Background: One in ten couples suffers from some form of involuntary childlessness or infertility in Sweden. Involuntary childlessness or infertility is when an individual or a couple has a desire for a child but are unable to conceive on their own. To suffer from involuntary childlessness can be a mental strain that can result in a personal crisis, where the existential issues become central and contested. Regardless of the reason for their changed life world is because of involuntary childlessness or infertility, it is always important for the nurse to have an understanding of individual’s life-changing world and experiences.  Aim: The aim of the study was to describe men and women experiences of involuntary childlessness during investigation and treatment. Method: Selected method was a literature review. The study was based on articles from systematic and unsystematic searches in databases and analyzed from the chosen method. Results: Four main themes emerged from the analysis, 'The changing life-world', 'The mental strain', 'Perceptions of relationships and social life' and 'experiences related to treatment'. Conclusion: Being involuntarily childless and infertile create a mental, physical and social stress. Clinically, this means a responsibility to offer a personalized support. For the nurse it is important to have an understanding of individual life-world and how the involuntary childlessness affects them.

Bakgrund: Klamydia är den vanligaste sexuellt överförbara sjukdomen i Sverige och i andra europeiska länder. I dagens samhälle finns det många förändringar i attityder och beteenden som leder till sexuellt risktagande. Klamydia är en väldigt förrädisk sjukdom på grund av dess många gånger asymtomatiska natur. På grund av det faktum att många individer är omedvetna om infektionen kan den orsaka mycket skada. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att få en inblick i hur kvinnor och män upplever en klamydiainfektion Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Många negativa känslor avslöjades i samband med att få beskedet om infektionen. Exempel på några vanliga känslor är stigmatisering, smutsighetskänsla och förtvivlan. Män och kvinnor reagerade olika på beskedet. Oro för infertilitet och hur partnern skulle reagera vid avslöjandet var något som framkom. Många individer upplevde sig illa behandlade av vårdpersonal när de uppsökte vården. Konklusion: Infektionen utlöser negativa känslor och utmanar självbilden av att vara en skötsam person. Det är stor oro för komplikationer och att bli dömda av andra. Bemötandet i vården är något som kan påverka hur individen upplever sin infektion. / Background: Chlamydia is the most common STD in Sweden and other European countries. There are a lot of changes in attitudes and behaviors in the society today which leads to risky sexual activities. Chlamydia is a very traitorous disease because of its very often asymptomatic nature. The fact that a lot of people are unaware of the infection, it can cause lots of damage. Aim: The aim of this study was to get an insight in women and men`s experiences of having Chlamydia. Method: A literature review with a qualitative approach. Result: A lot of negative emotions were elicited in connection with the notification of the disease. Common feelings such as stigma, contamination and despair are a few examples. Men and women reacted differently to the notification. Concerns about infertility and how the partner would react when notified was something that emerged. A lot of people experienced bad encounters with the nursing staff when they sought care. Conclusion: The infection triggers negative feelings and challenge the self image of being a proper person. There is a great concern due to complications and becoming judged by others. The care encounters is something that can affect how persons experience its infection.

Fibromyalgi är en kronisk sjukdom som många gånger varit ifrågasatt som diagnos. Sjukdomen medför kronisk och utbredd smärta, fatigue, sömnstörningar och koncentrationssvårigheter. Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser av att leva med fibromyalgi. Metoden som använts var en litteraturöversikt baserad på tretton kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatartiklarna sammanställdes och redovisades i fyra kategorier: En omedgörlig kropp, Ett förändrat vardagsliv, Brist på respekt och stöd från omgivningen och Acceptera och lära sig leva med sin sjukdom. Resultatet visade att sjukdomen påverkade den drabbades liv på många olika sätt. Att leva med fibromyalgi innebar en livsförändring där sjukdomen begränsade det vardagliga livet. De drabbade hade inte bara sin kropp och sina symtom att kämpa emot, många var även tvungna att kämpa för att bli accepterade och trodda av sin omgivning. Slutsatsen var att det fanns en ständig kamp där de drabbade behövde få bekräftelse och känna att bland annat anhöriga och vårdpersonal tog dem på allvar. Det krävs uppmuntran och stöttning från vårdpersonalen för att personer med fibromyalgi ska prata om sina känslor och upplevelser. På detta sätt kan personen uppnå välbefinnande. / Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that often has been questioned as a diagnosis. The disease causes chronic and widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances and concentration difficulties. The aim was to describe experiences of living with fibromyalgia. The method used was a literature study based on thirteen qualitative scientific articles. The articles used in the result were compiled and presented in four categories: An intransigent body, A changed life, Lack of respect and support from the surroundings and To accept and learn how to live with the illness. The result showed that fibromyalgia affected the lives of the persons in many different ways. Living with fibromyalgia was a life-change in which the disease limited the everyday life. The persons didn’t only fight against the symptoms, but were even forced to fight to be accepted and trusted by their surroundings. The conclusion that can be drawn is that there was a continuous struggle in which the persons had to obtain confirmation and to know that their families and caregivers took them seriously. Encouragement and support from the caregivers is needed in order to help the patient so that he or she can achieve well-being.

Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är en kronisk sjukdom som påverkar livet både för den drabbade och dess närstående. Prognosen är allvarlig och slutskedet kan liknas vid cancersjukdom. Allt fler vårdas i hemmet, vilket ställer krav på egenvård och närståendes delaktighet. Närstående är ofta inte förberedda för den nya ansvarsfyllda rollen som sjukdomen kan medföra. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av att leva nära en person med hjärtsvikt. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes och baserades på tolv kvalitativa och tre kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Det framkom fyra kategorier av upplevelser i resultatet; ovisshet, förändrade roller, social påverkan samt fysisk och psykisk påverkan, som var för sig och tillsammans kunde leda fram till att livet förändrades för närstående till personer med hjärtsvikt. Slutsats: Hjärtsvikt förändrar livet för närstående och innebär nya krav och anpassning i vardagen. Hälsan påverkas både fysisk och psykiskt. Risken att drabbas av egen ohälsa ökar. Konsekvenserna av att vara närstående är flera särskilt då närstående själva ofta är äldre och har egna hälsoproblem. För att kunna stödja närstående måste sjuksköterskan förstå deras upplevelser. Att synliggöra dem kan främja både den sjuke och dess närstående. / Background: Heart failure is a chronic disease and effects life both for the ill person and their family. The prognosis is serious and can be compared with cancer. More people receive care in their home which increases the demands in self-care and their families’ participation. With the disease come new responsibilities, which families aren’t always prepared for, including new roles. Aim: To describe experiences of living close to a person with heart failure. Method: A literature review was conducted which was based on twelve qualitative and three quantitative scientific articles. Results: Four main categories were identified: experience of uncertainty, changing roles, physical and psychological effects and social effects. Conclusion: Heart failure changes the lives of the families. It involves new demands and adjustment in every-day-life and affects both their physical and mental health. The risk of developing health problem increases. The consequences of living close to a person with heart failure are many, especially if they are older and have health problems of their own. Nurses need to be aware of families’ experiences to be able to support them. We believe that both the ill person and their family can benefit from nurses making their experiences visible.

This qualitative case-study research investigated how Eastern European immigrant youth in a southern English public secondary school adjusted to and experienced the British educational system, which involves streaming students into levels of academic ability. The study focused on these students experiences of day-to-day life in a British secondary school and it explored the challenges and successes that they experienced. The study also investigated the experiences of teachers and administrators involved in the education of immigrant students. Through the use of student and faculty experiences, through recorded interviews, this study sought to understand how educators could improve the ways they are educating immigrant students.

Background; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by airway obstruction. Common signs of COPD are the slow process and shortness of breath on exertion. The most important treatment is to quit smoking. Most nurses, regardless of where they work, will meet these patients, often when the patients are having respiratory disorders. Aim; the aim of this study was to illuminate how patients with COPD describe the daily life based on how he/she experience and cope with the disease. Method; The study was designed as a literature review with aim to critically review and compile the results from ten qualitative and two quantitative articles. Results; Five themes emerged from the analysis of the articles, describing experiences of limitations, dependency, frustration, loss and life threatened. These experiences steered the patient's way to manage their disease. The management process could include changes in behavior, avoiding activities, symtom relief, adaption or acceptance. Conclusion; The main limitation was perceived as breathlessness, and the management of the disease was directed to mitigate this to try to live as unlimited as possible.

Bakgrund: I Sverige diagnostiseras årligen cirka 40 män med bröstcancer. Det är en sjukdom som ofta associeras med kvinnor vilket resulterar i en okunskap där många inte är medvetna om att även män kan drabbas. Endast ett fåtal kliniska studier är utförda på män vilket leder till att de erbjuds behandling efter samma riktlinjer som kvinnor.  Syftet: Syftet var att belysa förekomsten av bröstcancer hos män samt deras upplevelser av att ha sjukdomen. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultat: Resultatet visade att männen var chockade över att ha fått diagnosen bröstcancer. De uppfattade det som en könsrelaterad sjukdom och ville inte avslöja sin diagnos för omgivningen. Generellt var männen besvikna över informationen som de erhållit då den endast var fokuserad på kvinnor. Deltagarna fick även en förändrad kroppsuppfattning till följd av att de genomgått en mastektomi. De upplevde att deras maskulinitet och sexualitet ifrågasattes. Diskussion: Utifrån resultatets fynd fördes en diskussion kring det kvinnliga fokuset, en förändrad kroppsuppfattning och bristen på kunskap. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att ytterligare forskning krävs för att öka medvetenheten kring bröstcancer hos män. Sjuksköterskan bör ha förståelse och kunskap om hur män upplever sjukdomen. / Background: In Sweden approximately 40 men each year are diagnosed with breast cancer. It is a disease that often is associated with women. Only a few clinical studies are based on men with the result that they are offered treatment following the same guidelines as women. The aim: The aim was to elucidate the incidence of breast cancer in men and their experiences of having the disease. Methods: We conducted a general literature study based on scientific articles. Results: The results showed that the men were shocked at having been diagnosed with breast cancer. They perceived it as a gender-related illness and did not want to disclose their diagnosis to their surroundings. Generally, the men were disappointed with the information made available to them. Participants also had an altered body image due to the mastectomy. They felt that their masculinity and sexuality was questioned. Discussion: Based on the findings in the result there was a discussion on the feminine focus, an altered body image and the lack of knowledge. Conclusion: This study shows that further research is needed to raise awareness of breast cancer in men. The nurse should have an understanding and knowledge of how men experience the disease.

Every year about 30000 people have a stroke. It is caused by either a bleeding or a blood clot, and depending on where the damage is, the patient can get different types of difficulties following after the stroke. About 40 % of all stroke patients sufferfrom some kind of speech and/or communication difficulty, like aphasia or dysarthria. As hospital staff it´s important to know how to communicate with these people, to get a deeper understanding regards their needs. Aim: The aim of this study is to out of a patient's perspectivedescribeexperiences ofcommunication difficulties that can follow after a stroke. Method: A content analysis with a qualitative approach was used to analyse five autobiographies. Results: The result showed in what way stroke patients experienced their communication difficulties, and how they felt about the hospital staffs treatment related to their communication difficulties. During the analysis two major themes emerged: suffering and wellbeing. Also eight subthemes emerged:encounters with hospital staff with a bad appearance,to be locked in, frustration, to lose identity, sorrow, chock, encounters with hospital staff with a good appearance andgratefulness. Conclusion: As hospital staff it's important to know how to communicatewith stroke patients suffering from communication difficulties, to be able to give them good care. It's necessary to be aware of these patients own experiences according to the communication difficulty, to know how to communicate with them properly.

AbstractThe aim: The aim of the study was to describe what women are most satisfied with in maternity care and if women´s childbirth experiences can be described by means of the QPP-I, who contains 32 statements related to maternity care. Design: The study is part of a national cross-sectional study which lasted for two weeks in Sweden in 2007. This paper analyzes one of the two questions with open answers, which reads: "What was the best with maternity care?”. Results: The results showed that out of a total of 735 responses 717 could be placed in the existing instrument QPP-I. Responses were analyzed by deductive content analysis and the majority 98% of the women's responses was about commitment, empathy and respect from the midwives. The responses (n = 18) who did not fit in QPP-I were then analyzed inductive and focused on team work and sense of coherence. Conclusion: The instrument QPP-I can be developed with additional statement to measure what it intends to measure, women's perceptions of maternity care.

This research is focus on the entrepreneurial experiences of new pet-related businesses enterprisers, and tries to investigate the characters of new pet-related businesses, the connections between life experiences and process of entrepreneurship, and the roles pets play in the process of entrepreneurship through a phenomenological approach. The research findings are¡G 1. The valued services provided for customers and pet owners by new pet-related businesses are invisible. They can realize the personificational imagination about pets, give customers the mental comfort, and raise the possibility of developing interpersonal interaction. Therefore, new pet-related businesses emphasize spiritual consumption and making customers happy and content is the core value of new pet-related businesses. 2. The life experiences of new pet-related businesses enterprisers give them the opportunities of starting their own businesses. The connections between life experiences and the process of entrepreneurship are shown by two essences. One is the pursuance of autonomy, and the other is the protection of animal life. Due to the experiences, new pet-related businesses enterprisers may have unique and non-business oriented values of their business. 3. The most important factors in new pet-related businesses, pets, play the dynamic roles in the process of entrepreneurship. They can have multiple meanings simultaneously for new pet-related businesses enterprisers, and may change their roles according to different enterprisers and situations they are in.