Este trabalho consiste no estudo da eletrodeposição de ligas de Zn/Co para diferentes relações de concentração [Zn2+]/[Co2+] (1:1, 3:1, 6:1, 9:1 e 12:1) sobre aço-carbono ABNT 1020 e sua resistência à corrosão, usando como banho um eletrólito à base de cloretos. Foram realizados estudos preliminares sobre o mecanismo de deposição da liga Zn/Co usando a técnica de voltametria cíclica e estabeleceram-se assim os parâmetros de deposição da liga. Os ensaios de deposição para as relações de concentração [Zn2+]/[Co2+] : 9/1 e [Zn2+]/[Co2+] : 12/1 no banho foram realizados usando a técnica potenciostática (cronoamperometria) e a técnica galvanostática (cronopotenciometria). As relações 1:1, 3:1 e 6:1 não foram escolhidas já que os teores de cobalto de seus eletrodepósitos não estavam na faixa de 1 % a 2 %. Foram feitas análises por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para conhecer a diversidade morfologia dos eletrodepósitos como conseqüência do aumento do conteúdo de íons de zinco no banho. A identificação das fases dos eletrodepósitos foi feita por difração de raios X (XRD) e a composição elementar mediante espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS) e fluorescência de raios X (XRF). Os ensaios de avaliação da resistência à corrosão foram realizados em solução naturalmente areada de NaCl 0,1 M por técnicas eletroquímicas como espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmicas. A partir dos resultados obtidos na voltametria cíclica foi possível selecionar a faixa de potencial adequada para a realização dos ensaios potenciostáticos e galvanostáticos das relações [Zn2+]/[Co2+] 9:1 e 12:1. As análises dos dados obtidos dos transientes de corrente (ensaios potenciostáticos) para cada relação (9:1 e 12:1) permitiram concluir que para ambas as relações seus processos de nucleação ocorrem seguindo uma transição, iniciando-se como progressiva para t/tmax < 1 e passando a instantânea para t/tmax > 1. As técnicas eletroquímicas usadas para avaliar a resistência à corrosão mostraram que os eletrodepósitos obtidos com a técnica potenciostática foram mais resistentes à corrosão que os eletrodepósitos obtidos com a técnica galvanostática, sendo o potencial de - 1450 mV vs Ag/AgCl e a densidade de corrente catódica de 30 mA/cm2 as melhores condições para a obtenção de eletrodepósitos de Zn/Co com boa resistência à corrosão. / This work reports the study of the electrodeposition of Zn/Co alloys with different concentration ratios [Zn2+]/[Co2+] (1:1, 3:1, 6:1, 9:1 e 12:1) on carbon steel ABNT 1020 and its corrosion resistance, using a chloride - based electrolyte. Initial studies were performed to find the best parameters of deposition by cyclic voltammetry. The alloy deposition for concentration ratios of [Zn2+]/[Co2+] : 9/1 and [Zn2+]/[Co2+] : 12/1 were carried out using potentiostatic (chronoamperometry) and galvanostatic (chronopotenciometry) techniques. The ratios 1:1, 3:1 e 6:1 were not chosen because them composition in cobalt were not within the range of 1% to 2%. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to verify the morphological diversity of the electrodeposits as a consequence of the increasing zinc concentration in the bath. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the phases present in the electrodeposits; their elemental composition was determined by X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. Corrosion resistance experiments were performed in aerated 0,1 M NaCl solution by electrochemical techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potenciodynamic polarization curves. From the voltametric results it was possible to select the adequate potential range in order to perform the potenciostatic and galvanostatic experiments for concentration ratios of [Zn2+]/[Co2+] 9:1 and 12:1. Analysis of the data obtained from the current transients for each ratio (9:1 and 12:1) allow us to conclude that, for both ratios, the processes of nucleation occur following a transition which starts as progressive for t/tmax < 1 and become instantaneous for t/tmax > 1. The electrodeposits obtained by potentiostatic and galvanostatic techniques were evaluated for their corrosion resistant and the best results were found for potentiostatic deposition at -1450 mV vs Ag/AgCl and galvanostatic deposition at 30 mA/cm2. In general, the deposits obtained potentiostatically showed better corrosion resistant.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de fontes e níveis de suplementação de selênio (Se) em dietas de aves reprodutoras pesadas sobre produção de ovo e a concentração de Se no conteúdo total do ovo. Foram utilizadas 50 reprodutoras Cobb 500 de 22 semanas, alojadas individualmente e alimentadas com dieta basal sem a suplementação de Se por três semanas. Após as aves receberam cinco tratamentos dietéticos com 10 repetições de uma ave cada, sendo compostos por selenito de sódio (inorgânico; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) e Zn-LSe- metionina (orgânico; ZnSeMet, 0,1% Se), como segue: T1- 0,15% inorgânico; T2- 0,30% inorgânico; T3- 0,15% orgânico; T4- 0,30% orgânico; T5- 0,15% inorgânico e 0,15% orgânico. Avaliações foram realizadas em dois períodos de 4 semanas. A produção de ovo e o peso do ovo foram diariamente registrados e a gravidade específica foi medida duas vezes por semana até o final do estudo. No primeiro período os animais alimentados com 0,30 ppm de Se orgânico apresentaram maior percentual de produção de ovo (P < 0,05), sendo que, no segundo período, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). As avaliações entre os períodos apresentaram que o peso do ovo não foi diferente (P > 0,05), sendo que a gravidade específica foi menor no segundo período (P < 0,05) e a concentração de Se no ovo aumentou com o tempo de suplementação (P < 0,05), independentemente da fonte de Se suplementada. A comparação dos tratamentos que continham apenas uma única fonte de Se demonstrou que a concentração de Se no ovo foi maior com a suplementação do maior nível de ZnSeMet (P < 0,05). Entretanto, a suplementação com a combinação das fontes (Na2SeO3 e ZnSeMet) produziu similares concentrações de Se no ovo. O aumentou da dose de selenito de sódio de 0,15 para 0,30 ppm não foi acompanhado por um aumento da deposição de Se no ovo. / This study evaluated effects of sources and levels of Se in broiler breeder diets on egg production and Se concentration in eggs. Fifty Cobb 500 hens 22 wks of age were individually placed in steel cages and fed a basal diet without Se supplementation for 3 wks. Birds were then provided five dietary treatments with 10 replicates of one individual hen, which had dietary selenium supplied from sodium selenite (inorganic; Na2SeO3, 45% Se) and/or from Zn-LSe- methionine (organic; ZnSeMet, 0.1% Se) as follow: T1- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3; T2- 0.30% Se from Na2SeO3; T3- 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet; T4- 0.3ç0% Se from ZnSeMet; T5- 0.15% Se from Na2SeO3 + 0.15% Se from ZnSeMet. Evaluations were conducted in two periods of 4 wks each. Experimental diets were prepared through the supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily, whereas specific gravity was measured twice a wk towards the end of the study. In the first period, the hens fed 0.30 ppm of organic Se produced more eggs (P < 0.05) whereas no difference (P > 0.05) in egg production was found in the second period. Period evaluations showed that egg weight was not different (P > 0.05), whereas specific gravity decreased (P < 0.05) and Se concentration in eggs increased (P < 0.05) in the second period, regardless of Se source. The comparison between treatments with single Se sources demonstrated that the concentration of Se in eggs was greater with the highest level of ZnSeMet (P <0.05) and, the supplementation of a combination of sources (Na2SeO3 and ZnSeMet) produced similar concentrations of Se in the egg (P <0.05). However, increasing the dose of sodium selenite from 0.15 to 0.30 ppm was not accompanied by increased deposition of Se in the egg.

As estruturas do tri(hidroximetil) amino metano complexado com cobre Cu(II), Cu[NH2C(COH3)3]2+H2O e do tri(hidroximetil)amino metano dopado com prata Ag(I), Ag[NH2C(COH3)3] foram determinados por difração de raios-x. O complexo contendo íons de cobre refinou até um R de 0.034 e foram encontradas as seguintes características principais: sistema cristalino monoclínico; grupo espacial C2/c, a=12.955(2)&#197; b=10.793(1)&#197; c=10.091(2)&#197; &#946=116.62&#176; V=1261.3(6)&#1973; Z=4; xDc=1.694(2)g/cm-3; &#955(K&#945Mo)=0.71073&#197; das reflexões medidas 1441 tinham I&#62 3&#948 (I). O íon de cobre está coordenado por pares de átomos de oxigênio e nitrogênio os quais formam uma pirâmide de base quadrada, o oxigênio da molécula de água ocupa o outro vértice da pirâmide. A determinação dessa estrutura é utilizada na interpretação da formação de complexos de cobre com tri(hidroximetil) amino metano em função do pH. A estrutura do tri(hidroximetil) amino metano dopado com prata apresentou as seguintes características: sistema cristalino ortorrômbico; grupo espacial Pna21; a=7.800(2)&#197; b=8.810(3)&#197; c=8.850(2)&#197; V=608.85(4)&#1973; Dc=1.329g/cm-3; Dm=1.337g/cm-3; 435 reflexões com I&#62 3&#948 (I); R=0.13; o carbono central é coordenado tetraedricamente por três átomos de carbono do tri(hidroximetil) e um nitrogênio do grupo amino. As estruturas do tris dopado com níquel, e do tris dopado com zinco apresentam-se isomorfa com a estrutura do tris dopado com prata. / The crystal structures of the tri(hydroxymethyl) amine methane complexed with cooper Cu[NH2C(COH3)3]2+H2O and the silver Ag[NH2C(COH3)3] doped into the tri(hydroxymethyl) amine methane have been determined by x-ray diffraction. The complex involving Cu++ refined to final R-factor of 0.034, and the following main features were found: the crystal system is monoclinic and its space group is C2/c, a=12.955(2)&#197; b=10.793(1)&#197; c=10.091(2)&#197; &#946=116.62&#176; V=1261.3(6)&#1973; Z=4; Dc=1.694(2)g/cm-3; &#955(K&#945Mo)=0.71073&#197; from measures done, 1441 had I&#62 3&#948 (I). The Cu++ is coordinated by couples of atoms of oxygen and nytrogen, which form a base of a quadrangular pyramid, the pyramid vertex is formed by the oxygen of the water molecule. The determination of this structure is used to interpret the rise of tri(hydroxymethyl) amine methane and complexed with Cooper varying the pH. The silver doped into the structures of tris(hydroxymethyl) amine methane presented the following features: crystal system is orthorrombic; space group is Pna21; a=7.800(2)&#197; b=8.810(3)&#197; c=8.850(2)&#197; V=608.85(4)&#1973; Dc=1.329 g/cm-3; Dm=1.337 g/cm-3; R=0.13; 435 reflections with I&#62 3&#948 (I) the central carbon is coordinated tetrahedrally by three atoms of carbon from tri(hydroxymethyl) and a nitrogen from the amine group.

No description available.

No description available.

An acid rock drainage (ARD) stream emanating from the Zn-Pb XY-deposit in the Yukon Territory was examined in order to evaluate the physico-chemical and geochemical processes governing the distribution of dissolved elements from the creek. The creek showed very high concentrations of metals (300 mg/L Fe, 500 mg/L Zn, 15 000 µg/L Ni, 1300 µg/L Cu and 4500 µg/L Cd), low water temperatures (1 – 12°C) and was acidic to moderately acidic (pH 3.1 – 5.0). It was found that this stream experienced a strong seasonal evolution, with increased sulphate and metal concentrations and decreased pH over the course of the summer. The mineral precipitates that formed under low pH conditions were a mixture of schwertmannite, goethite, jarosite and barite, while those that formed under moderately acidic conditions were a mixture of jurbanite, hydrobasaluminite, gibbsite and an X-ray amorphous Al-sulphate phase. Most of the mineral precipitates were of inorganic origin, although microbes may have played a role in mineral formation and trace metal sequestration in some of the precipitates. All of the mineral precipitates contained anomalous concentrations of trace elements (up to 1.5 % wt Zn) and showed a seasonal evolution in their mineralogy, both of which were determined to be a function of the pH and prevailing geochemical conditions. The geochemistry of the ARD creek draining the XY-deposit was compared to another ARD creek in the area that was likely draining shales. The two creeks were compared in order to determine if ARD geochemical characteristics can be used as a tool for the mineral exploration industry.

The West Ansil deposit was the first Cu discovery in 25 years in the Noranda Central Camp. It has a combined indicated and inferred resource of ~1.2 Mt. Grades for the indicated resource are 3.4% Cu, 0.4% Zn, 1.4 g/t Au and 9.2 g/t Ag. The bulk of the resource is located in three massive sulphide lenses (Upper, Middle and Lower) that are entirely within the Rusty Ridge Formation above the Lewis exhalite. The mineralization in all three ore lenses consists of massive pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + magnetite. Semi-massive sphalerite is restricted to the upper and lower parts of the Middle lens. Massive magnetite occurs at the center of the Upper and Middle lenses, where it replaces massive pyrrhotite. A striking feature of West Ansil is the presence of abundant colloform and nodular pyrite (+marcasite) in the massive sulphides. Late-stage replacement of massive pyrrhotite by colloform pyrite and marcasite, occurs mostly along the upper and lower contacts of the lenses.

O conteúdo de zinco (Zn) reativo cerebral é importante para o equilíbrio da sinaptofisiologia neural. A prova disto é que um aumento nos seus níveis, após evento hipóxico-isquêmico, resulta em neurotoxicidade, o que tem estimulado o tratamento desta disfunção cerebral com quelantes de Zn, tal como o dietilditiocarabamato (DEDTC). No caso do DEDTC, o uso deste composto sobre esta disfunção deve ser analisado com cuidado, pois ele também apresenta muitos efeitos colaterais sobre o sistema nervoso central. Desta forma, para atender este propósito, é necessário antes obter uma concentração de DEDTC com menores efeitos colaterais. Por esta razão, no presente trabalho, nós decidimos usar um modelo vertebrado mais simples, tal como o peixe-zebra, o qual permitiria a triagem, em larga escala, dos efeitos de DEDTC sobre o Zn reativo. Entretanto, jamais foi mostrada a presença de Zn reativo no cérebro de peixe-zebra. Com isto, através de marcações histológicas, nós conseguimos mostrar pela primeira vez a distribuição citoarquitectônica de Zn reativo em neurônios glutamatérgicos, bem como o número desses neurônios contendo Zn no cérebro de peixe-zebra. Isto nos permitiu avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de DEDTC sobre o conteúdo de Zn cerebral do peixe-zebra, o qual foi intensamente quelado por elevadas quantidades do composto, induzindo comportamentos tipo-crise. Neste mesmo estudo nós obtemos também uma concentração de DEDTC com poucos efeitos colaterais que poderia exercer neuroproteção sobre o aumento de Zn reativo induzido pela hipóxia-isquemia. Assim, após a padronização de um modelo de hipóxia em peixe-zebra, que demonstra danos relacionados à isquemia, nós testamos se essa concentração de DEDTC poderia ser neuroprotetora sobre este modelo. Contudo, DEDTC apresentou efeitos pró-oxidantes, embora ele tenha atenuado o elevado conteúdo de Zn reativo induzido pela hipóxia. Portanto, mesmo que o DEDTC tenha falhado, este modelo, agora, está apto para a triagem de outros fármacos com potencial ação sobre o alterado conteúdo de Zn reativo que ocorre em eventos hipóxicos-isquêmicos. / The content of brain reactive zinc (Zn) is important for the synaptophysiology in the central nervous system (CNS). This is evidenced in hypoxic-ischemic events, when an increase in their levels results in neurotoxicity. Consequently, this has stimulated the treatment of cerebral ischemia with Zn chelators, such as diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC). In the case of DEDTC, the use of this compound in this dysfunction should be examined carefully, because it also has many side effects on the (CNS). Thus, to meet this, it is necessary first to obtain a concentration of DEDTC with negligible side effects. Here, we decided to use a simpler vertebrate model, such as zebrafish, which would allow large-scale screening of DEDTC effects on reactive Zn. However, the presence of reactive Zn has never been shown in zebrafish brain. Then, using histological markers, we were able to show for the first time the cytoarchitectonic distribution of reactive Zn in glutamatergic neurons as well as the number of these neurons containing Zn in the zebrafish brain. This allowed us to evaluate the effect of different DEDTC concentrations on the brain content of Zn in zebrafish. As a result, high levels of the compound did strongly chelate the metal, inducing seizure-like behaviors. In this study we also obtained a DEDTC concentration with few side effects that could exert neuroprotection on the increased reactive Zn induced by hypoxia-ischemia. Then, after the standardization of an ischemic-sensitive model of hypoxia in zebrafish, we tested if this DEDTC concentration could be neuroprotective on this model. Nevertheless, DEDTC showed pro-oxidant effects, though it had mitigated the elevated content of reactive Zn induced hypoxia. Therefore, despite the DEDTC have failed as neuroprotective drug, this model enables the screening of other chemical agents with potential action on the increased content of reactive Zn that occurs in hypoxic-ischemic events.

Mechanical properties of thermal spray deposited coatings are highly influenced by their microstructural characteristics. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the mechanical properties of thermally sprayed coatings consisted of aluminum and zinc based on the coating microstructure, using an image based computational scheme. Microstructural images of coating samples were subjected to image-based finite element analysis and the results were validated by experimental tests and analytical models. Comparison of the experimental data with FEA was used to explain the microstructural basis of the mechanical characteristics of Al-Zn coatings and the differences between two methods of thermal spray techniques. It was concluded that the cold spraying technique produces higher-quality coatings with less porosity and higher hardness compared to wire arc deposition. An isotropic behavior was observed in the cold sprayed coating. Finally, the electrochemical tests showed that the coating with a higher amount of zinc had better anti-corrosion properties.

A Master thesis about the Garpenberg deposit located in Bergslagen, a lithotectonic domain, with a mining history that might date back as far as 350 BC. Marble- and skarn-hosted sulfide deposits are found in the area, which creates the opportunity to mine both limestone and sulfidic ore in a single mine. Garpenberg is such a location hence this thesis, which aims to quantify the factors governing spectrophotometric lightness in marble at the Dammjön ore body. The work is mainly based on five drill cores which were logged and sampled. A total of twenty-seven samples were characterized using lithogeochemical analysis and thin-section analysis. The amount of Acid Insoluble Residue (AIR), magnetic minerals and the spectrophotometric lightness were determined for the same samples. The calcite marble was divided into seven different varieties; 1) calcite marble breccia, 2) light, 3) grey, 4) green, 5) banded salmon pink, 6) ophicalcite and 7) spotted calcite marble. The dolomite marble is white to grey in color and skarn minerals are common and varies between 5-20 vol.%. Grey and light calcite marble are the varieties with the highest spectrophotometric lightness, and it could be shown that the lightness increases with a decreasing amount of titanium, aluminum and zirconium which are chemical proxies for mineralogical impurities of originally volcaniclastic origin. High-quality calcite marble is a potentially economic by-product at the Garpenberg mine, the lightest samples are nearly as light as the light standard used during analysis (92.45 out of 100%). The lightest marble is also the chemically most pure which means that the calcium oxide (CaO) and total-carbon content are high. Key geological factors detrimental to lightness and purity are the primary composition, which is determined by the admixture of volcaniclastic material in the limestone precursor. Hydrothermal alteration with the addition of silicates, sulfides and oxides forms a halo around the massive sulfide lenses. Dolomite marble, which is more proximal to ore, is richer in manganese and sulfides, and not as light as the calcite marble at Dammsjön.