt samarbete mellan Jenny Wiklund och KTH, Akademiska Sjukhuset i Uppsala, Uppsala Universitet, Karolinska Institutet, Kungl. Konsthögskolan, Aarhus Arkitektskole, och curator Jan Åman. Projektet har utvecklats skulpturalt vid Kungl. Konsthögskolan. Förstudier har genomförts vid Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset. I finalstudien kombineras studier vid Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhuset, Bild- och Funktionsmedicinskt centrum/Röntgen i tredimensionell visualisering av medicinsk bild med studier i klinisk anatomi vid Uppsala Universitet, för att förenas i skulptural gestaltning och iscensättning. R1 Reaktorhallen iscensätts som ett platsspecifikt monumentalverk. Den fysiska installationen i rummet bildar en temporal kappa om utställningskapitlen i avhandlingsutställningen som handlar om kropp och hjärna. Utställningen berättar om en specifik tidpunkt, utan minne och proprioception. Här finns ingen historia och ingen framtid. Genom utställningen skapas en förståelse för sambanden mellan teoretiskt tänkande och visuell gestaltning. Det är forskning genom konstnärlig och arkitektonisk precision med referenser till konst, arkitektur, medicin och medicinsk teknik. Referenserna är från verkliga objekt i verkliga rum, specifika verk från specifika konstnärer och genom auskultering vid flertalet expertpresentationer, där människor genom närvaro förmedlat sin kunskap. Arkitektur är spatial konstruktion av identitet, här i utställningsform som temporal visuell spatial-estetisk poetik. Formen på framläggningen av avhandlingen är vald efter det huvudsakliga ämnet som utreds, minnet, och dess temporala omskapande av rummet vid varje specifik tidpunkt det framkallas. Det visuella intrycket kommer före alla andra beskrivningar, i logik med den händelse som föregick doktorandprojektets ämne, en minnesförlust, där upplevelsen av rummet kom före språket, kroppen före hjärnan, intränade minnen i form av siffror före en självbiografi. / The project was developed in co-operation between Jenny Wiklund and KTH, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Karolinska Institute, Royal Institute of Art, Aarhus School of Architecture, and curator Jan Åman. The project was developed sculpturally at the Royal Institute of Art. Preliminary studies of medicine were made at Karolinska University Hospital. The final study combines studies at Uppsala University Hospital of three-dimensional visualization of medical imaging with studies of clinical anatomy at Uppsala University, to be amalgamated to a sculptural interpretation and production. R1, the Reactor Hall, is staged as a site-specific monumental artistic work. The installation provides a temporary coat around the chapters of the dissertation exhibition, dealing with body and brain. The exhibition tells us about a specific moment, there is no memory, nor proprioception. There is no history, nor future. Through the exhibition an understanding of the connection between theoretical thinking and visual interpretation emerges. It is research by artistic and architectonic precision with references to art, architecture, medicine and medical technique. References come from concrete objects in concrete rooms, from specific artistic work of individual artists and from auscultating a number of expert presentations, where people by presence conveyed their knowledge. Architecture is a spatial construction of identity, here in the form of an exhibition as temporary visual spatial-aesthetic poetic theory. The form of the dissertation was chosen due to the main subject investigated, memory, and its temporary reshaping of the room at each specific point of time it is aroused. The visual impression come before all other descriptions, logical to the event that preceded the subject of the project, a loss of memory, when the experience of the room came before the language, the body before the brain, trained memories in the form of figures before an autobiography. / <p>Avhandlingen består av utställning med tillhörande text. Textdelen publiceras i DiVA samtidigt som utställningen är öppen.</p><p>QC 20170907</p>

<p>During braking, both the rotor and the pads in disc brakes are worn. Since disc brakes are not sealed, some of the wear particles generated can become airborne. Several studies have found an association between adverse health effects and the concentration of particles in the atmosphere, so it is of interest to improve our knowledge of the airborne wear particles generated by disc brakes. However, in field tests it is difficult to distinguish these particles from others in the surrounding environment, so it may be preferable to use laboratory test stands and/or simulation models to study the amount of airborne wear particles generated.</p><p>This thesis deals with a simulation methodology for prediction of airborne wear particles from disc brakes and three experimental methods for testing disc brake materials with focus on airborne wear particles. The four appended papers discuss the possibility to both measure and predict the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles that originate from the pad to rotor contact. The objective is to develop a simulation methodology that predicts the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles from disc brakes.</p><p>Paper <strong>A</strong> describes how a modified pin-on-disc machine was used to study airborne wear particles originating from different disc brake materials. The results indicate that the test setup can be used to measure and rank the number concentration and size distribution of the airborne wear particles generated.</p><p>Paper <strong>B</strong> describes a disc brake assembly test stand for measurements of airborne wear particles from disc brakes. The results indicate that the test setup can be used to measure the number concentration and size distribution of airborne wear particles generated from disc brake materials. The results also indicate a promising ability to rank different pad/rotor material combinations with respect to the number concentration of airborne wear particles.</p><p>Paper <strong>C</strong> compares measurements made in passenger car field tests with measurements made in a disc brake assembly test stand and in a pin-on-disc machine. A promising correlation between the three different test methods is found.</p><p>Paper <strong>D</strong> presents a simulation methodology for predicting the number and size distribution of airborne wear particles using finite element analysis (FEA). The simulated number distribution is compared with experimental measurements at component level. The result indicates that the proposed methodology may be used to predict the number concentration and size distribution of airborne particles generated in the pad-to-rotor contact.</p>

<p>Mechatronics development requires the close collaboration of various specialist teams and engineering disciplines. Developers from the different disciplines use domain-specific tools to specify and analyse the system of interest. This leads to different views of the system, each targeting a specific audience, using that audience’s familiar language, and concentrating on that audience’s concerns. Successful system development requires that the views of all developers produced by the different tools are well integrated into a whole, reducing any risks of inconsistencies and conflicts in the design information specified.</p><p>This thesis discusses techniques of managing and integrating the views from various disciplines, taking better advantage of multidisciplinary, model-based, development. A Model Data Management (MDM) platform that generically manages models from the various domain-specific tools used in development is presented. The platform is viewed as a unification of the management functionalities typically provided by the discipline-specific PDM and SCM systems. The unification is achieved by unifying the kind of objects it manages – models. View integration is considered as an integral functionality of this platform.</p><p>In demonstrating the platform’s feasibility, a generic version management functionality of models is implemented. In addition, model integration is investigated for the allocation of system functions onto the implementing hardware architecture. The proposed approach promotes the independent development of the views, allowing developers from each discipline to work concurrently, yet ensuring the completeness, correctness and analysis of any inter-view design decisions made.</p><p>The prototype MDM platform builds on existing technologies from each of the mechanical and software disciplines. The proposed MDM system is built based on a configurable PDM system, given its maturity and ability to manage model contents appropriately. At the same time, the version control functionality borrows ideas from the fine-grained version control algorithms in the software discipline.</p><p>The platform is argued to be feasible given the move towards model-based development in software engineering, bringing the discipline’s needs closer to those of the hardware discipline. This leads the way for an easier and more effective integrated management platform satisfying the needs of both disciplines using a common set of mechanisms.</p>

<p>The focus of environmental work in manufacturing companies has increasingly shifted from end-of-pipe solutions to the environmental performance of products and services. The product development process is central to creating value for customers. This thesis argues that companies can simultaneously create value for consumers and be profitable while taking environmental considerations into account.</p><p>Modernising ecodesign means taking advantage of environmental benefits and the innovation potential when developing solutions rather than using ecodesign simply to ensure that legal requirements or customer demands are met. Ecodesign is a strategic issue and should be included in early product development activities, such as for project selection and when setting product targets. There is also need to perform ecodesign according to the characteristics of specific development processes as for radical product development or when developing integrated solutions, using a combination of services and products.</p><p>This thesis reports on the findings from five different research studies, all of which adopted a qualitative approach in which the emphasis falls on exploring and creating understanding and meaning. The studies focused on three areas of ecodesign: A) rethinking approaches for manufacturing companies, B) setting environmental project targets and project selection and C) redesign of products.</p><p>Recommendations on how to modernise ecodesign have been developed and can be summarised in six points:</p><p>• Perform ecodesign both vertically and horizontally in a company.</p><p>• Increase interaction between organisational units.</p><p>• Take advantage of innovation potential in products, services, user behaviour and the delivery and take-back systems.</p><p>• Take environmental considerations into account in the project selection process.</p><p>• Set environmental targets for ensuring that environmental considerations are taken when developing innovative solutions.</p><p>• Develop ecodesign procedures that fit the characteristics of the development process</p>

<p>Several fatigue criteria were evaluated with experimental fatigue test data. The fatigue tests contained many different geometries with different degrees of stress concentration. It was concluded that the differences between the criteria were neglectable when compared to the differences between the specimens. The stress concentrations with the stress gradients and sizes of the highly stresses volumes that resulted were very important. In order to understand this, gradient and volume methods were investigated. The gradient methods showed some improvement over the strictly local evaluation first attempted. The volume method, a weakest link application with a Weibull distribution of the fatigue strength, yielded results useable for actual design situations. The volume method is strongly recommended and the choice of criterion does not seem to be very important.</p>