The Discrete Controller Synthesis (DCS) technique is used for automatic generation of correct-by-construction hardware controllers. For a given plant (a state-based model), and an associated control specification (a behavioral requirement), DCS generates a controller which, composed with the plant, guarantees the satisfaction of the specification. The DCS technique used relies on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The controllers generated must be compliant with standard RTL hardware synthesis tools. Two main issues have been investigated: the combinational explosion, and the actual generation of the hardware controller. To address combinational explosion, common approaches follow the "divide and conquer" philosophy, producing modular control and/or decentralized control. Most of these approaches do not consider explicit communication between different components of a plant. Synchronization is mostly achieved by sharing of input events, and outputs are abstracted away. We propose an incremental DCS technique which also applies to communicating systems. An initial modular abstraction is followed by a sequence of progressive refinements and computations of approximate control solutions. The last step of this sequence computes an exact controller. This technique is shown to have an improved time/memory efficiency with respect to the traditional global DCS approach. The hardware controller generation addresses the control non-determinism problem in a specific way. A partially closed-loop control architecture is proposed, in order to preserve the applicability of hierarchical design. A systematic technique is proposed and illustrated, for transforming the automatically generated control equation into a vector of control functions. An application of the DCS technique to the correction of certain design errors in a real design is illustrated. To prove the efficiency of the incremental synthesis and controller implementation, a number of examples have been studied.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Orientador: Alexandre César Rodrigues da Silva / Resumo: A utilização de sensores em ambientes inteligentes é fundamental para supervisionar as atividades dos seres humanos. No reconhecimento de atividades humanas, ou HAR (Human Activity Recognition), técnicas de supervisionamento são aplicadas para identificar as atividades realizadas em diversas aplicações, como no esporte e no acompanhamento de pessoas com necessidades especiais. O Sistema de Reconhecimento de Atividades Humanas (SIRAH) é empregado no reconhecimento de atividades humanas, utilizando um acelerômetro localizado na cintura da pessoa monitorada e uma Rede Neural Artificial para classificar sete atividades: em pé, deitado, sentado, caminhar, correr, sentar e levantar. Originalmente implementado no software MATLAB, realizava classificações offline em que os resultados não eram obtidos durante a execução das atividades. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento de duas versões embarcadas do SIRAH, que executam o algoritmo de classificação durante a prática das atividades monitoradas. A primeira implementação foi efetuada no processador Nios II da Altera, que ofereceu a mesma exatidão do sistema offline com processamento limitado, pois o software consome 673 milissegundos para executar a classificação desejada. Para aprimorar o desempenho, outra versão foi implementada em FPGA utilizando a linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL. O algoritmo de classificação opera em tempo real e é executado em apenas 236 microssegundos, garantindo total amostragem das acelerações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Ces travaux avaient pour objectif la preuve de concept et le développement d’un dispositif embarqué sur un T-shirt visant à terme à se substituer au corset afin de pouvoir améliorer la prise en charge des patients scoliotiques. Il s’agissait d’orienter les soins de la scoliose vers un traitement permettant au patient de conserver l’ensemble de sa mobilité et de rééquilibrer l’activité des muscles de son tronc. Tout d’abord, une étude clinique comparative entre sujets sains, patients scoliotiques lombaires et patients scoliotiques thoraciques a été menée afin de mettre en évidence des différences cinématiques et posturales potentiellement corrigeables, à travers l’étude de mouvements simples standardisés. Ensuite, le dispositif baptisé « kinésithérapeute embarqué » a été développé. Son but est de détecter des anomalies cinématiques ou de mauvaises postures chez le patient afin de les lui signaler pour lui permettre une autocorrection de ses défauts. Le T-shirt permet alors une mesure précise des mouvements de l’utilisateur en temps-réel et sans dispositif externe, à l’aide de centrales inertielles. Deux feedbacks ont été conçus répondant à deux utilisations différentes, l’un vibro-tactile pour une correction posturale en ambulatoire au cours de la journée, et l’autre visuel permettant d’apprendre et d’entraîner des mouvements spécifiques lors de séances de kinésithérapie à domicile. / The purpose of this thesis was the proof of concept and the development of an embedded device on a T-shirt aiming in the future to replace the brace for improving the medical care of scoliotic patients. The aim was to orient scoliosis care toward a treatment allowing a patient to keep his/her full mobility and rebalancing his trunk muscles. First, a comparative clinical study between healthy subjects, lumbar scoliotic patients and thoracic scoliotic patients was conducted in order to highlight kinematic and postural differences potentially correctable through the study of simple and standardized movements. Then, the so-called “embedded physiotherapist” device has been developed. Its aim is to detect patient’s kinematic singularities or bad postures and to alert him/her for an auto-correction of the defect. Thus, the T-shirt is able to accurately measure user’s motion in real-time and without any external device, using inertial measurement units. Two feedback have been designed for satisfying two different purposes, first a vibro-tactile one for postural corrections during the day, and a visual one allowing the user to learn and train specific motions during physiotherapy sessions at home.

Submitted by Willian de Assis Pedrobon Ferreira null (willianferreira51@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T13:44:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_Willian_de_Assis_Pedrobon_Ferreira.pdf: 8549439 bytes, checksum: 8a499577dddc476a2f1f7b3cb4d9a873 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T14:15:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_wap_me_ilha.pdf: 8549439 bytes, checksum: 8a499577dddc476a2f1f7b3cb4d9a873 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T14:15:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_wap_me_ilha.pdf: 8549439 bytes, checksum: 8a499577dddc476a2f1f7b3cb4d9a873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de sensores em ambientes inteligentes é fundamental para supervisionar as atividades dos seres humanos. No reconhecimento de atividades humanas, ou HAR (Human Activity Recognition), técnicas de supervisionamento são aplicadas para identificar as atividades realizadas em diversas aplicações, como no esporte e no acompanhamento de pessoas com necessidades especiais. O Sistema de Reconhecimento de Atividades Humanas (SIRAH) é empregado no reconhecimento de atividades humanas, utilizando um acelerômetro localizado na cintura da pessoa monitorada e uma Rede Neural Artificial para classificar sete atividades: em pé, deitado, sentado, caminhar, correr, sentar e levantar. Originalmente implementado no software MATLAB, realizava classificações offline em que os resultados não eram obtidos durante a execução das atividades. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento de duas versões embarcadas do SIRAH, que executam o algoritmo de classificação durante a prática das atividades monitoradas. A primeira implementação foi efetuada no processador Nios II da Altera, que ofereceu a mesma exatidão do sistema offline com processamento limitado, pois o software consome 673 milissegundos para executar a classificação desejada. Para aprimorar o desempenho, outra versão foi implementada em FPGA utilizando a linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL. O algoritmo de classificação opera em tempo real e é executado em apenas 236 microssegundos, garantindo total amostragem das acelerações. / The use of sensors in smart environments is fundamental to monitor humans activities. In Human Activity Recognation (HAR), supervision techniques are employed to identify activities in several areas, such as in sport pratice and in people monitoring with special needs. The Sistema de Reconhecimento de Atividades Humanas (SIRAH) is used in human activities recognation, using an accelerometer located on the monitored person waist and an Artificial Neural Network to classify seven activities: standing, lying, seated, walking, running, sitting and standing. Originally, performed offline classifications executed in MATLAB software. In this work we present the development of two embedded SIRAH versions, which perform the classification algorithm during the monitored activities practice. The first implementation was performed on Altera’s Nios II processor, that has been provided the same offline system accuracy, but with limited processing. To improve the performance, the other version was implemented in FPGA using the VHDL hardware description language, which performs real-time classifications, ensuring a lossless acceleration sampling.

Embedded systems are present in many fields of application where failure may be critical. Such systems often possess characteristics that hampers the testing activity, as large amount of produced data and temporal requirements which must be specified and evaluated. There are tools that support the development of models for analysis and simulation still in the design stage. After being evaluated, a model may be used as basis to the implementation. In this case, it is important to ensure that the model is consistent with the specification. Otherwise, a divergence will be propagated to the final code. Therefore, the model must be tested prior to the codification. Simulink is a standard development and simulation tool for models of embedded systems. Its wide application in the industry has promoted the creation of free-software alternatives, as XCos. In the literature, there are researches which seek to improve the testing activity for Simulink-like models. The proposed solutions usually focus on test case selection strategies. However, little efforts have been directed to the oracle problem, that is, the difficulty in evaluating if an execution agrees with the specification. The objective of this doctorate proposal is to provide an oracle generation approach for Simulink-like models which addresses the characteristics previously summarized. Specifically, it is proposed a process, methods, procedures and a tool that enable the partially-automated generation of oracles for such models. As a main contribution, it is expected an improvement in the evaluation process of embedded systems in terms of quality, cost and time / Sistemas embarcados estão presentes em diversas áreas de aplicação em que falhas podem ser críticas. Tais sistemas frequentemente possuem características que tornam a fase de teste particularmente desafiadora, como a produção de grande quantidade de dados e requisitos temporais que precisam ser validados de acordo com a especificação. Existem ferramentas que auxiliam no desenvolvimento de modelos para análise e simulação do comportamento de sistemas embarcados ainda na fase de design. Após ser avaliado, o modelo pode ser usado como base para a implementação. Neste caso, deve-se buscar garantir que um modelo esteja de acordo com a especificação. Do contrário, tal divergência será propagada para a implementação. Portanto, e importante que o modelo seja testado antes da fase de implementação. Simulink e uma ferramenta-padrão de desenvolvimento e simulação de modelos de sistemas embarcados. Sua ampla aplicação na indústria incentivou a criação de alternativas de software livres como XCos. Na literatura, existem pesquisas que visam a aprimorar a atividade de teste de modelos Simulink-like. As soluções propostas geralmente focam em estratégias de seleção de casos de teste. Mas pouco esforço tem sido direcionado ao problema do oráculo, isto e, na dificuldade em avaliar se a execução está de acordo com a especificação. O objetivo desta proposta de doutorado é prover uma abordagem de geração de oráculos de teste para modelos simulink-like que contemple as características previamente resumidas. Especificamente, é proposto um processo, métodos, procedimentos e uma ferramenta que viabilizem a geração parcialmente automatizada de oráculos de teste para modelos Simulink-like. Como contribuição principal, é esperada a melhora da qualidade, custo e tempo do processo de validação de sistemas embarcados suportados por modelagem em Simulink e ferramentas similares

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:02:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio ramos.pdf: 1755825 bytes, checksum: 768c541e148d73e5b3ca6302d0df68f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are commonly used in monitoring applications due to its capacity to sensing, processing and communicating, and its low cost. However, one limitation of WSN is on energy, because each device (sensor node) of the network needs to have low energy consumption, not allowing the use of extra hardware such as GPS. On the other hand, robots can assist in monitoring made by WSN. One possible application using robots in WSN is to search for events of interest, in which a robot browsing the network to find a specific event, using the signal strength (RSSI) as a reference for navigation. Solutions to this problem have been found in the literature. However, such works assume a devised propagation model, in which the RSSI regression curve versus distance is ideal for that scenario. We present in this dissertation two algorithms that solve the problem of robot navigation based on RSSI in search of an event. The first algorithm is based on the node signal coverage detection and the second uses probability to estimate distance and direction of the target node. Therefore, we conducted experiments to measure the RSSI value according to the distance in Amazon rainforest and represent the signal model propagation obtained in a simulator. Simulations based on the solutions of the literature showed that the percentage of arrival of these solutions is inversely related to the distance of departure from its target when subjected to propagation model detected in experiments. The two algorithms presented have been developed considering the propagation model of the signal obtained in the experiments and both find their target 100 % of the cases. / Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) são comumente utilizadas em aplicações de monitoramento, devido à sua capacidade de sensoriar, processar, comunicar e seu baixo custo. No entanto, uma das limitações de RSSF é quanto à energia, pois cada dispositivo (nó sensor) dessa rede precisa ter baixo consumo de energia, não permitindo a utilização de hardwares extras, como o GPS. Por outro lado, robôs podem auxiliar no monitoramento feito por RSSF. Uma possível aplicação utilizando robôs em RSSF é a busca de eventos de interesse, na qual um robô navega na rede até encontrar um determinado evento, utilizando a potência de sinal (RSSI) como referência para sua navegação. Encontramos na literatura trabalhos que solucionam tal problema. Entretanto, tais trabalhos consideram um modelo de propagação idealizado, na qual a curva de regressão do RSSI em função da distância é ideal para aquele cenário. Apresentaremos nesta dissertação dois algoritmos que solucionam o problema de navegação do robô baseada na RSSI em busca de um evento. O primeiro algoritmo é baseado na detecção da borda de cobertura do sinal do nó e o segundo utiliza probabilidade para estimar distância e direção do nó alvo. Para o tal, realizamos experimentos para medir a valor de RSSI de acordo com a distância, na floresta Amazônica e representamos o modelo de propagação de sinal obtido em um simulador. Simulações baseadas nas soluções da literatura mostraram que o percentual de chegada destas soluções é inversamente relacionada à distancia de partida de seu alvo quando submetidas ao modelo de propagação detectado nos experimentos. Os dois algoritmos apresentados foram desenvolvidos considerando o modelo de propagação do sinal obtido nos experimentos e ambos encontram seu alvo em 100% dos casos.

Les plaies chroniques restent un problème de santé important dans le monde. La compression de la jambe inférieure est un traitement efficace dans la prévention des maladies veineuses et lymphatiques, avec des résultats qui dépendent fortement du gradient de compression appliqué de bas en haut le long de la jambe. Un outil d'aide à la pose des bandes et au contrôle du maintien des niveaux de pressions dans le temps serait donc très utile pour améliorer l'efficacité du traitement. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de développer un "système de mesure embarqué" capable de détecter les pressions de contention et d'enregistrer automatiquement leur valeur en fonction du temps, à distance et sans fil de connexion. Ceci nécessite de mettre au point un capteur de pression souple et fin et un système électronique embarqué miniaturisé qui communiquera les valeurs mesurées à une station d'enregistrement. Ce travail a été réalisé au sein du Laboratoire de recherche et de conception (LRC) d'URGO à Chenôve du Laboratoire d'Electronique, d'Informatique et d'Images (LE2I - uMR 5158) de l'Université de Bourgogne. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche européen associant des partenaires industriels et universitaires (CEA-Léti, Philips, Fraunhofer, etc.).Ce projet collaboratif, intitulé STELLA (STretchable ELectronic for Large area Applications) nous a permis de bénéficier de l'aide de tous nos partenaires. L'optimisation du capteur de pression représente l'avancée majeure de ce travail de thèse. En effet, le fait d'ajouter des éléments d'une certaine dureté à l'interface entre le capteur et la peau a permis d'améliorer les caractéristiques métrologiques liées à la mesure de pression en thérapie de compression. Cette réalisation a fait l'objet d'un dépôt d'une demande de brevet (FR0950147). Nos choix pour la réalisation du prototype final ont été détaillés dans ce mémoire de thèse. Ils ont été guidés par un cahier des charges fonctionnel établi en début de projet. / Chronic wounds are a major health problem worldwide.The compression of the lower leg is an effective treatment in preventing venous and lymphatic disease, with results that depend strongly on the gradient of compression applied upward along the leg. A tool for laying tape and control the maintenance of pressure levels over time would be very useful to improve the effectiveness of treatment. The objective of this study is to develop a "board measurement system" capable of detecting pressure containment and automatically record their value over time, distance and wireless electrical connection. This requires to develop a pressure sensor thin and flexible and a miniaturized electronic system to communicate the values measured at a recording station. This work was performed at the Laboratoires Recherche et Conception (LRC) of URGO Chenôve and at the Laboratoire d'Electronique d'Informatique et d'Images (LE2I - UMR 5158) of the University of Burgundy. It is part of a European research project involving partners from industry and academia (CEA - LETI, Philips, Fraunhofer, etc.). This collaborative project, called STELLA (STretchable ELectronic for Large Area Applications) enabled us to benefit from the assistance of our partners. The optimization of the pressure sensor is the major breakthrough of this thesis. Indeed, the addition of elements of a certain hardness at the interface between the sensor and the skin has improved matrological characteristics related to the measurement of pressure in compression therapy. This achievement has been the subject of an application for a patent (FR0950147). Our choices for the realization of the final prototype were detailed in this thesis. They were guided by functional requirements established at the beginning of the project.

The IEEE 802.11b standard is today the only commonly used standard in Europe for fast wireless networks. This makes it possible to connect computers to networks in places where it is not possible to use wires. Examples of such situations are internet access at airports, communication in emergency areas or for military communication. Common for all these situations is that network security is important. This thesis consists of two different parts. The first part handles the security mechanisms and the second part is an evaluation of the possibilities to use IEEE 802.11b in embedded applications. The part that handles the security includes the security mechanisms found in the standard, flaws in these mechanisms and methods that try to reduce these problems.

This thesis describes a further development of a building block for programmable devices in embedded systems handling real-time functionality. Embedded systems are included in a variety of products within different technical areas such as industrial automation, consumer electronics, automotive industry, and communication-, and multimedia systems. Products ranging from trains and airplanes to microwave ovens and washing machines are controlled by embedded systems. Programmable devices constitute a part of these embedded systems. Today, a programmable device can include a complete system containing building blocks connected with each other via programs written using a hardware description language. The programmable devices can be programmed and changed over and over again and this flexibility makes it possible to explore how these building blocks can best be designed in relation to system requirements, before final implementation. This thesis describes a further development of a building block for programmable devices implemented in a non-traditional way, i.e., the implementation is written using both hardware description language and traditional software languages. This new building block handles real-time functionality in a non-traditional way that enables certain benefits, such as increased performance, predictability and less memory consumption. Using a non-traditional implementation also has its drawbacks, and e.g., extensions and adjustments can be hard to handle since modifications are required in both hardware and software programming languages. The new building block was investigated in order to see how it could be facilitated when used for real-time functionality. The configurability of the block was extended which enables further customization of the building block. This leads to the possibility to use the block within a wider spectrumof applications. It is also possible to reduce the size and cost of the final product since resource usage can be optimized. Furthermore, a mathematicalmodel estimating resource usage for real-time functionality has been developed. The model enables distinctive trade-offs comparisons, and guidance for system designers, when considering what type of real-time operating system to use in a certain design.