The central question of this thesis is: what is mathematics about? The answer arrived at by the thesis is an unsettling and unsatisfying one. By examining two of the most promising contemporary accounts of the nature of mathematics, I conclude that neither is as yet capable of giving us a conclusive answer to our question. The conclusion is arrived at by a combination of historical and conceptual analysis. It begins with the historical fact that, since the middle of the nineteenth century, mathematics has undergone a radical transformation. This transformation occurred in most branches of mathematics, but was perhaps most apparent in geometry. Earlier images of geometry understood it as the science of space. In the wake of the emergence of multiple distinct geometries and the realization that non-Euclidean geometries might lay claim to the description of physical space, the old picture of Euclidean geometry as the sole correct description of physical space was no longer tenable. The first chapter of the dissertation provides an historical account of some of the forces which led to the destabilization of the traditional picture of geometry. The second chapter examines the debate between Gottlob Frege and David Hilbert regarding the nature of geometry and axiomatics, ending with an argument suggesting that Hilbert’s views are ultimately unsatisfying. The third chapter continues to probe the work of Frege and, again, finds his explanations of the nature of mathematics troublingly unsatisfying. The end result of the first three chapters is that the Frege-Hilbert debate leaves us with an impasse: the traditional understanding of mathematics cannot hold, but neither can the two most promising modern accounts. The fourth and final chapter of the thesis investigates mathematical structuralism—a more recent development in the philosophy of mathematics—in order to see whether it can move us beyond the impasse of the Frege-Hilbert debate. Ultimately, it is argued that the contemporary debate between ‘assertoric’ structuralists and ‘algebraic’ structuralists recapitulates a form of the Frege-Hilbert impasse. The ultimate claim of the thesis, then, is that neither of the two most promising contemporary accounts can offer us a satisfying philosophical answer to the question ‘what is mathematics about?’.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce statistical method called Correspondence analysis as a strong instrument for exploratory data analysis. The main purpose is to understand how to interpret the correspondence map, the graphical output of this method, correctly. The method is presented both in its simple version, and its extension to multivariate data. Usage of method is demonstrated on data of non-financial subjects of Czech republic, which are entered in the register of economic subjects.

Chassis is the primary structural component of an automobile. It is the main supporting structure of a vehicle to which all other systems like braking, suspension and differential are attached. In this thesis, a methodology for L7e category vehicle chassis design and structural stability analysis is presented. The present car being developed at Uniti Sweden AB is classified as L7e category vehicle as per the European Union, therefore the chassis developed in this thesis considers the specific characteristics that vehicles under this category demands for. A literature study is carried out to review various existing designs of vehicle chassis, latest innovations and advanced materials used to manufacture the same. The various types of forces and stresses commonly acting on chassis structures are analyzed and their effects on the vehicle is understood. After completing literature study, several findings are listed in a systematic manner, by providing ample arguments to justify each of them. The pro-con analysis is conducted to evaluate merits and demerits of each alternative type of chassis and the material to manufacture it. The most essential design criteria are derived from the QFD (Quality function deployment) which then acts as important guidelines during the actual design process. Structural chassis frame is designed as per the design criteria, using the CAD software CATIAV5R19 and the structural stability of the same is tested and analyzed using ANSYS 15.0 software. From the results of these analysis tests the static structural stability of the design is confirmed.

L’objet de cette thèse est l’étude des catégories singulières des k-algèbres associatives surun anneau commutatif k. On développe la théorie de Morita pour les catégories singulières. Plus précisément, on propose une définition d’équivalence singulière à la Morita avec niveau, qui généralise la notion d’équivalence stable à la Morita introduite par Michel Broué. On montre qu’une équivalence dérivée de type standard induit une équivalence singulière à la Morita avec niveau. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est l’étude de la cohomologie de Hochschild singulière HH_sg(A,A) c’est-à-dire, l’espace des morphismes de A vers A[i] dans la catégorie singulière Dsg(A Aop) pour tous les nombres entiers i. Similaire à la cohomologie de Hochschild HH_(A,A), on montre que la cohomologie de Hochschild singulière HH_sg(A,A) est une algèbre de Gerstenhaber et donne une interprétation pour le crochet de Lie sur HH_sg(A,A) du point de vue de la théorie de PROP. On peut associer un complexe de cochaînes, qu’on appelle complexe de cochaînes de Hochschild singulières, C_sg(A,A) qui calcule la cohomologie de Hochschild singulière HH_sg(A,A). Alors on étudie une structure algébrique supérieure (e.g. l’algèbre de B1) sur C_sg(A,A) et propose une version singulière d’une conjecture de Deligne. L’objet de la troisième partie de cette thèse est de montrer que la structure d’algèbre de Gerstenhaber sur la cohomologie de Hochschild singulière est invariante par équivalences dérivées et équivalences singulières à la Morita avec niveau. L’idée de cette démonstration est analogue à l’approche développée par Keller lorsqu’il démontre que la structure d’algèbre de Gerstenhaber sur la cohomologie de Hochschild est invariante par équivalences dérivées. Similaire à la démonstration par Keller, on réalise HH_sg(A,A) avec le crochet de Lie comme une algèbre de Lie graduée du groupe algébrique gradué associé au groupe de Picard singulière sgDPic(A). / In this thesis, we are concerned with some aspects of singular categories of unitalassociative k-algebras over a commutative ring k. First, we develop a Morita theory for singular categories. Analogous to the classical Morita theory, we propose a definition of singular equivalence of Morita type with level. This follows and generalizes a definition of stable equivalence of Morita type introduced by Michel Broué. A derived equivalence of standard type induces a singular equivalence of Morita type with level. Second, we study the Hom-space from A to A[i] in the singular category Dsg(AkAop) of the enveloping algebra AkAop, where A is an associative k-projective k-algebra and i is any integer. Recall that the i-th Hochschild cohomology group HHi(A,A) can be realized as the Hom-space from A to A[i] in the bounded derived category Db(A k Aop). From this motivation, we call HomDsg(AkAop)(A,A[i]) the i-th singular Hochschild cohomology group and denote this group by HHi sg(A,A). Analogous to the Hochschild cohomology ring HH_(A,A), we prove that there is a Gerstenhaber algebra structure on the singular Hochschild ring HH_sg(A,A) and provide an interpretation of the Lie bracket from the point of view of PROP theory. We also associate a cochain complex, which we call singular Hochschild cochain complex, C_sg(A,A) to the singular Hochschild cohomology. Thenwe study the higher algebraic structures (e.g. B1-algebra) on C_sg(A,A) and propose asingular version of the Deligne conjecture. Following Keller’s approach which was developed for derived equivalences, we establish the invariance of the Gerstenhaber algebra structure which we defined on the singular Hochschild cohomology under singular equivalence of Morita type with level. In this proof, we define the singular derived Picard group sgDPic(A) of an associative algebra A and develop what we call a singular infinitesimal deformation theory. Then we realize HH_sg(A,A) as the graded Lie algebra of the ‘graded algebraic group’ associated to sgDPic(A).

We give an explicit description of the Loday assembly map on homotopy groups when restricted to a subgroup coming from the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence. This proves and generalises a formula about the Loday assembly map on the first homotopy group that originally appeared in work of Waldhausen. Furthermore, we show that the Loday assembly map is injective on the second homotopy groups for a large class of integral group rings. Finally, we show that our methods can be used to compute the universal assembly map on homotopy.

There has been in the past ten to fifteen years a surge of activity concerning the cohomology of semi-direct product groups of the form $\mathbb{Z}^{n}\rtimes$G with G finite. A problem first stated by Adem-Ge-Pan-Petrosyan asks for suitable conditions for the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre Spectral Sequence associated to this group extension to collapse at second page of the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence. In this thesis we use facts from integer representation theory to reduce this problem to only considering representatives from each genus of representations, and establish techniques for constructing new examples in which the spectral sequence collapses.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the country image influences Swedish brands in their promotion strategy. The thesis will explore what underlying factors come to influence the country of origin effect in the brands promotion and which cues are used when communicating their origin with consumers. To address the purpose of the thesis, the following question will be answered: How does the country of origin influence Swedish brands in their promotion strategy?In regard to the research question and purpose, the theoretical framework includes previous studies related to different dimensions of country of origin and the effect it has on consumer affinity, different stereotypes regarding country image as well as different COO-strategies. To answer the research question, this thesis contains a qualitative research approach, with an inductive method and a multiple case study design. We interviewed 3 companies, within 3 different product categories which gave us valuable insights regarding how the Swedishness is communicated to consumers and how the Swedish country image is perceived internationally on different product categories. An analysis was made with the empirical findings together with the theoretical framework, with comparisons between the companies as well as pointing out differences and similarities between the case companies. The overall findings from this thesis is that Sweden holds a positive image internationally and that it is beneficial for companies to promote their Swedishness. The different companies also emphasize different cues in their promotion, to get a match between product category and country image, hence use the Swedishness in different ways.

The aim of the diploma‘s thesis is the project of relaying of road II/150 between Domaželice village and the town of Bystřice pod Hostýnem. The road continues on to the bypass of Čechy village and Domaželice village. This bypass is under construction at this time. Relaying of road II/150 is connected on project of Bystřice pod Hostýnem bypass. The connection of the existing and intended roads is designed. The project includes the accompanying report, the drawing part and the photodocumentation. The project is drawning up in two programs called Bentley Inroads and AutoCAD according to valid standards.

This work deals with methods of web page classification. It explains the concept of classification and different features of web pages used for their classification. Further it analyses representation of a page and in detail describes classification method that deals with hierarchical category model and is able to dynamically create new categories. In the second half it shows implementation of chosen method and describes the results.

Ce document concerne le développement d'un cadre mathématique spécifiant une technologie capable de prendre en charge quelques unes des problématiques relevant du domaine des grands flux de données. Nous proposons de combiner le point de vue ontologique de Newell et celui épistémologique de Floridi d'abstraction pour construire des outils de transformation de modéles au moyen d'un ensemble adéquats de foncteurs au sens de la théorie des catégories de Samuel Eilenberg et Saunders Mac Lane. La méthode de résolution de problème proposée est basée sur un raisonnement d'abstraction temps réel qui produit, en ligne, une réduction d'un grand nombre de données sémantiquement pauvres en une donnée unique équivalente mais sémantiquement plus riche. Le prix à payer pour un tel enrichissement sémantique de l'information est la perte d'information syntaxique (i.e. le phénoméne d'oubli). Nos contributions sont les suivantes: (i) la démonstration que le concept d'observateur unaire de la théorie des observations datées (TOT) de Le Goc joue le même rôle qu'un échantillonneur de Dirac, (ii) la construction de la catégorie $TOT(\mathbb{Z})$, adéquate à la formulation du processus d'abstraction proposé et (iii) la conception de la méthode de résolution de problème TOM4A (timed observations methodology for abstraction) dont une application concrète est présentée visant à découvrir et modéliser le problème complexe de la fraude interne dans le domaine bancaire / This document concerns the development of a theoretical mathematical framework to provide a technology able to manage some of the problematics of the big data flows domain. We propose to combine Newell's ontological and Floridi's epistemological point of views of abstraction to build tools that transform models by the mean of an adequate set of functors according to Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane's category theory. The proposed problem solving method relies on a real time abstraction reasoning process to resume, on line, a lot of semantically poor data into an equivalent but richer one. The price to pay for such an information semantic enrichment is the loss of syntactic data (i.e. the oversight phenomenon). Our contributions are (i) to prove that Le Goc's timed observations theory (TOT) concept of unary observer plays the same role as Dirac's sampler, (ii) the construction of the $TOT(\mathbb{Z})$ category that is adequate to formulate the proposed abstraction based PSM and (iii) the design of TOM4A (timed observations methodology for abstraction), a specific recursive abstraction-reification based PSM whose a concrete application has been provided for detecting and modeling the complex problem of internal frauds in the banking industry