隨著世界局勢的轉變，全球市場的貿易體制漸漸形成。面對未來的經濟環 境，台灣廠商無法置身於國際化的趨勢之外，勢必走入國際市場，持續國 際化的發展。因之，本研究以國際化階段論的角度，依廠商出口銷售額佔 總銷售額比率及對外直接投資活動為基礎，將廠商國際化過程劃分為五階 段，探討影響廠商出口比率的因素，及各因素對不同階段廠商的影響程度 ，其次探討各階段廠商在國際行銷活動上的差異及所面臨的障礙，所需協 助是否有所不同。本研究以問卷調查法為主，台灣製造業廠商為研究對象 ，重要結論如下：一、影響所有廠商出口比率的重要因素為：廠商規模、 設立專責部門、產業出口傾向及對外直接投資；若僅針對出口及對外直接 投資廠商的分析則為：廠商規模、國外事物接觸能力、出口政策明確程度 及產業出口傾向等因素。二、各因素對不同階段廠商的影響程度不同，在 低度出口及中度出口階段，設立專責部門及出口政策明確程度兩者對國際 化有正面的影響；中度出口與高度出口階段，出口活動目標及國外事物接 觸能力影響較大；在高度出口及對外直接投資階段間，廠商規模、國外事 物接觸頻率兩者有正向的影響，而出口政策明確程度則成反向影響。三、 不同階段廠商所採取的國際行銷活動有差異。在海外市場研究、產品選擇 、產品線廣度、產品修正程度及國際廣告活動等，國際化後期廠商的涉入 程度明顯較國際化前期廠商為高。四、不同階段廠商所面臨的障礙有顯著 的差異。國際化前期廠商受出口知識不足及資源不足等障礙的影響較大， 後期廠商除出口知識及經驗不足的問題外，外部環境的變化如匯率變動及 國外市場競爭激烈等，亦為國際化過程中所需克服的重要障礙。五、不同 階段廠商所需協助並無顯著差異。各廠商所需較重要的協助皆為出口相關 資訊的提供及分析，以及出口融資的協助 。研究結果中明顯得知，各階 段廠商是有差異的，國際化階段理論實為一分析台灣廠商國際化過程的可 行途徑，建議廠商及政府可依此思考未來的方向，而有關國際化的後續研 究亦可依循此一分析途徑做更深入的探討。

本研究以海外設廠營運活動為研究情境，探討廠商國際化能力的內涵與變化。使用個案研究方法，對於質性資料予以分析、整理後，獲得研究結果。結果發現廠商擁有設廠營運知能，這些知能將會儲存、累積在廠商內部，形成廠商知能存量；知能存量越高，國際化成效越好。廠商國際化能力可以區分為使用、調整、取得與創造等四種能力；廠商越能夠在異地發揮這四種能力，顯示擁有越強的國際化能力。 廠商擁有的國際化能力越強，越有助於提升特定國際化活動的成效，國際化能力對特定國際化活動成效的影響，會隨國際化能力的差異而出現不同的影響路徑。當廠商擁有較強的使用能力時，會更有效率的使用現有的知能存量，使其展現更好的國際化成效；當廠商擁有調整、取得或創造能力時，廠商可以更快的累積知能存量，提升特定國際化活動成效。 廠商進行海外設廠營運活動時，知能存量將影響選擇發揮使用能力、調整能力、取得能力或創造能力。知能存量越高，越傾向發揮使用能力或調整能力；知能存量越低，越傾向發揮取得能力或創造能力。國際化能力的使用會受到知能特性的影響，若知能的可移轉性與知能通用性都高時，將傾向發揮使用能力；若知能可移轉性高，知能通用性低時，將傾向發揮調整能力；當知能可移轉性低，則傾向發揮取得能力或創造能力。 廠商在選擇發揮取得能力或創造能力時，還會受到時間急迫性、策略重要性與經濟成本將影響，若時間急迫性高，策略重要性低，則廠商傾向發揮取得能力，從外部取得知能；若時間急迫性低，策略重要性高，廠商傾向發揮創造能力，從內部創造知能；若沒有以上考量，則廠商傾向發揮成本較低的能力。 對於國際化能力可能的變化，本研究發現廠商不同時期進行海外設廠營運活動時，對於使用能力、調整能力、取得能力與創造能力的發揮比例，將會受到知能存量、使用偏好、策略考量等因素的影響而發生變化。廠商擁有越多的知能存量時，下次進行設廠營運活動發揮使用能力與調整能力的比例越高；當廠商對於能力有特定的使用偏好或策略考量時，將會影響取得能力或創造能力 (替代關係) 的發揮比例。 廠商進行海外設廠營運活動時，由於國際化能力會儲存在營運或管理流程中，因此透過流程效率的提升，可以強化國際化能力。增強流程效率的做法包括組織學習、經驗累積、正式化機制或非正式化機制等多種方式。當廠商的知能載具對於流程使用頻率越高，則使用經驗越豐富，將有助於提升流程的使用效率；至於如何選擇正式化或非正式化的機制來提升流程使用效率，強化國際化能力，則需考量國際化活動中特定事件發生頻率，及事件發生後需要總部的支援幅度；當事件發生頻率越低，需要支援幅度越小時，廠商越傾向使用非正式化機制來提升流程效率，增強國際化能力；其他情形則傾向使用正式化機制來處理。 本研究對於國際化能力的內涵，與其可能發生的變化進行說明，延伸廠商國際化理論對於國際化活動的解釋能力，以及探討廠商在國際化過程中的組織學習情境。未來可以進一步延伸研究結果至其他價值活動，或是針對研究發現的構念進行衡量，使用量化方式進一步調查以驗證質性研究的結果。 關鍵詞：國際化，國際化能力，海外設廠營運活動。

<p>The internationalization of firms, especially among SMEs, represents big challenges that must be addressed. For this thesis, the internationalization process of the Swedish company Big Image Systems AB is studied. The purpose of the thesis is to generate a theoretical model to satisfactorily describe and explain the internationalization process of Big Image Systems AB. The case study methodology is our research strategy for this qualitative study. Based on theories about SMEs and internationalization, and after exhaustive analysis and selection, we developed an internationalization model for Big Image. The so called Big Image Model considers the dimensions of internationalization developed by Welch and Luostarinen (1998) and the entrepreneurial perspective by Andersson (2001) to satisfactorily describe and explain the important factors involved in the process. We observe that the entrepreneur plays a central role towards internationalization, and that theoretical guidance can make SMEs learn from their own experiences and, as a consequence, progress.</p>

Bakgrund: Dagens samhälle är i förändring, vilket av forskare har kallats att det gått från det moderna till det postmoderna samhället (Löwendahl &amp; Revang, 1998). För företag har denna förändring bland annat inneburit att de måste internationaliseras, det vill säga starta engagemang på utländska marknader, för att överleva. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att ge ett bidrag till nuvarande forskning genom att undersöka huruvida Uppsalaskolans internationaliseringsteori har ett tillfredsställande förklaringsvärde, eller om en uppdatering av denna vore att föredra. Avgränsningar: Vi avgränsar vår studie till att omfatta ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin eftersom Uppsalaskolan bygger på en studie av tillverkningsföretag och är därmed applicerbar på denna typ av företag. Genomförande: För att kunna undersöka Uppsalaskolans förklaringsvärde, har vi utfört en kvalitativ studie av ett företags internationella engagemang genom att studera dess etablerings- samt internationaliseringsprocess. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar ett visst mönster av engagemang likt en stegvis etableringskedja i enlighet med Uppsalaskolans teori. Det förekommer dock avvikelser i form av att fallföretaget bland annat har snabbat på etableringar genom att inleda engagemangen med högre resursåtagande än vad som hävdas i teorin. Vad beträffar turordningen av val av marknader, har vi inte kunnat se något mönster av en successiv spridning till allt mer psykiskt avlägsna marknader. Beträffande de olika avvikelserna, har vi främst funnit förklaring hos nätverktänkande samt att företaget kan ha samlat på sig en generell kunskap av att vara internationellt aktiv. / Background: Changing conditions in the world market has created not only opportunities but also a stiffer competition in the domestic market. Therefore, international expansion becomes more important for companies to survive. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether the Uppsala internationalization theory is valid or if it needs to be brought up to date. Method: In order to fulfil the purpose, we conducted a qualitative analysis of a company’s internationalization process over time. Findings: The result of our study showed a tendency to develop engagement in foreign markets according to a step-wise establishment chain. However, deviations were seen when eg. using more direct and rapid entry modes than those implied by the Uppsala internationalization model. Our study showed no support for the pattern of entering foreign markets with successively greater psychic distance. The deviations found could though be explained by network theories and the factor of general international experience.

The phenomenon of Born Globals in particular to the internationalization process has been highlighted by many scholars. The insufficient of the existing researches to the ability of Born Globals going international since their inceptions with limited resources encouraged us to study more in-depth. Resource-based View (RBV) and firm‟s competitive advantage are chosen as the theoretical framework. Three Swedish Born Globals were chosen as case studies, the data was collected by semi-structure and e-mail interviews which within-case and cross-case analysis were applied. The empirical data and analysis draws us to the conclusion that human resource especially entrepreneurs and network are the key firm resources that significantly contribute to Born Globals‟ establishment, internationalization and competitive advantage. However, the finding is highlighted that entrepreneur has a crucial role to both establishment and internationalization stages. Entrepreneur‟s personal network has high contribution when Born Globals is started up while firm‟s network plays more important role at the internationalization stage. By using network, Born Globals gain an easier way to find financial and operating resource. Moreover, entrepreneur‟s capability is the main key resource that creates competitiveness to Born Global firms. Future research suggestions and implications are discussed in the conclusion.

<p>Bakgrund: Dagens samhälle är i förändring, vilket av forskare har kallats att det gått från det moderna till det postmoderna samhället (Löwendahl & Revang, 1998). För företag har denna förändring bland annat inneburit att de måste internationaliseras, det vill säga starta engagemang på utländska marknader, för att överleva. </p><p>Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att ge ett bidrag till nuvarande forskning genom att undersöka huruvida Uppsalaskolans internationaliseringsteori har ett tillfredsställande förklaringsvärde, eller om en uppdatering av denna vore att föredra.</p><p>Avgränsningar: Vi avgränsar vår studie till att omfatta ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin eftersom Uppsalaskolan bygger på en studie av tillverkningsföretag och är därmed applicerbar på denna typ av företag.</p><p>Genomförande: För att kunna undersöka Uppsalaskolans förklaringsvärde, har vi utfört en kvalitativ studie av ett företags internationella engagemang genom att studera dess etablerings- samt internationaliseringsprocess. </p><p>Resultat: Studiens resultat visar ett visst mönster av engagemang likt en stegvis etableringskedja i enlighet med Uppsalaskolans teori. Det förekommer dock avvikelser i form av att fallföretaget bland annat har snabbat på etableringar genom att inleda engagemangen med högre resursåtagande än vad som hävdas i teorin. Vad beträffar turordningen av val av marknader, har vi inte kunnat se något mönster av en successiv spridning till allt mer psykiskt avlägsna marknader. Beträffande de olika avvikelserna, har vi främst funnit förklaring hos nätverktänkande samt att företaget kan ha samlat på sig en generell kunskap av att vara internationellt aktiv.</p> / <p>Background: Changing conditions in the world market has created not only opportunities but also a stiffer competition in the domestic market. Therefore, international expansion becomes more important for companies to survive. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether the Uppsala internationalization theory is valid or if it needs to be brought up to date. Method: In order to fulfil the purpose, we conducted a qualitative analysis of a company’s internationalization process over time. Findings: The result of our study showed a tendency to develop engagement in foreign markets according to a step-wise establishment chain. However, deviations were seen when eg. using more direct and rapid entry modes than those implied by the Uppsala internationalization model. Our study showed no support for the pattern of entering foreign markets with successively greater psychic distance. The deviations found could though be explained by network theories and the factor of general international experience.</p>

The internationalization of firms, especially among SMEs, represents big challenges that must be addressed. For this thesis, the internationalization process of the Swedish company Big Image Systems AB is studied. The purpose of the thesis is to generate a theoretical model to satisfactorily describe and explain the internationalization process of Big Image Systems AB. The case study methodology is our research strategy for this qualitative study. Based on theories about SMEs and internationalization, and after exhaustive analysis and selection, we developed an internationalization model for Big Image. The so called Big Image Model considers the dimensions of internationalization developed by Welch and Luostarinen (1998) and the entrepreneurial perspective by Andersson (2001) to satisfactorily describe and explain the important factors involved in the process. We observe that the entrepreneur plays a central role towards internationalization, and that theoretical guidance can make SMEs learn from their own experiences and, as a consequence, progress.

This thesis examines the internationalization of Finnish contemporary artists. The focus is on their exhibitions at contemporary art institutions in Sweden, covering the period 2004–2013. The aim is to investigate what makes these exhibitions to materialize. The main question is: How do different actors, networks, collaborations, and the field of artistic production look like when art is exported for exhibition purposes from Finland to Sweden? Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory and the Uppsala internationalization process model are used as the theoretical framework. Information is collected via interviews with three Finnish artists and three Swedish curators. The main result is that the artists do not actively impact the internationalization process themselves. Rather, the internationalization occurs through an international network of professionals, some acting on behalf of the artists, and some acting in their own interests. The main driving factor for internationalization is that the Finnish art market is small. Consequently, young contemporary artists are oriented internationally. For internationalization to occur, the artists must be available to foreign curators through the international networks. Finland is aware of this and promotes international art contacts through the foundation Frame Visual Art Finland. Important contact surfaces, where curators can learn about the artists, are art events, like European art biennials.

Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa realizada com coordenadores e ex-coordenadores de projetos de parceria universitária financiados por meio do Programa CAPES/Brafitec (Brasil-France Ingénieur Technologie). Um dos programas mais consolidados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), o Brafitec viabiliza a formação de redes de cooperação entre Escolas de Engenharia do Brasil e da França. O Programa é resultado da parceria da CAPES com a CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) e, desde sua criação em 2002, já beneficiou 5.220 alunos brasileiros e 2.273 franceses por meio de 204 projetos financiados. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar a contribuição do Brafitec para: a internacionalização dos cursos de engenharia no Brasil; o reconhecimento recíproco de créditos; e a geração de oportunidades de prática profissional por meio de estágios em laboratórios e empresas no Brasil e na França. / This study is based on a survey conducted with coordinators and former coordinators of university partnership projects funded within the CAPES/Brafitec Program (Brazil-France Engineer Technology). One of the most successful programs of the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES), Brafitec enables the creation of cooperation networks among Brazilian and French Engineering Schools. The Program resulted from the agreement between CAPES and CDEFI (Conference des Directours d’Écoles et Formations d’Ingénieurs) and, since its establishment in 2002, it has benefited 5.220 Brazilian and 2.273 French students within 204 financed projects. This research aims to evaluate Brafitec’s contribution to: the internationalization of engineering courses in Brazil; the mutual recognition/transfer of credits; and the establishment of work experience opportunities through internships at laboratories and companies in Brazil and France.

A internacionalização de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) de software é crescente em diversas regiões do globo, mas as teorias e modelos de internacionalização têm mostrado limitações em explicar o sucesso destes tipos de PMEs em mercados internacionais. A grande maioria dos estudos sobre internacionalização está focada em corporações multinacionais, o que motiva o aprofundamento da investigação sobre internacionalização de PMEs de produtos e/ou serviços inovativos ou de alta tecnologia, denominada de internacionalização ativa. O objetivo central deste trabalho é pesquisar quais são os fatores que contribuem para que PMEs de software entrem e mantenham-se no mercado internacional. Para alcançar este objetivo foi proposto um modelo com as variáveis que influenciam a internacionalização ativa e foram coletados dados junto ao setor de software do Brasil, como país em desenvolvimento, ou não-central, e da França enquanto um país central tecnologicamente. A pesquisa foi conduzida pelo método de estudo de casos, com três empresas de cada país. A internacionalização é tratada como entrada ou acesso a mercados internacionais, desde que "ativa", e independentemente da estratégia adotada para acesso. A análise dos diferentes modelos e teorias contemporâneos, juntamente com os resultados obtidos na pesquisa empírica, permite concluir que para as empresas estudadas serem bem sucedidas em seus processos de internacionalização, elas devem ter: capacidade de inovação; dirigentes com um alto nível de empreendedorismo; com capacidade para inserir-se em networks; e ter conhecimentos do mercado externo com especificidades diferentes em função do avanço das ações internacionais. Embora não seja possível generalizar as conclusões a partir do estudo de casos, elas poderão fornecer subsídios para projetos tanto em software como em inúmeros setores inovativos e de alta tecnologia. Além disso, embora a motivação esteja no setor brasileiro, o modelo e a análise realizada possibilitam que a pesquisa venha a contribuir para o setor de software de maneira mais ampla. / The internationalization of small and medium-sized software enterprises (SMEs) is growing in many parts of the world, yet the theories and models of internationalization have proven unable to fully explain the success of this type of SME in international markets. Most studies on internationalization are focused on multinational corporations, what motivates further studies on the internationalization of SMEs specializing in innovative or high technology products and services, denominated active internationalization. The central aim of this thesis is to identify which factors contribute towards entering and maintaining software SMEs in the international market. A model with variables that influence the active internationalization has been proposed and data were collected from the software industry in Brazil, as a developing or non-central country, and also in France, as a technologically central country. The research was conducted by case study method with three companies from each country. The internationalization is treated as entry or access to international markets, provided it is "active" and regardless the strategy adopted for its access. The analyses of different contemporary models and theories added to the results obtained from the empiric research allow us to conclude that for the studied companies to be successful in their internationalization processes they must have a capacity for innovation, highly entrepreneurial directors with capacity to participate in networks and knowledge of foreign market with different specificities depending on the progress of the international actions. Although it is not possible to generalize the findings from the case study, they can provide support to projects in the software sector as well as to many innovative and high technology sectors. Moreover, although the motivation is in the Brazilian sector, the model and the analyses accomplished enable the research to contribute to the software sector in a broader way.