published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Attefall-house: Greater than the sum of its parts? I am exploring how to create a small scale space which is more than just a functional space, a space that also provides an architectural experience. I am using the Swedish Attefall-house as a case study. This small, permit-free construction comes with a frame and it has clearly defined rules and limitations. The smallness of it allows for experimentation and in the normally hard-regulated Swedish building climate, it provides an opportunity to try out ideas without having to be too serious. I am trying to create this sensory experience by fusing function and context together with selected architects’ and artists’ ideas. What happens when these seemingly disparate ingredients combine? Will the whole be greater than the sum of its parts? / Attefallshus: Större än summan av delarna? Jag utforskar hur man kan skapa ett rum i liten skala som är mer än bara ett funktionellt rum, ett rum som också är en arkitektonisk upplevelse. Jag använder mig av Attefallshuset som fallstudie. Denna lilla, bygglovsbefriade, konstruktion kommer med en ram, den har tydligt definierade regler och begränsningar. Dess storlek tillåter experimenterande och, i det normalt hårt reglerade svenska bygglovsklimatet, erbjuder en möjlighet att testa idéer utan att behöva vara för allvarlig. Jag försöker skapa denna sensoriska upplevelse genom en fusion av funktion och kontext tillsammans med ett urval av arkitekters och konstnärers idéer. Vad händer när dessa till synes disparata ingredienser kombineras? Blir helheten större än summan av delarna?

Streptococcus thermophilus est la bactérie lactique la plus utilisée après Lactococcus lactis dans l'industrie laitière pour la fabrication de yaourts et de fromages à pâte cuite (Emmental, gruyère), filée (Mozarella) ou pressée (Cheddar). Il s'agit du seul streptocoque à avoir le statut de bactérie GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe). Dans un premier temps le potentiel probiotique de 30 souches de S. thermophilus de différentes origines a été testé par l'étude de leurs capacités à résister aux différentes conditions de stress rencontrées pendant leur passage dans le tractus gastro-intestinal (bas pH, sels biliaires et stress oxydant), de leur capacité à adhérer aux cellules épithéliales intestinales et de leurs propriétés immunomodulatrices. La majorité des souches réduit la production d'interleukine IL-8 (pro-inflammatoire) alors qu'elles induisent la production d'interleukine IL-10 (anti-inflammatoire) et l'IL-12 (pro-inflammatoire). Sur la base du rapport IL-10/IL-12, qui permet d'apprécier le potentiel anti-inflammatoire d'une souche, nous avons observé que certaines d'entre-elles pourraient avoir un fort potentiel anti-inflammatoire. L'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) nous a permis de séparer les souches en 6 catégories différentes présentant des propriétés distinctes. A l'intérieur de chaque classe, une variabilité entre les souches a été observée et des caractéristiques intéressantes identifiées. Cependant, aucune des classes ne peut être considérée comme contenant le probiotique « parfait ». Suite à cette étude et sur la base de sa résistance aux stress gastriques et de ses capacités d'adhésion, et sachant que la séquence de son génome est disponible, la souche LMD-9 a été sélectionnée pour la deuxième partie de ce travail, à savoir la construction d'un outil basé sur la technologie R-IVET pour étudier l'état physiologique de S. thermophilus dans le tractus digestif. L'outil R-IVET mis au point se compose de deux éléments: un vecteur plasmidique portant le gène cre codant une recombinase spécifique dépourvu de son promoteur et une cassette chromosomique composée d'un gène de résistance à la spectinomycine flanqué par des sites loxP, reconnus par la recombinase Cre. La fonctionnalité de l'outil R-IVET a ensuite été testée par le clonage de trois promoteurs différents de S. thermophilus (PprtS, Pshsp and Plac) en amont de cre. Le système a été valide in vitro avec les trois promoteurs et in vivo avec le promoteur Plac / Streptococcus thermophilus is a lactic acid bacterium used after Lactococcus lactis in the dairy industry for the production of yogurt and cheeses like Emmental, Gruyere, Mozarella and Cheddar. It is the only streptococcus to have the GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status. In this work, the probiotic potential of 30 S. thermophilus strains from different origins was tested by studying their ability to resist different stress conditions encountered during their passage through the GIT (low pH, bile salts and oxidative stress), their ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and their immunomodulatory properties. Majority of the strains reduced the production of interleukin IL-8 (pro-inflammatory) and induced the production of interleukin IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) and IL-12 (pro-inflammatory). On the basis of the ratio IL-10/IL-12 which allows to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of a probiotic, several strains appeared to have a high the anti-inflammatory potential. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allowed us to classify strains in 6 different categories with different properties. Within each class, variability and interesting features were observed, but none of the classes could be considered as containing the perfect probiotic. Following this study and on the basis of its resistance to gastric stress and its adhesion capacity and knowing that its genome sequence is available, the strain LMD-9 was selected for the second part of this work, namely the construction of a tool based on R-IVET to study the physiological state of S. thermophilus in the digestive tract. This tool is composed of two elements: a plasmid vector (pULNcreB), carrying the gene cre encoding a site-specific recombinase without its promoter and a chromosomal cassette composed of a gene of resistance to spectinomycin flanked by loxP sites which are recognized by the recombinase Cre. The functionality of the tool R-IVET was then tested by cloning three different promoters of S. thermophilus (PprtS, Pshsp and Plac) upstream of cre. System was valid in vitro with all the three promoters and in vivo by using the lactose operon promoter Plac

Für die ortsspezifische Düngung spielt die räumliche Erfassung von ertragsrelevanten Standorteigenschaften (z.B. Textur und Nährstoffnachlieferungsvermögen) eine große Rolle bei der Bemessung der Düngungsempfehlung. Durch die Berücksichtigung der schlaginternen Variabilität ist eine abgestufte standortangepasste Bewirtschaftung möglich. Auf fünf ackerbaulich genutzten Schlägen in verschiedenen Bodenregionen Deutschlands wurden räumliche und zeitliche Untersuchungen zur vertikalen und horizontalen Mineralstickstoffverteilung in Rasterform durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe des N-Modells HERMES wurden Simulationsrechnungen zur N-Dynamik durchgeführt und anhand des volumetrischen Wassergehalts, des Ertrags und des mineralischen Stickstoffgehalts überprüft. Als Referenz dienten die Daten aus der Rasterbeprobung. Die Vergleiche zwischen den simulierten und gemessenen Werten zeigen beim volumetrischen Wassergehalt, beim Ertrag und beim mineralischen Stickstoff auch über mehrere Vegetationsperioden hinweg eine gute Übereinstimmung bei den Mittelwerten, so dass man die Modellergebnisse auch für die N-Düngungsempfehlung herangezogen hat. Datensätze der Reichsbodenschätzung und der digitalen Hofbodenkarte wiesen im Gegensatz zur kleinräu­migen Rasterbeprobung keine ausreichende Genauigkeit bei den räumlichen Verteilungsmustern der ertragsrelevanten Standortgrößen auf und sind demnach nicht als Planungsgrundlage für die ortsspezifische Düngung geeignet. Über Szenariorechnungen lassen sich verschiedene Düngungsvarianten (wie einheitlich und ortsspezifisch gedüngte Variante) für identische Flächen direkt miteinander vergleichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten beim Einsatz des preagro-N Moduls über drei Vegetationsperioden (2000 bis 2002) ein Einsparungspotential bei der ortsspezifischen Düngung von durchschnittlich 4 %, bei Verwendung der Modellempfehlungen (HERMES) sogar von durchschnittlich 18 % gegenüber der einheitlichen Variante ohne Ertragsdepressionen beführten zu müssen. / For the site-specific fertilization plays the spatial variability of soil parameters (such as texture) an important role for the calculation of fertilizer recommendation. In consideration of spatial variability is a gradual management in the field possible. The distribution of the vertical and horizontal soil mineral nitrogen patterns on five fields were investigated in different regions in Germany. Additionally these data were used for the validation of the nitrogen dynamics of the nitrogen crop growth model HERMES. The comparison between simulate and measurement data showed for the soil moisture, the grain yield and the mineral nitrogen over many vegetation periods good results by the average values. Under this situation is it possible to use simulation model for the nitrogen fertilizer recommendation. Simulations with data sets from the plot sampling (large scale soil map) compared against simulating using German Soil Appraisal or digital farm soil map data showed information losses. The temporal dynamic by soil mineral nitrogen content in the rooting zone and the spatial pattern by the grain yield show a much better agreement with observed values, if large scale data were used for the simulation. The results from the preagro-N model showed at site-specific part over three vegetation periods (2000 to 2002) an economize effect from average 4 % against the uniform fertilisation part. If we had used the fertilizer recommendation from the nitrogen crop growth model HERMES over the same time, the economize effect conducted average 18 % against the uniform fertilisation part without yield depression.

Die Arbeit hat das Ziel, auf der Grundlage der natürlichen Standortfaktoren die Entwicklung der Getreideproduktion zwischen den Jahren 1900 und 2000 aufzuzeigen. Dabei sollen die Betrachtungszeiträume historischen Ereignissen, die Rahmenbedingungen für die Produktion bilden, angepasst werden. Für die recht unterschiedlichen Zeiträume werden für die einzelnen Getreidearten die Erträge ermittelt und der jeweils erzielte lineare Ertragsanstieg errechnet. Daran schließt sich dann eine Darstellung des spezifischen Produktionsverfahrens an, um die Ursachen für den erzielten Ertragsanstieg in der jeweiligen Periode aufzuzeigen. Die Verfahrensanalyse erstreckt sich auf die Einordnung in die Fruchtfolge, die Bodenbearbeitung und Bestellung, sowie auf die Düngung, Pflege und Ernte. Die Maßnahmen des Pflanzenschutzes werden nur sehr allgemein im Rahmen der Pflege des Getreides behandelt und die Züchtung begrenzt sich auf erforderliche Hinweise im Rahmen der Ertragsentwicklung. Es werden mehr die Einflüsse der klassischen acker- und pflanzenbaulichen Maßnahmen auf die Getreideproduktion im genannten Zeitraum innerhalb bestimmter Perioden, für die gleichen Rahmenbedingungen gelten, analysiert. Grundlage bilden die langjährigen Angaben über die Erträge der Getreidearten, die im Statistischen Landesamt vorliegen und Veröffentlichungen in Form von Lehrbüchern und Artikeln in Fachzeitschriften des zurückliegenden Jahrhunderts. Gewisse Probleme bereitet die Differenzierung zwischen Erkenntnisfortschritt und tatsächlicher Anwendung in der Praxis. Bestehende Disproportionen werden besonders bei dem Vergleich von Empfehlungen und statistischen Angaben zur Düngung offensichtlich, um ein charakteristisches Beispiel zu nennen. In der Arbeit wird an den betreffenden Stellen darauf hingewiesen. Neben diesen Quellen wurden für Zeiten mit eingeschränkten Publikationsnachweisen noch ältere Landwirte als Zeitzeugen befragt. Dadurch konnten wesentliche Lücken geschlossen werden. Im Ergebnis der analytischen Betrachtung sollen Lösungen für die Getreideproduktion der kommenden Jahre in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern aufgezeigt werden. Dabei wird dem Getreideanbau auf den Grenzstandorten besondere Beachtung zugemessen. / The objective of this work is to demonstrate the development of cereal production between 1900 and 2000 based on natural site-specific factors. In so doing, the periods under consideration are to be studied in correlation with the historical events that formed the framework conditions for production. For each of the various periods, the yields for individual cereal types shall be determined and the respective linear increases in yield shall be calculated. This will be followed by a representation of specific production procedures in order to demonstrate the reasons for the increases in yield for each period. The procedural analysis will cover the categories of crop rotation, soil preparation and treatment, fertilisation, care of crops and harvesting. Crop protection measures will only be touched on generally as is relevant to the care of cereals, and the consideration of cultivation will be limited to necessary indications pertaining to yield development. The work shall, instead, focus on the analysis of the influences of traditional agricultural and horticultural measures on cereal production in the aforementioned period within certain timeframes in which the same framework conditions are present. The basis for this study is formed by several years' worth of data on various cereal yields available from the national statistics office as well as textbook publications and articles in trade publications from the previous century. Certain problems arise when differentiating between the acquisition of knowledge and the actual widespread application thereof. To name a typical example, existing disproportions become particularly obvious when comparing recommendations and statistical details for fertilisation. References shall be made to such discrepancies where appropriate. In addition to theses sources, older generation farmers have been polled as witnesses of time periods for which limited data was available in the form of publications. This approach enabled significant gaps in information to be filled. The objective of these analytical results is to indicate solutions for future cereal production in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Special consideration will be given to the cultivation of cereals in border locations.

<p>The focus of this essay is to investigate if there lies a difference between graffiti art that is placed in the public spaces and graffiti art that is sited in an institutional art setting; in this essay exemplified in a gallery space. My thesis is that graffiti art derives a great deal of its meaning and substance from its situation consequently making a change of cultural context also a change of connotation and understanding of the graffiti art itself.  Meaning that graffiti art situated in a communal space is different from graffiti art situated in the gallery space. They share aesthetic expression but their connotations differ; i.e. one being illegal and the other permissible making their meanings dissimilar. I have used a comparison between site-specific art and graffiti art to further strengthen my thesis concerning the importance of understanding how a change of context critically changes the substance of graffiti art.</p>

I have organized this paper into four chapters: "The Environmental Situation," "Space and Place," "Art and the Natural Environment," and "Creating Work of My Own." Chapter 1 explains human beings' intrinsic interconnection to the natural environment, outlining why humans should be concerned about the current degraded state of the natural world. Chapter 2 discusses the concepts of space and place. It analyzes how human beings interact with and experience spaces, developing their sense of place - within physical, theoretical, and spiritual realms. It finally illustrates the importance that spaces and places have in humans' lives. Chapter 3 describes the Land Art phenomenon: its development, the different forms within it, and artists producing Land Artworks. The forms and artists included are those that have been inspirational for the development of my own work. It also emphasizes Land Art as a fundamental form for improving humans' relationship with the natural environment and the new realm of eco-feminism that resonates with Land Art ideals. Chapter 4 recounts the development of my art throughout my college career. It describes my work as site-specific, sculptural installations that use natural materials. It also states why this format is the most effective for my senior art thesis project. Focusing mainly on "Ecological Reawakening: organic DNA," it explains the mentality in designing, creating, installing, and completing the work. Overall, Chapter 4 emphasizes the work's two main goals: to demonstrate a new avenue for comprehending humankind's place within earth's environmental spaces, and to advocate for an environmental paradigm shift during the twenty-first century. Finally, Chapter 5 describes the transformation of "Ecological Reawakening: organic DNA" as it developed over time during the spring honors senior thesis course. It details my mentalities in adding living plant matter to the structure, incorporating a stool into the piece, and creating "Evolution," the digital photography composition that documents "Ecological Reawakening" and was included in the Scripps Senior Art Exhibition in the Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery from May 1 – May 17, 2009.

The focus of this essay is to investigate if there lies a difference between graffiti art that is placed in the public spaces and graffiti art that is sited in an institutional art setting; in this essay exemplified in a gallery space. My thesis is that graffiti art derives a great deal of its meaning and substance from its situation consequently making a change of cultural context also a change of connotation and understanding of the graffiti art itself.  Meaning that graffiti art situated in a communal space is different from graffiti art situated in the gallery space. They share aesthetic expression but their connotations differ; i.e. one being illegal and the other permissible making their meanings dissimilar. I have used a comparison between site-specific art and graffiti art to further strengthen my thesis concerning the importance of understanding how a change of context critically changes the substance of graffiti art.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o significado das obras de arte pública permanentes, comissionadas pela 5.ª Bienal do Mercosul, em Porto Alegre, entre 2004 e 2006, sob o prisma das questões da site-specificity e/ou place-specificity. As esculturas de Mauro Fuke, José Resende, Carmela Gross e Waltercio Caldas, são tomadas como estudo de caso para a discussão dessas questões, ou seja, para investigar as possibilidades de transformação de um local (espaço físico) em lugar (local dotado de significados), por meio de obras de arte projetadas especificamente com esse objetivo. / The paper aims at searching for the meaning of perennial public artworks done under the 5th Mercosul Biennial (Porto Alegre, 2004-2006) order, looking at the issues of site-specificity and/or place-specificity. Mauro Fuke, José Resende, Carmela Gross and Waltercio Caldas’s sculptures are the case study for the debate of such issues. Investigating the possibility of transforming spaces into sites through the placement of artworks produced for that purpose.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o significado das obras de arte pública permanentes, comissionadas pela 5.ª Bienal do Mercosul, em Porto Alegre, entre 2004 e 2006, sob o prisma das questões da site-specificity e/ou place-specificity. As esculturas de Mauro Fuke, José Resende, Carmela Gross e Waltercio Caldas, são tomadas como estudo de caso para a discussão dessas questões, ou seja, para investigar as possibilidades de transformação de um local (espaço físico) em lugar (local dotado de significados), por meio de obras de arte projetadas especificamente com esse objetivo. / The paper aims at searching for the meaning of perennial public artworks done under the 5th Mercosul Biennial (Porto Alegre, 2004-2006) order, looking at the issues of site-specificity and/or place-specificity. Mauro Fuke, José Resende, Carmela Gross and Waltercio Caldas’s sculptures are the case study for the debate of such issues. Investigating the possibility of transforming spaces into sites through the placement of artworks produced for that purpose.