Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετήθηκε η ετερογενοποίηση της αντίδρασης φωτοξείδωσης του 2 μεθυλ 2 βουτενίου προς αλλυλικά υδροπεροξείδια με τη χρήση φωτοκαταλυτών που περιέχουν φουλερένιο C60 στηριγμένο σε οξειδικούς φορείς. Το φουλερένιο C60 είναι γνωστό για τη δράση του ως φωτοευαισθητοποιητής της παραγωγής οξυγόνου απλής κατάστασης (singlet oxygen) κατά την ακτινοβόληση με ορατή ακτινοβολία, το οποίο πραγματοποιεί την οξείδωση αλκενίων μέσω της αντίδρασης Schenck-Ene. Ήταν επιθυμητό να παρασκευαστούν καταλύτες στους οποίους το C60 να διαθέτει σταθερή ομοιοπολική σύνδεση με την επιφάνεια των φορέων. Αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκε μέσω της σύνθεσης ενός μονοϋποκατεστημένου μεθανοφουλερενικού παραγώγου, το οποίο συνδέθηκε με την επιφάνεια των φορέων (Grafting). Επιπλέον, τα υλικά σχεδιάστηκαν έτσι, ώστε να παρέχουν τη δυνατότητα της πλήρους και ελεγχόμενης αποκοπής κάτω από κατάλληλες συνθήκες, γεγονός που επιτρέπει τον έλεγχο της ακεραιότητας του C60 μετά από χρήση του σε αντίδραση ή μετά από θερμική ή χημική κατεργασία. Παράλληλα παρασκευάστηκαν καταλύτες με κλασικές μεθόδους σύνθεσης ετερογενών καταλυτών. Ως φορείς χρησιμοποιήθηκαν η SiO2 και η Al2O3. Τα υλικά που παρασκευάστηκαν, μελετήθηκαν ως προς τη φωτοκαταλυτική τους δράση ως προς την αντίδραση φωτοξείδωσης του 2 μεθυλ 2 βουτενίου και έγινε σύγκριση τους με βάση τον τρόπο παρασκευής και το φορέα στήριξης. Ακόμη, έγινε σύγκριση της ετερογενούς διεργασίας με την ανάλογη ομογενή. Τα υλικά εμφάνισαν στο σύνολο τους φωτοκαταλυτική δράση στην παραπάνω αντίδραση. Σε κάθε περίπτωση οι στηριγμένοι σε SiO2 καταλύτες εμφάνισαν υψηλότερη δραστικότητα από τους αντίστοιχους που παρασκευάστηκαν σε φορέα Al2O3. Ακόμη, τα υλικά που παρασκευάστηκαν με τη μέθοδο Grafting σε φορέα SiO2 παρουσίασαν την υψηλότερη δραστικότητα ανάμεσα σε όλους καταλύτες που εξετάστηκαν. Η δραστικότητά τους ήταν μάλιστα υψηλότερη και από την αντίστοιχη που παρατηρήθηκε κατά τη χρήση ισομοριακής ποσότητας C60 σε ομογενή αντίδραση αλλά μικρότερη από αυτή των γνωστών φωτοκαταλυτών Rose Bengal και TPP (5,10,15,20-τετραφαινυλο-21Η,23Η-πορφυρίνης). Τέλος, μελετήθηκε η θερμική σταθερότητα των υλικών κάτω από οξειδωτικές συνθήκες. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι η σύνδεση του C60 στην επιφάνεια των φορέων με τη μέθοδο Grafting εμφανίζει γενικά παρόμοια θερμική σταθερότητα σε σχέση με τους καταλύτες που παρασκευάστηκαν με τη μέθοδο του Υγρού Εμποτισμού. / The scope of this dissertation was the heterogenization of the photooxidation reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene towards allylic hydroperoxides with the use of fullerene C60 containing catalysts supported on oxide carriers. The reaction was known to be efficient under homogeneous conditions. The photooxidation of alkenes is conducted by singlet oxygen (1Δg) which is produced by photosensitizers. C60 is known for its photosensitizing ability to produce singlet oxygen under visible irradiation. It was a requirement that C60 would be connected through stable and covalent bonding to the catalysts surface. This became possible through the preparation of a monosubstituted methanofullerene which was subsequently attached through covalent bonding to the surface of the carriers (Grafting). Additionally, a key requirement in the materials design was to provide us with the ability of controlled -under the appropriate conditions- and quantitative detachment of the part which bears C60, and its recovery in solution. This is important because it allows us to examine possible changes in the C60 molecule after the material’s use in catalytic processes or after its thermal or chemical treatment. Employing well-known methods of heterogeneous catalysts synthesis catalysts with the corresponding % molar concentration in C60 were also prepared. The photocatalytic behavior of the prepared materials was investigated in the photooxidation reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene. The effect of carrier and preparation method was also investigated. A comparison was also made with the homogeneous case. The prepared materials were all efficient catalysts in the photooxidation reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene. In all cases, the supported on SiO2 catalysts showed higher reactivity than the corresponding ones supported on Al2O3. Moreover, the catalysts prepared with the Grafting method on SiO2 showed the highest reactivity among all the catalysts examined. The reactivity was higher than in the homogeneous case using equimolar solutions of C60 but lower to the reactivity recorded in the case of the well established photosensitizers Rose Bengal and Tetraphenylporphine (TPP). Finally, the thermal stability of the prepared materials under oxidative conditions was studied._It was realized that materials prepared through Grafting show generally similar thermal behavior with the catalysts prepared with the Incipient Wetness method.

Supramolecular chemistry has asserted itself as a significant multidisciplinary field concerned with molecular effects afforded through non-covalent molecular interactions. The increased interest in the literature towards nanoscale devices, through modulation of molecular function, has seen the renaissance of supramolecular chemistry as function progresses from solution to surface. Heterosupramolecular chemistry follows the architectural principles of supramolecular chemistry and embraces both covalent and non-covalent interactions of condensed phase surfaces and molecular components. A modular approach to device architecture was applied as a novel method of performing photocatalysis under visible light illumination. The application of heterosupramolecular assembly to the design of photoelectrochemical cells capable of visible light induced charge separation allowed the study of interfacial processes by means of electrochemical observations. Preparation of a series of supramolecular components was undertaken as specific molecular species within a photochemical system. Starting from a synthesised bidentate ligand that incorporated an acidic functional group, 4,4'-bis(methyl)phosphonate-2,2'-bipyridine (dmpbpy) as its ethyl ester, was chelated to give the surface sensitisers, bis-(2,2'-bipyridine)-(4,4'-bis(methyl)phosphonato-2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride ([Ru(bpy)2(dmpbpy)]Cl2) and cis-bis-(4,4'-bis-(methyl)phosphonato-2,2'-bipyridine)(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride ([Ru(dmpbpy)2(bpy)]Cl2). An electron relay moiety with an acidic functional group, 1-ethyl-1'-(2-phosphonoethyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (EVP), was also prepared using a procedure developed by the candidate. The electronic properties of the prepared photosensitisers were examined by theoretical quantum chemical TD-DFT calculations on the molecular structures and singlet excitations were discussed in relation to experimental data. This identified that the lowest lying LUMO states were consistently occupied by 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and this was speculated to be a factor affecting quantum injection yields. The effect of microwave modification of colloidal TiO2 suspensions under extended periods of treatment was investigated. Nanoparticles of TiO2 were compared and contrast to similar convection hydrothermally treated TiO2 and a commercial titania product, namely Degussa P25, both of which are utilised in device fabrication. The investigation identified that extended periods of microwave hydrothermal treatment do not greatly enhance the crystallinity and primary grain size of TiO2. The heterosupramolecular assembly of a multi-component photochemical system was constructed from prepared molecular and condensed phase components. It was demonstrated that this device was capable of inducing a photochemical reaction in H2O under irradiation with  > 420 nm in the absence of an organic electron donor. Interpretation of the photocurrents obtained from this assembly provided understanding of photochemical reactions under low light intensities. Optimised conditions for the photochemical reaction was determined to be pH = 5 and illumination yielded = 0.0036% with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) = 1.6%. Photocatalytic decomposition of organic compounds in a dye-sensitised photoelectrocatalytic cell was investigated for the complete mineralisation of EDTA into CO2, H2 and simple amines and interpreted through photocurrent observations. This was extended to a broad range of organic compounds of various solution concentrations as a simulated industrial waste stream. Photooxidation gave unique photocurrent-time profiles which identified two distinct interfacial processes by mathematical treatment of photocurrent transients with a kinetic model. Kinetic parameters were proposed as a factor for qualitative discrimination of the organic compounds. The implications of these results for heterogeneous catalysis were discussed and the formation of Host-Guest complexes as a method of molecular sensing and as specific photocatalytic receptors was proposed.

Orientador: Gustavo Rocha de Castro / Banca: Raquel Fernandes Pupo Nogueira / Banca: Marcelo Organachi Orlandi / Banca: Katia Jorge Ciuffi / Banca: Silvana Ruella de Oliveira / Resumo: A contaminação de corpos d'água e águas subterrâneas por substâncias tóxicas ocasiona a redução da qualidade da água e até mesmo sua inapropriação para consumo. Atualmente as técnicas convencionais de tratamento de águas e resíduos aquosos não são capazes de descontaminá-los totalmente, pois substâncias recalcitrantes e substâncias parcialmente removidas/degradadas - como alguns clorofenóis (CPs) e substâncias desreguladoras endócrinas (SDEs) - permanecem na água mesmo após submetida aos tratamentos convencionais, reforçando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de procedimentos mais completos, sustentáveis e que também sejam economicamente viáveis. A exemplo, a fotocatálise heterogênea utilizando materiais semicondutores ativados pela radiação UV para produção, principalmente, de radicais hidroxilos pode ser aplicada para se degradar contaminantes em meio aquoso, sendo o óxido de titânio o material mais empregado devido àelevada atividade, baixo custo, estabilidade, disponibilidade e propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas adequadas. Apesar de diversas vantagens associadas ao seu uso em fotocatálise heterogênea, sua aplicação na forma de suspensões (a fim de fazer melhor proveito da área superficial das partículas) ainda é restrita devido principalmente a dificuldades de separação/remoção destas após o processo de degradação. Neste trabalho, fotocatalisadores híbridos a base de titânia foram produzidos para realizar fotocatálise heterogênea de compostos orgânicos em meio aquo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The contamination of waters and groundwaters by toxic substances reduces the quality of water and can even make it inadequate for consumption. Currently, the conventional techniques for treatment of waters and wastewaters are not able to completely decontaminate them. This is attributed to the presence of partially removed/degraded andrecalcitrant substances such as chlorophenols (CPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), since they persist in water even after the conventional treatment. This emphasizes the need for the development of more complete and sustainable processes that are also economically viable. For instance, heterogeneous photocatalysis utilizing UV-activated semiconductors for the production, mainly, of hydroxyl radicals is applied in the degradation of contaminants in aqueous medium. In this aspect, titanium oxide is the most used material in virtue of its high activity, low cost, stability, availability and suitable chemical, physical and biological properties. Despite so many advantages for the application of titanium oxide in heterogeneous photocatalysis, its application as slurries (to make better use of the surface area of particles) is still restrained by drawbacks related to separation/extraction steps. In this work, titania-based photocatalist hybrids were produced to perform heterogeneous photocatalysis of organic compounds in aqueous medium.As an alternative to implement particle separation from slurries, titania and mesoporous silica were depo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

L’objective est d’améliorer l’activité photocatalytique de TiO2 sous irradiations UV et Visible. Pour contourner les limites de TiO2 intrinsèque nous envisageons une fabrication de nanocomposite plasmonique à base de nanofils de TiO2 périodiquement organisés et assemblés avec des nanoparticules plasmoniques. Pour la fabrication des nanofils de TiO2 mécaniquement stables, deux approches ont été réalisées. La première approche est basée sur la croissance sélective en phase vapeur, la deuxième approche consiste en l’utilisation d’un moule de membranes AAO et d’un dépôt de films conformes par ALD. En parallèle les films de TiO2déposés par ALD sont assemblés avec les nanoparticules plasmoniques d’or. Les différentes architectures de TiO2 sont valorisées par des tests photocatalytiques (UV et Visible) sur les polluants modèles. Une nouvelle approche de la fabrication des films mesoporeux d’H-TiO2 avec efficacité photocatalytique à la fois sous irradiation UV et Visible est développée. / The objective of this thesis is to improve the photo-response of well-known photocatalytic material such as TiO2, which is usually only active in the UV range. The basic idea is to assemble several approaches within one device to improve the photocatalytic properties: fabrication of periodically-organised TiO2 nanostructures and their assembly with plasmonic nanoparticles. Two fabrication strategies were investigated for these purposes. The first approach consists of selective vapour phase growth. The second approach implements the use of an AAO template. In parallel, TiO2 films deposited by ALD and assembled with plasmonic gold nanoparticles are investigated. The photocatalytic measurements on various TiO2 architectures were performed in both irradiation ranges UV and Vis. A new fabrication approach of mesoporous H-TiO2 films was developed giving promising results of photocatalytic efficiency improvement in both UV and Visible ranges.

[pt] Nos últimos anos muitos esforços foram realizados para obtenção de materiais capazes de explorar eficientemente a conversão de energia solar. Em particular, a geração de combustíveis por fotocatálise retém grande interesse devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas de promover reações com variação de energia positiva, possibilitando seu armazenamento em compostos químicos. A eficiência desses processos, entretanto, é limitada pela fotoativação dos principais fotocatalisadores no espectro UV, desperdiçando grande parte da energia solar presente no Visível. Neste trabalho foi investigada a influência no desempenho de fotoativação de heteroestruturas de titanatos de Fe e Cu crescidos sobre TiO2 para produção de gás H2 por fotólise da água utilizando luz Visível. As amostras foram preparadas segundo rota por impregnação via úmida e pós-tratamento térmico, em que óxidos metálicos foram formados na superfície de partículas de TiO2 com posterior interdifusão e formação de fases ternárias de Fe2TiO5 e Cu3TiO4. Realizou-se a caracterização dos materiais por meio das técnicas de DRX, DSC, TGA, MEV/EDS, DRS, PLS e Fisissorção de N2. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a formação dos materiais, sugerindo a criação de heteroestruturas do tipo PN para as amostras contendo Fe e a formação de fase dopada rutilo Cu para as contendo Cu. A atividade fotocatalítica foi avaliada em teste de desempenho realizado em sistema reacional construído na execução do trabalho. Os testes permitiram identificar resultados preliminares promissores de atividade fotocatalítica para as amostras contendo Fe em sua estrutura, que demonstraram uma significativa atividade fotocatalítica no espectro Visível. / [en] In recent years many efforts have been made to obtain materials capable of efficiently exploiting the potential of solar energy conversion. In particular, the generation of fuels by photocatalysis retains great interest due to its intrinsic properties of promoting up-hill reactions, with a positive free energy variation, allowing its storage in chemical compounds. The efficiency of these processes, however, is usually limited by the photoactivation of main photocatalysts in UV spectrum, wasting much of the solar energy present in visible spectrum. This work investigates the influence on photoactivation performance of heterojunctions with Fe and Cu titanate grown on TiO2 for H2 gas production under Visible light by water-splitting. The samples were prepared according route by wet impregnation followed by post-heating treatment, where metal oxides were formed on TiO2 particles surface with subsequent interdiffusion and formation of ternary phases of Fe2TiO5 e Cu3TiO4. The materials were characterized by DRX, DSC, TGA, MEV / EDS, DRS, PLS and N2 Physisorption techniques. The results confirmed the materials sucessful preparation, suggesting the formation of PN-type heterostructures for Fe-containing samples and a rutile-Cu doped phase for Cu-containing samples. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated in a performance test using a photoreactor system built in as part of this work. The tests allowed to identify promising preliminary results for Fe-containing samples, which demonstrated a significant photocatalytic activity in the Visible spectrum.

This diploma thesis aims to optimalization the process of magnetron sputtering and creating of thin layers for use in advanced oxidation processes. During the work was created range of TiOx layers. For this process was used physical method of sputtering called PVD. The photocatalytic activity of the deposited films was tested by degradation of organic dyes Acid Orange 7. Furthermore, the layer was analyzed on surface morphology (SEM) and the layer thickness (profilometry). Study of created layers was focused on the link between the characteristics of each layer, deposition parameters and photocatalysis properties. Based on these results, the layers were applied in a system using AOP for the decomposition of organic substances. The first chapter is devoted to a summary of existing knowledge of photocatalysis and its principles. Another chapter is devoted to the theory and methods of applying thin layers and summary of knowledge of the low-pressure discharges. In the exprimental section there are described various components of the apparatus. Furthermore, the experimental part of the work focuses on the analysis of the optimization process of applying thin layers on titanium oxide. The last chapter of the thesis contains the results of the experiments on the basis of is designed another research progress of this issue.

The aim of this diploma thesis is deposition of TiO2 thin films onto different types and sizes of substrates, and some of these layers dope by iron or silver. During the work was range of TiO2 layers created using a method of physical vapor deposition namely magnetron sputtering. For these processes was chosen the Dreva ARC 400 Hard Material Coating Plant device. The main aim of these depositions was to attempt to create TiO2 thin films on a substrates of larger surface than its in average laboratory processes usual. For this purpose were TiO2 layers deposited onto square glass plates of side length 10 cm. For comparsion and analysis were also as a substrates used microscope slides and fragments of silicon wafers. These substrates were used for testing of photocatalytic activity and on surface morphology (SEM). The theoretical part of this thesis aims to a methods of deposition TiO2 layers and their characteristics. In the experimental part is the used coating equipment and parameters of each deposition process described. Further the characteristics and results of individual experiments are described.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio vêm sendo extensamente empregadas como fotocatalisa-dores, já que são eficientes na degradação de diversos poluentes. Visando a obtenção de titâ-nias com diferentes propriedades, realizaram-se sínteses através do método sol-gel, a partir da hidrólise do tetraisopropóxido de titânio (IV) TIPP e seguindo-se os princípios da Química Verde, dispensando-se temperaturas e pressões elevadas. Foi estudada a influência de dife-rentes parâmetros, como: pH, solvente, razão molar álcool/TIPP e ordem de adição dos rea-gentes. Foram obtidas titânias na forma cristalina anatásio, nanométricas, com elevadas áreas superficiais específicas e predominantemente mesoporosas. Visando-se obter titânias com melhores propriedades óticas, isto é, capazes de sofrer a fotoativação pela luz visível, foram sintetizadas titânias dopadas e co-dopadas com os metais ferro e rutênio (Fe3+ e Ru3+) e o a-metal N (N3). A síntese desses materiais também foi realizada através do método sol-gel, sendo a dopagem realizada durante o processo de hidrólise. As amostras foram caracterizadas na forma de pó por difração de raios-X, adsorção-dessorção de nitrogênio, microscopia ele-trônica de varredura e espectroscopia de refletância difusa no UV-Visível. A titânia pura a-presentou como única fase cristalina o anatásio, quando calcinada até 400 C, com a presença de traços de brookita. A partir de 600 C, observou-se o aparecimento da fase rutilo, que em 900C foi a única fase encontrada na titânia. A dopagem com Ru3+dificultou a transformação de fase anatásio para rutilo, ao contrário da dopagem com Fe3+. O processo de co-dopagem acelerou a formação de rutilo, que se apresentou como única fase nas amostras calcinadas a 600 C. As titânias dopadas apresentaram uma leve diminuição na energia de bandgap, sendo os dopantes capazes de deslocar a absorção para o vermelho. Foram realizados testes fotoca-talíticos visando à degradação do azocorante Reactive Yellow 145 com lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de 125 W a fim de se comparar as atividades fotocatalíticas das titânias puras, dopa-das e co-dopadas, calcinadas a 300C. De todas as titânias sintetizadas, a titânia pura foi a que melhor degradou o corante, tendo um desempenho semelhante ao do TiO2 P25, da Evo-nik / Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been widely used as photocatalysts due to their efficien-cy in degrading a variety of pollutants. Aiming at obtaining titanium dioxides with different properties, several syntheses were performed using the sol-gel method, hydrolyzing titanium tetraisopropoxide (IV) TIPP and adopting Green Chemistry principles, avoiding high temperatures and pressures. The effect of different synthesis parameters, such as: pH, sol-vent, alcohol/TIPP molar ratio, and reagents addition order was assessed. Nanometric, mesoporous (mainly), anatase titanium dioxides with high specific surface area were obtained. Aiing at developing titanium dioxides with improved optical properties, that is, capable of undergoing photoactivation by visible light, doped and co-doped titanium dioxides with the metals iron and ruthenium (Fe3+ and Ru3+) and the nonmetal N (N3) were synthesized. Those materials were also synthesized by the sol-gel method, in which doping was carried out during the hydrolysis step. Samples were characterized in powder form by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance spec-troscopy in the UV-Visible range. Pure titania samples presented anatase as the sole crystal-line phase when calcined at 400C, with traces amounts of brookite. At 600C, it was ob-served rutile phase, which is the only one at 900C. Doping with Ru3+ impaired the trans-formation of anatase to rutile, while just the opposite happened with Fe3+. The reagents order during the synthesis proved to be a very important parameter to be observed , since the surface area increases significantly and the amount of macropores in the final product. All doped titanium dioxides presented a slight decrease in the bandgap energy (red shift). Photocatalytic tests were performed aimed at degrading of the azo dye Reactive Yellow 145 with a 125 W mercury-vapor lamp. The performance of pure, doped, and co-doped titanium dioxides, calcined at 300C was compared. Pure titanium dioxide showed the best results, with a simi-lar formance to EvoniksTiO2 P25

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this study, was optimization an analytical method for identification and quantification method of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water and hospital effluent samples. High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD), assisted by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME), was used. For SPE, the use of organic modifiers was necessary owing to the low solubility of PAHs, and employed 20% of acetonitrile as such. Factorial design was applied and the best results were: pH 5 for the samples and washing water. The SPE method was validated in Chromabond® C18 ec cartridges and recoveries ranged from 92.0 to 100.2% (RSD 0.2 to 5. 0%). The highest concentrations of PAHs using SPE were found in surface waters from the water course crossing the UFSM Campus (5.4 to 21.5 μg L-1). Using DLLME optimized by design of experiments, the best conditions were: pH 7, 0.2 mol L-1 NaCl, 100 μL of extractor solvent (carbon tetrachloride) and 500 μL of disperser solvent (acetone). The DLLME method was validated, providing recoveries ranging from 77.2 to 100.6% (RSD 0.9 to 10.2%) for surface water and 72.7 to 100.3% (RSD 1.9 to 8.9%) for hospital effluent samples. Using DLLME, the highest concentrations of PAHs were found in surface water samples (3.2 to 19.7 μg L-1). Employing both SPE and DLLME, the concentration of anthracene and pyrene were below the limit of quantification in all sampling points. By the environmental risk assessment naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and phenanthrene showed moderate environmental risk. High environmental risk was found for fluorene, anthracene and pyrene. Heterogeneous photocatalysis and ozonation was examined as remediation method. A jacketed stirred tank reactor and ultraviolet irradiation were used for photocatalysis with TiO2 supported on polydimethylsiloxane. Owing to the low solubility of PAHs, it was necessary the addition of acetonitrile to the solutions (5% in aqueous solution, and 10% in surface water and hospital effluent). A factorial design was applied and the best rates of degradation was set as pH 9 and 35 °C (aqueous solution), and pH 7 and 30 °C (surface water and hospital effluent). First order kinetics was observed for photocatalytic degradation of PAHs in aqueous solution, and, zero order, in hospital effluent and surface water. The photocatalytic degradation subproducts were identified for anthracene, phenanthrene and naphthalene by GC-MS and the fragmentation routes were proposed. Semi-batch column type reactor was used by the ozonation. The best degradation rates of the analytes, in aqueous solution and in real samples, were observed at pH 9. The ozonation kinetics showed a first-order reaction for all samples and degradation times ranging from 5 to 15 minutes. / Neste trabalho fez-se a otimização de método analítico para identificação e quantificação de Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) em amostras de águas superficiais e efluente hospitalar. Empregou-se Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com detecção por Fluorescência (HPLC-FLD), Extração em Fase Sólida (SPE) e Microextração Líquido-Líquido Dispersiva (DLLME). Para a SPE, investigou-se o uso de modificadores orgânicos, devido a baixa solubilidade dos HPAs, e empregou-se 20% de acetonitrila como tal. Aplicou-se planejamento fatorial e os melhores resultados foram: pH 5 para amostras e água de lavagem. O método de SPE foi validado em cartuchos Chromabond® C18 ec e as recuperações variaram de 92,0 a 100,2% (RSD 0,2 a 5,0%). As maiores concentrações de HPAs, com SPE, foram em amostras de águas superficiais do córrego do Campus da UFSM (5,4 a 21,5 μg L-1). Para a DLLME, otimizada por planejamento de experimentos, as condições ótimas foram: pH 7, 0,2 mol L-1 de NaCl, 100 μL de solvente extrator (tetracloreto de carbono) e 500 μL de solvente dispersor (acetona). O método de DLLME foi validado e as recuperações variaram 77,2 a 100,6% (RSD de 0,9 a 10,2%) para amostras de água superficiais e, de 72,7 a 100,3% (RSD de 1,9 a 8,9%), para amostras de efluente hospitalar. As maiores concentrações de HPAs, por DLLME, obtiveram-se em amostras de águas superficiais (3,2 a 19,7 μg L-1). Empregando-se SPE e DLLME, as concentrações de antraceno e pireno ficaram abaixo do limite de quantificação em todos os pontos de amostragem. Na avaliação de risco ambiental, naftaleno, 1-metilnaftaleno e fenantreno apresentaram risco ambiental moderado. Alto risco ambiental foi evidenciado para fluoreno, antraceno e pireno. Como método de remediação aplicou-se fotocatálise heterogênea e ozonização. Na fotocatálise, empregou-se reator tanque agitado termostatizado, radiação ultravioleta e TiO2 suportado em polidimetilsiloxano. Devido à baixa solubilidade fez-se necessária a adição de acetonitrila à solução de HPAs (5% em solução aquosa e 10% em água superficial e efluente hospitalar). Aplicou-se planejamento fatorial e as melhores taxas de degradação obtiveram-se com pH 9 e 35 °C (solução aquosa) e, pH 7 e 30 °C (águas superficiais e efluente hospitalar). Foi observada cinética de primeira ordem para a degradação fotocatalítica dos HPAs em solução aquosa e de ordem zero em amostras de efluente hospitalar e águas superficiais. Os subprodutos de degradação fotocatalítica de antraceno, fenantreno e naftaleno foram identificados por GC-MS e propuseram-se rotas de fragmentação. Empregou-se um reator tipo coluna de semi-batelada no processo de ozonização de HPAs. As melhores taxas de degradação dos analitos em solução aquosa e em amostras reais foram observadas em pH 9. O estudo cinético evidenciou reações de primeira ordem para todas as amostras estudadas e os tempos de degradação variaram de 5 a 15 minutos nas condições otimizadas.

Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la dégradation de la sulfaclozine, un antibiotique, dans des solutions aqueuses par photocatalyse (TiO2 en suspensions) ainsi que par oxydation par les ions persulfate. L'utilisation d'inhibiteurs spécifiques (KI et alcools) nous a permis de comprendre l'intervention de chacune des espèces réactives (électrons, trous, radicaux •OH) dans la dégradation de la sulfaclozine. En outre, l'identifications des produits de dégradation par LC-MS/MS et le suivi de leur cinétique d'apparition et de disparition avec et sans alcool nous a permis de proposer un mécanisme de dégradation photocatalytique faisant intervenir les trous, les radicaux •OH, les électrons, et les radicaux O2•–. Nous avons également évalués plusieurs méthodes d'activation du persulfate (UV, irradiation solaire, UV/TiO2 et Fe(II)) afin de générer des radicaux SO4•– pour dégrader la sulfaclozine. Nous avons montré qu'à pH 7, le système présentant la plus grande efficacité quelque soit la concentration de persulfate, était le système UV/TiO2/K2S2O8. L'utilisation des inhibiteurs spécifiques des radicaux •OH et SO4•– a permis de constater que le pH a un effet important sur le rôle de chacun de ces radicaux dans la dégradation de la sulfaclozine. Les constantes de vitesse de la réaction de la sulfaclozine avec les radicaux •OH et SO4•– ont été déterminées et des valeurs proches ont été trouvées (?109 M-1s-1). Nous avons également étudié l'effet des principaux ions constituants de l'eau sur la dégradation de la sulfaclozine dans les trois systèmes suivants: UV/TiO2, UV/TiO2/K2S2O8 et UV/K2S2O8. Cette étude a montré que les bicarbonates et les phosphates accélèrent la dégradation photocatalytique alors qu'aucun effet n'a été observé dans le système UV/K2S2O8. En ce qui concerne les ions chlorures et nitrates nous avons montré qu'ils augmentaient l'adsorption de la sulfaclozine à la surface de TiO2 mais n'accéléraient pas significativement la réaction de dégradation / In this work, we studied the degradation of the antibiotic sulfaclozine in aqueous solutions by photocatalysis (on TiO2 suspensions) as well as by persulfate ions. The use of specific inhibitors (KI and alcohols) allowed us to understand the intervention of each of the reactive species (electrons, holes, radicals •OH) in the degradation of sulfaclozine. In addition, the identification of the by-products by LC-MS / MS and the monitoring of their appearance and disappearance kinetics, allowed us to propose a photocatalytic degradation mechanism involving TiO2 holes, •OH radicals, electrons, and O2•– radicals. We also evaluated several methods for persulfate activation (UV, sunlight, UV / TiO2 and Fe (II)) to generate SO4•–. We have shown that at pH 7, the system having the highest efficiency, regardless of persulfate concentration, was the UV/TiO2/K2S2O8 system. The use of specific inhibitors of •OH and SO4•– radicals showed that pH has a significant effect on the role of each of these radicals in the sulfaclozine degradation. Moreover, the reaction rate constants of sulfaclozine with •OH radicals and with SO4•– radicals were determined and close values were found (?109 M-1s-1). We also studied the effect of the main water constituents on the degradation of sulfaclozine in the following three systems: UV/TiO2, UV/TiO2/K2S2O8 and UV/K2S2O8. This study showed that bicarbonate and phosphate accelerated the photocatalytic degradation of sulfaclozine while no effect was observed in the UV/K2S2O8 system. Regarding chloride and nitrate ions, we obtained an enhancement in sulfaclozine adsorption on the surface of TiO2 but no significant enhancement of the degradation rate was observed