This thesis aims to assess impacts of European Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP) on Turkish participants, focusing on Sixth Framework Programme (FP6) Information Society Technologies (IST) priority. A two-sided approach was employed while assessing impacts. First, DELPHI method was used to quantify and prioritise expectations of the decision makers in key stakeholders / second, a survey was designed to measure additionalities and the level of achievements of program participants. Scientific and technological impacts, economic impacts, institutional impacts and impacts on collaboration and sectoral knowledge were questioned as four main impact criteria. It is demonstrated in survey results that, significantly high levels of impacts were achieved in scientific and technological impacts and impacts on collaborations and development of sectoral knowledge. Nonetheless, economic impacts were noted to be lowest among all impact factors. Level of impacts were tested for different control factors including project instrument, organization type, project activity, project role and received grant. Project role was proved to be the most important control factor affecting the level of impact. It is presented in comparison of decision makers&rsquo / expectations and participants&rsquo / achievements that, decision makers&rsquo / expectations were mostly satisfied by participants except for economic impacts. Turkish participants in FP6 IST field had significant impacts in three out of four main impact factors. Moreover, decision makers expectations were highly satisfied except for economic impact factors. The results of this study, relying on the assessed impacts of FP6 IST field, support Turkey&rsquo / s participation in forthcoming FPs.

This thesis has two objectives in the field of policy evaluation that recently received extensive attention from international science and technology community. First, an attempt is made to examine, in the Turkish context, the effects of public subsidies on private research and development (R&amp / D), selecting and implementing a suitable empirical methodology. Second, in the context of emerging economies, it aims to contribute to the existing impact analysis literature by providing an evaluation study for the period during which public incentives in business R&amp / D have gained momentum with increased resources for diversified policy measures in Turkey since 2004. In the dissertation, three quantitative studies examining the causal relations between direct public support and private R&amp / D are presented. The first study, which uses the Tobit model, indicates that receiving a subsidy is an important determinant of private R&amp / D intensity. In the second study, adopting the propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods and using a panel dataset, effectiveness of receiving a grant from the TUBITAK industrial R&amp / D support program is examined. The results indicate program-induced input additionality in (i) R&amp / D personnel, (ii) R&amp / D intensity and (iii) R&amp / D expenditure per employee of the beneficiary firms during 2004-2006. The analysis with the propensity score matching using the data from Turkish Community Innovation Survey 2006 is repeated and similar results are obtained. The results validate that engagement in public R&amp / D programs in Turkey is beneficial for private R&amp / D. Sufficient evidence was obtained to conclude that TUBITAK&rsquo / s industrial R&amp / D project support program has encouraged most private firms to increase their R&amp / D spending and R&amp / D personnel in the period of 2003-2006.

Long span bridges are susceptible to wind. Hence it is important to study their wind-induced vibrations to avoid any probable structural failures. In this thesis, the results of an experimental and computational investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of trapezoid bridge deck cross-sections with three different aspect ratios (10, 12 and 15) and four different side angles (75&ordm / , 60 &ordm / , 45 &ordm / and 30 &ordm / ) are analyzed and presented. The flow around rigid fixed bridge deck models is investigated to obtain the relevant aerodynamic coefficients and the vortex shedding frequency and Strouhal number. Two dimensional unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using commercial CFD software at different Reynolds numbers. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data obtained by testing the model bridge decks geometries in a low speed wind tunnel. The results of this study demonstrate that the models aerodynamic parameters except their lift coefficient are almost dependent on the aspect ratio. In addition, the influence of side angle on all aerodynamic parameters has to be taken in account.

International migration to Chile and to the Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA), its major point of attraction, is a rather recent phenomenon which is gaining more and more attention. According to the latest population census the number of foreigners who were born abroad and permanently live in Chile, has increased by 75% between 1992 and 2002. Parallel to this, the national policy debate about immigration is becoming more intensive. However, until now there is only little evidence concerning the patterns of international migration and the characterization of the immigrants’ social space. This study is oriented towards reducing this deficit. Based on a thorough theoretical discussion, recent research publications and international reports, the study pursues mainly four objectives: The first objective is to identify major patterns of international migration as a context for the immigration to Chile and the SMA. The second objective is to understand the main features of international migration to the SMA. The third objective is to analyze the immigrants’ social space and its contribution to the overall urban development patterns in the SMA. And finally, the research results are linked with the national policy debate about immigration, and a number of policy recommendations are made. The study applies a mix of – mainly quantitative – methods, such as descriptive and analytical statistics including factor and cluster analyses using Chilean census data and visa records. The current immigration situation in Chile is characterized by a notable increase in the number of South American migrants, being attracted by better job opportunities. Moreover, there are growing numbers of young migrants for educational reasons. Chile appears to present an “intervening opportunity” in the migrants’ decision-making process, where a number of factors, such as new policy regulations in industrialized countries, the time/cost distance, as well as the economic development and political stability in the country, increasingly seem to turn into competitive advantages as compared to countries like the US, Spain or Italy. The qualification profiles of migrants in the SMA sharply contrast with the situation in most industrialized countries. In general, the educational level of immigrants is rather high. In general, immigrants strongly contribute to the educational level of the population in the SMA. Like in most global cities, two major streams of international migrants can be found in the SMA, on the one hand those who belong to the upper levels of the occupational hierarchy and on the other hand marginalized low-skill employees. The related data can be taken as an indication for the fact that a large group of immigrants is employed below their qualification levels. In the SMA, professionals and technicians play a very important role, and, except for some of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian migrants, there is little evidence of labour market segmentation. Skilled migrants contribute to reducing gaps of labour market supply in some sectors of the economy, such as public health and private education. Low-skilled migrants contribute to the labour market supply in fields where there is a growing demand, e.g. in the domestic services. Almost 50% of the international migrants live in five of the 34 communes of the SMA. This seems to be largely determined by two main factors: Migrants are found where job opportunities are, and they follow similar patterns like the Chilean population regarding their socio-spatial differentiation. Furthermore, despite the relatively high spatial concentration of migrants, the SMA shows less evidence of residential segregation than many European and US cities. The highest segregation indexes are associated with European and US immigrants with a high socioeconomic status (“voluntary ghettos”). Factor and cluster analyses show major patterns of the socio-spatial distribution of migrants in the SMA: a rather large zone of low attraction for migrants, the downtown area concentrating recent flows, and a series of semi-concentric zones around the centre where the migrants’ socio-economic and residential status increases with distance from the city centre. This is consistent with models of urban dynamics of Latin American cities. Based on the results of this study, four major recommendations for the policy debate about immigration can be derived. There is a need for (1) strengthening the diagnosis regarding immigration, (2) the improvement of the institutional framework and the participation of stakeholders, (3) fostering international cooperation regarding issues of immigration, as well as (4) shaping public opinion and strengthening the integration of immigrants. / Zuwanderung nach Chile und in den Großraum Santiago, dem wichtigsten Attraktionspol des Landes, ist ein relativ junges Phänomen, gewinnt aber zunehmend an Bedeutung. Laut dem letzten Bevölkerungszensus des Landes hat sich die Zahl der Zuwanderer, d.h. nach chilenischer Definition der Personen, die im Ausland geboren wurden und permanent in Chile leben, zwischen 1992 und 2002 um 75% erhöht. Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung, hat eine nationale Politikdebatte eingesetzt, die derzeit an Fahrt gewinnt. Allerdings gibt es bis heute nur wenig gesichertes Wissen über die Zuwanderung in Chile und deren sozialräumliche Charakteristika. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Verringerung dieses Defizits leisten. Auf der Grundlage einer Diskussion theoretischer Ansätze sowie von Studien und internationalen Berichten jüngeren Datums zu Fragen der Zuwanderung verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit im Wesentlichen vier Ziele: Erstens sollen die Grundlinien internationaler Wanderungsprozesse als Rahmen für die Diskussion der Entwicklungstrends in Chile und im Großraum Santiago nachgezeichnet werden. Zweitens sollen Charakteristika der Zuwanderung im Großraum Santiago herausgearbeitet werden. Drittens geht es um die Identifizierung sozialräumlicher Strukturen der Zuwanderung und ihren Beitrag zur Stadtentwicklung im Großraum Santiago. Und schließlich werden aus den Ergebnissen der Studie Empfehlungen an die Politik als Beitrag zur Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile abgeleitet. In der Arbeit werden unterschiedliche – überwiegend quantitative – Methoden verwendet, so zum Beispiel der deskriptiven und analytischen Statistik einschließlich einer Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse. Der Autorin standen hierfür umfangreiche chilenische Zensus- und Visadaten zur Verfügung. Die Zuwanderung nach Chile ist gegenwärtig insbesondere von einem starken Anstieg des Anteils von Migranten aus Lateinamerika gekennzeichnet. Dabei spielen vor allem die vergleichsweise großen Arbeitsmarktpotenziale des Landes eine Rolle. Zudem steigt die Zahl jüngerer Zuwanderer, für die Chile attraktive Ausbildungs- und Studienmöglichkeiten bietet. Im Entscheidungsprozess von Migranten kommt Chile zunehmend die Rolle einer „intervening opportunity“ zu, wobei eine Reihe von Faktoren dem Land komparative Vorteile gegenüber traditionellen Zuwanderungsländern für Migranten aus Lateinamerika wie den USA, Spanien oder Italien verschafft. Hierzu gehören u.a. die verschärften Zuwanderungsbeschränkungen in vielen Industrieländern, die günstigen Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Zeit-/ Kosten-Distanzen sowie das anhaltende Wirtschaftswachstum und die politische Stabilität in Chile. Das allgemeine Qualifikationsprofil der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago unterscheidet sich deutlich von dem der Migranten in den meisten Industriestaaten. Im Allgemeinen ist das Bildungsniveau der Zuwanderer hoch. Wie in den meisten Weltstädten wird das Gros der Zuwanderer im Großraum Santiago insbesondere von zwei Gruppen gestellt, zum einen von Hochqualifizierten in Führungspositionen und zum anderen von gering qualifizierten und häufig marginalisierten Zuwanderern. Die entsprechenden Daten können im Übrigen auch als ein Indiz dafür angesehen werden, dass im Großraum Santiago viele Zuwanderer unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus beschäftigt zu sein scheinen. Akademiker und Fachkräfte spielen unter den Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago eine große Rolle und –mit Ausnahme von Zuwanderern aus Peru und Ecuador – gibt es kaum Anzeichen für eine Segmentierung des Arbeitsmarktes. Qualifizierte Zuwanderer tragen in einigen Bereichen wie zum Beispiel bei der öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge oder in Privatschulen zum Abbau von Arbeitsmarktengpässen bei. Geringer Qualifizierte erhöhen das Arbeitskräftepotenzial in Bereichen, in denen es u.a. aufgrund des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs in Chile eine steigende Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften gibt, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Haushaltshilfen. Fast 50% aller Zuwanderer wohnen in fünf der 34 Kommunen des Großraums Santiago. Dies ist im Wesentlichen auf zwei Faktoren zurückzuführen: Migranten lassen sich dort nieder, wo es Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten gibt und sie entwickeln ähnliche sozialräumliche Verteilungsmuster wie die chilenische Bevölkerung. Weiterhin ist festzustellen, dass die Zuwanderung trotz der relativ starken räumlichen Konzentration von Migranten im Großraum Santiago im Vergleich zu Großstädten in den USA oder in Europa kaum zu Segregation führt. Quer über verschiedene Segregationsindices sind jeweils die höchsten Werte bei Zuwanderern aus Europa und aus den USA mit hohem sozioökonomischem Status festzustellen („volontary ghettos“). Mit Hilfe von Faktoren- und Clusteranalysen lassen sich räumliche Verteilungsmuster von Zuwanderern im Großraum Santiago nachweisen: Ein weiter Bereich des Großraums Santiago (insbesondere im Westen und Süden) bietet offensichtlich nur wenig Attraktivität für Migranten; das Zentrum des Großraums bildet einen kernstädtischen Bereich mit relativ junger Zuwanderung; daran schließen mehrere halbkreisförmige Gebieten um das Zentrum an, in denen der Sozialstatus und die Wohnverhältnisse der Migranten nach außen hin zunehmen. Diese Struktur ist weitgehend vergleichbar mit lateinamerikanischen Stadtentwicklungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit legen im Hinblick auf die Zuwanderungsdebatte in Chile eine Reihe von Empfehlungen nahe. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um die folgenden Aspekte: (1) die Verbesserung der Informationsgrundlagen über Zuwanderung, (2) die Verbesserung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und die Einbeziehung aller Beteiligten, (3) die Stärkung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit im Hinblick auf Migrationsfragen und (4) die Versachlichung der öffentlichen Debatte über Migration und die effizientere Integration von Zuwanderern.

Electrical generating sets powered by gas turbines are required for many applications, in particular for emergency situations due to their critical attributes; high reliability, lightweight, small size, multi-fuel capabilities, low maintenance, low noise and low gas emissions. This research contends that a permanent magnet axial flux (PMAF) high-speed generator with a small gas turbine engine offers advantages over the radial flux permanent magnet generators. Higher power densities can be achieved with the axial flux configuration when compared to their counter parts of the radial flux machines of similar output power. The attributes of the PMAF machines were certainly appealing; lightweight, small size, high efficiency and ease of construction. In this research, a design approach for the PMAF high-speed generator which accounts for the mechanical and electrical aspects was provided. The machine's key components such as retainment ring was carefully designed and the materials utilised in their structures were appropriately selected to insure high mechanical integrity, ease of construction and low manufacturing cost. The generator's principle dimensions were determined from a theoretical model which was derived from the machine's main design parameters. This theoretical model was then correlated by some empirical coefficients determined through the manipulation of the experimentally validated finite element (FE) results. The analytical results have shown that with the appropriate design considerations, PMAF high-speed generators can be designed with high power densities in the range of 6-8 kW/kg and high efficiencies ideally in the range of 94 - 96 %. The mechanical integrity and the steady state electrical performance of the machine were analysed using three-dimensional (3D) FE models. More in this research, a parametric study was carried out on the most influential parameters of the machine to improve its electrical performance through minimise rotor and stator eddy current losses. In addition, the total harmonic distortion in the output waveform was minimised through the appropriate and careful design of the magnet shape and topology with the aid of 3D electromagnetic FE analysis. Furthermore, using FE it was possible to design, optimise and analyse the rotor back-iron disc through the selection of best material, shape and size for use in the PMAF high-speed generator. A prototype of the PMAF high-speed generator was constructed and tested preliminary at low speed for the purpose of the evaluation of the electrical performance of the machine. Experimental results have shown that the machine was capable to meet the design requirements. For the mechanical integrity of the machine, the rotors were safely tested on a cold run test rig at the speed of 47,000 rpm. This thesis describes also the trends and the technical details in the manufacturing, construction and experimental setup for the PMAF high-speed generator.

Although England and Scotland are two of the countries composing the UK, there are differences and similarities between the structures of education in each country. Teachers often struggle to explain the multi-faceted nature of their work and the general public rarely understands the complexities that educational professionals have to deal with on a day-to-day basis. Teachers of 5 to 8 year olds in England and Scotland are expected to fulfil diverse and complex roles. Since devolution, changes have been implemented in Scotland affecting teachers' workload. Changes in the culture of education in both countries have affected the professional and personal lives of teachers. A larger dehumanisation of education in the name of efficiency and cost effectiveness is affecting the morale of teachers and many are leaving the profession. Historical method and a questionnaire are the main methods used to investigate the extent to which teachers of 5 to 8 year olds in England and Scotland have been affected by government legislation of the 1980s up to the present. The research also seeks to discover what changes teachers have made in order to work within the educational climate that resulted from that legislation. The questionnaire includes demographic data, scales for teachers to rate their ideal vs. actual teaching situations, emotive statements taken from a national survey for Likert scale response in terms of agreement or disagreement, and space for open-ended comments. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS. Two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures and one way ANOVAs were used in the analysis of the questionnaires, in addition to factor analysis. In the discussion of the findings, the historical accounts of the development of education in England and Scotland affecting the teachers of 5 to 8 year olds was used, along with respondents' open ended comments, to inform the results of the statistical analysis of the questionnaire. The findings show a perceived gap between respondents' ideal and actual teaching situations in both countries, and a somewhat negative trend in the overall response to both types of scaled items, with only a few group differences. The pattern of response is interpreted as showing dissatisfaction with managerialism in UK education, and it is argued that this emphasis is affecting the dynamics and cohesiveness of schools. The resulting, increasingly performative culture is perceived to be degrading the quality of early years' education by a process of depersonalisation and restricted implementation of professional expertise.

This study examines students&amp / #65533 / perceptions about level of communication, online course support, satisfaction in a web enhanced course and students&amp / #65533 / feelings about computers and the web. Addition to them gender differences in students&amp / #65533 / perceptions were studied. The data were collected by using survey at the end of the term and analyzed by using descriptive statistical analyzing methods. Results showed that students&amp / #65533 / feelings about computers and the web were slightly positive. Students&amp / #65533 / perceptions about online course support were slightly positive. Students&amp / #65533 / perceptions were neutral about level of communication and satisfaction results. No difference has found in students&amp / #65533 / computer and the web feelings, level of communication, online course support and satisfaction results in terms of gender.

Chiral cyclic polyoxo-ketones are important structural units in many natural products, biologically active compouds, such as prostaglandins, didemnenones, sarkomycin, punaglandin, clavulone, etc. In this work, a chemoenzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of the &amp / #945 / &rsquo / -acetoxy-&amp / #945 / -methyl and &amp / #947 / -hydroxy-&amp / #945 / -methyl cyclic enones starting from &amp / #945 / -methyl-&amp / #946 / -methoxy cyclic enone is described. Manganese (III) acetate-mediated acetoxylation followed by the enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of &amp / #945 / &rsquo / -acetoxy enone provides acetoxy enones. The reduction of the hydroxy enone, obtained from hydrolysis, furnished both enantiomers of 4-hydroxy enone or &amp / #947 / -hydroxy enone by using LiAlH4. This study is a model for the synthesis of these type compounds

In this study, we consider single model deterministic Assembly Line Balancing problem with task paralleling. The objective is to minimize the total cost which is composed of station opening cost and task dependent equipment cost. A branch and bound algorithm that allows two-level task paralleling is proposed. A heuristic algorithm is also developed both for obtaining efficient upper bounds to branch and bound and for achieving good approximate solutions for large sized problems. Computational experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of experimental parameters on the cost-related and algorithm-related performance measures. The exact algorithm results are compared to the proposed heuristic algorithm results, station paralleling results and optimal solutions without paralleling.

The design of a battery-powered, portable headphone active noise control system with TI TMS320C5416 DSP is described. The preliminary implementation of the system on a C5416 DSK is also explained. The problems of fixed-point implementation are described and solutions are proposed. Sign-sign Fx-LMS algorithm with a dead-zone is introduced and used as the adaptation algorithm. Effective use of dynamic range to improve the accuracy in filtering operations is discussed. Details of the designed battery-powered DSP board are given and board software development process is explained. The DSK system and designed portable system is compared against two commercially available analog systems under three different types of noises / composition of tones, drill noise and propeller plane cabin noise. The results reveal that adaptive system has better overall performance.