本文所討論的是開票一路領先問題。假設有A、B兩位候選人，開票結果A得m票、B得n票，開票過程中A的票數一路領先B的票數，我們將開票過程建立在平面的方格上，由(0,0)開始，A得1票記錄成向量(1,0)，B得1票記錄成向量(0,1)，分解成路徑後，A一路領先的開票方法數，就是對角線下的全部路徑數。但是算式及轉換步驟有點複雜，所以我們希望能建構一種簡單的模型對應來解決這個問題。 本文找出A至少一路領先m票的方法數，會對應到m×n的全部路徑走法，最後證明這樣的對應是一對一且映成，並猜想若有多位候選人，其中一人一路領先其他候選人的開票過程，也會有相似的對應方法。 / Suppose A and B are candidates for all election. A receives m votes and B receives n votes. If A stays ahead of B as the ballots are counted, we can think of a ballot permutation as a lattice path starting at (0,0), where votes for A are expressed as east (1,0) and votes for B are expressed as north (0,1). How to calculate the number of paths that A is always in the lead? We just count these paths from (0,0) to (m,n) that are under or touch the diagonal. However, the formula of combinatorial mathematics is not easy to obtain. So we hope to construct a model to resolve this problem. In this paper, we establish a one-to-one correspondence. The ways of A to receive at least m votes are always ahead the same as counting paths from (0,0) to (m,n). Finally, we find a bijective proof in the ballot problem. If there are many candidates, it will be a similar correspondence of one candidate leading the others.

This study explores the relationship between two theoretical constructs: brand image and brand equity in the context sports sponsorship. The sporting context for the study was the 2003 Rugby World Cup held in Australia. The research focused on the sponsorship relationship between the New Zealand All Blacks and their major sponsor and co-branding partner, adidas. Keller's (1993, 2003) customer-based brand equity models were the conceptual inspiration for the research, with Faircloth, Capella and Alford's (2001) conceptual model - adapted from the work of Aaker (1991) and Keller (1993) - the primary conceptual model. Data was collected from two independent samples of 200 respondents, utilizing simple random sampling procedures. A bivariate correlation analysis was undertaken to test whether there was any correlation between changes in adidas's brand image and adidas's brand equity as a result of the All Blacks' performance in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Results support the view postulated by Keller (1993, 2003) that brand image is antecedent to the brand equity construct. Results are also consistent with the findings of Faircloth et al (2001) who found that brand image directly impacted brand equity.

This exegesis looks at interactive, network based video through the development and use of experimental works. The works are described in terms of the concepts, techniques and theories explored and their implications for future works and theory. It documents the formal and technical experiments which were used to investigate the affordances of network based video for real time interaction, and tracks the development of vidgets as audio-visual tools and instruments as they increased in complexity and function, finally being specifically designed for use in live audiovisual (VJ) performances. It explains how ideas originating from the histories of sound art and systems based art as were used as frameworks for conceptualising and developing interactive screen based works. The term 'all-data' is devised as a means to describe both the network based digital environment which these new works inhabit and the expanded palette of digital signals which may be used and inco rporated into the works themselves. Through processes of action research and critical reflection, it identifies and explores a number of techniques and attributes which are common to interactive, network based video production as a practice and which may be used in a range of future projects.

Includes bibliographical references. / xiv, 210 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1995

Includes bibliographical references.

Bibliography: leaves 82-89. This study is aimed at providing information on control measures against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (abbreviated to Ggt) in annual pastures across southern Australia. The impact of timing of herbicide application, the impact of variation in timing of rainfall patterns, as well as herbicide application on the control of Ggt are also discussed. Additional experiments examine the ability of grass genera to host and carry over Ggt.

<p> </p><p>This work is a study, conducted by interviews, of how teachers evaluate the concepts of inclusion and integration. The aim of this work is to obtain views on the possible differences between teachers' own definitions and the previous research definitions. The earlier published research which was read during this work, together with the three interviews which were conducted is the basis for the study. I've done three interviews in which two of the people interviewed are active teachers and the third who works as an assistant headmaster at a school located in a suburb of Stockholm. The interviewed teachers have been working for different periods in the school which gave me the opportunity to highlight differences between teachers definitions depending upon the experience they had. The results of this study highlight that the school is aware of the importance the concepts of inclusion and integration have and also the importance of putting them into practice. The study also concludes that the definitions teachers have of inclusion and integration is not the same as described within the literature. In addition, some teachers feel uncomfortable with the subject and hence are not actively working with inclusion and integration</p><p> </p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of my study is to describe what view teachers, which are working with autistic children, have about how the individual autistic child will have a good schooling? If children with autism should be integrated or segregated. I also want to find out how ”a school for all” shall be worked out to fit children with autism. To reach my purpose I’ve chosen to use a qualitative method and to hand out questionnaire to three teachers which are working in a training school.</p><p>To get a background to this study I’ve presented what researchers have to say about this subject. In the literature study is information about what autism is, what the researchers think about integration and segregation and finally what our control document is saying about the subject. Autism is a connection and communication disability that influences the whole development and it shows before the age of three.</p><p>The results that I’ve found are a little different from what the literature is saying. The literature are more negative to the integration then what the teachers on the training school are. Integration of children whit autism is difficult because the disability differs from child to child. In many cases it is good because the children with autism are learning to be social together with other children.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med min studie är att beskriva vilken syn pedagoger, som arbetar med autistiska barn, har på hur det individuella autistiska barnet ska få en bra skolgång? Om barn med autism ska integreras eller segregeras? Vidare ville jag också ta reda på hur ”en skola för alla” ska se ut för att passa barn med autism. För att nå mitt syfte har jag valt att använda mig av en kvalitativ metod. Jag valde att lämna ut frågeformulär till tre pedagoger som arbetar på en träningsskola.</p><p>För att få en bakgrundsbild har jag tagit upp vad forskarna säger om just detta ämne. I litteraturgenomgången finns information om vad autism är, vad forskarna anser om integrering eller segregering och slutligen vad våra styrdokument säger. Autism är ett kontakt- och kommunikationshandikapp som påverkar hela utvecklingen och visar sig före 3 års ålder.</p><p>Resultatet som jag har kommit fram till skiljer sig lite ifrån vad litteraturen säger. Litteraturen är mer negativ till integrering än vad pedagogerna på träningsskolan är. Integrering av barn med autism är svårt eftersom handikappet är så brett men i många fall är bra, barnen med autism lär sig social samvaro med andra barn.</p>

This dissertation studies the spread of sports for all in Sweden during the years 1945 to 1981. The purposes of the dissertation are twofold: in part to survey the forms of physical activities which were launched as sports for all after 1945, in part to answer the question: Why have almost all voluntarily organized sports in Sweden been part of one organization since the 1970s? In order to handle the diversities of activities that can fall within the concept of sport, two principal abstractions of the concept are used: one rigorous and one flexible. Which definition one uses influences how physical activities are organized in a society. Earlier research into the history of the Swedish sports movement has concluded that it has had a relatively high degree of autonomy in relation to the state. This finding is questioned in this dissertation. Sveriges Riksidrottsförbund (RF) was the largest Swedish sports organization throughout the 20th century and at same time the organization the government relied on to develop sports policies and distribute the financial contribution from the state to the sports movement. This means that RF has played two roles, as an umbrella organization within the Swedish sports movement and as leader of the organizations within the Swedish sports movement, popular movement and semi-public authority. The dissertation shows that the two roles, that RF played, have caused conflicts of interest within the organization. That is made plain when one studies the spread of sports for all. Most members of the organization just wanted to practise different sports and were not interested in the leading organization’s desire to promote a great many different kinds of physical acitivites according to a flexible concept of sport. These members were not interested in strengthening the organization’s leading position within sports. There are not many conceptions that are so universally and uncritically accepted as the conception of the connection between physical activity and health. Sports for all came to age in a society where more and more people were told to use part of their leisure time to take part in physical activities. A societal consensus prevailed that the population’s health was on the decline due to the increased standard of living, which was creating an inactive and unhealthy population. This has meant that sports for all have been an asset of power for the sports organizations and that they have fought for authority and control over sports for all; a struggle fought over the language and thoughts as much as over sport activities. Since 1945 large campaigns to get the population to become more physically active irrespective of physical ability have been common.

<p>The number of children with disabilities under the age of 18 years around the world varies from 120 to 150 million. In many countries, throughout the world, the majority of children with disabilities either do not receive any form of education or, if they receive any, it is often inappropriate. UNESCO estimates that more than 90% of children with disabilities in developing countries do not attend schools. Rwanda has recently started inclusive education in a number of schools around the country for ensuring that children with disabilities have access to education. Despite this, in Rwanda, many children with disabilities do not attend school and this number is not known. This study aimed to identify the barriers to school attendance by children with disabilities in Rwanda.</p>