In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden drei Hauptthemen behandelt: Ein Teilgebiet stellen die Umsetzungen der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen in nucleophilen Substitutions- und Eliminierungsreaktionen dar, die zu neuen, teils hochexplosiven Aziden führen. Durch Derivatisierung mittels 1,3-dipolarer Cycloaddition mit Cyclooctin können diese Verbindungen in ungefährlichere Triazole überführt und anschließend eindeutig mit Hilfe der NMR-Daten, hochaufgelösten Massenspektren und/oder Elementaranalysen charakterisiert werden. Des Weiteren werden im Bereich der Propargylazide zwei Themengebiete erneut aufgegriffen. Ein Teilgebiet stellt die Kupfer(I)-katalysierte 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition dar, die anhand verschiedener Lösungsansätze zu besser löslichen Heterocyclophanen führen sollte. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der intramolekularen Abfangreaktion von Triazafulvenen, die durch Cyclisierung gebildet werden und unter einem weiteren Ringschluss mit einer nucleophilen Seitenkette zu Triazolen reagieren. Dabei werden Propargylazide durch [3,3]-sigmatrope oder baseninduzierte, prototrope Umlagerung zu den Allenylaziden umgesetzt, die als Vorläufer der Triazafulvene fungieren.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis IX THEORETISCHER TEIL 1 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Organische Azide − Geschichte, Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Folgereaktionen 1 1.2 Synthese der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen 21 und 22 über die Alpha-Azidoalkohole 26 5 1.3 Die Geschichte der Propargylazide 18 und deren Folgereaktionen 7 1.3.1 Synthese von Heterocyclophanen 46 ausgehend von Propargylaziden 18 via 1,3-dipolarer Cycloaddition 8 1.3.2 Umlagerung der Propargylazide 18 zu den Allenylaziden 37 mit anschließender, nucleophiler Abfangreaktion zu den Triazolen 39 11 1.4 Motivation und Zielsetzung 13 2 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 15 2.1 Folgereaktionen der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen 21 und 22 15 2.1.1 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition mit Cyclooctin 16 2.1.2 Nucleophile Substitution 17 2.1.3 Eliminierung von Halogenwasserstoff 21 2.1.4 Herstellung und Umsetzung des 1,1-Diazidoethens (80e) 23 2.2 Herstellung neuer Heterocyclophane 46 aus Propargylaziden 18 durch eine „Ein-Topf“-Synthese 29 2.2.1 Darstellung geeigneter Vorläufersubstanzen 18 29 2.2.2 Umsetzung der Propargylazide 18 via CuAAC 32 2.3 Intramolekulare Abfangreaktionen von Triazafulvenen 38 45 2.3.1 Bildung des Allenylazids 37 über eine [3,3]-sigmatrope Umlagerung und die weitere Reaktion zum Triazol 39 45 2.3.2 Baseninduzierte, prototrope Umlagerung über die Allenylazide zu den Triazolen 61 3 Zusammenfassung 69 3.1 Ausblick 75 EXPERIMENTELLER TEIL 77 4 Verwendete Geräte und allgemeine Anmerkungen 77 5 Synthesevorschriften 79 5.1 Synthese und Folgereaktionen der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen 79 5.1.2 Umsetzung der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen mit TMGA 83 5.1.3 Umsetzung der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen mit NBu4SCN 85 5.1.4 Umsetzung der 1-Azido-1-halogen-Verbindungen mit tBuOK 88 5.2 Synthese der Heterocyclophane 95 5.2.1 Synthese von 1-Butoxybut-3-in-2-ol (90b) 95 5.2.2 Synthese des 1-Butoxybut-3-in-2-yltosylats (91b) 95 5.2.3 Synthese von 3-Azido-4-butoxybut-1-in (18b) 96 5.2.4 Umsetzung von 3-Azido-4-butoxybut-1-in (18b) mit Methanol 98 5.2.5 Synthese von 3-Azido-4-phenoxybut-1-in (18c) 98 5.2.6 Umsetzung von 3-Azido-4-phenoxybut-1-in (18c) mit Methanol 100 5.2.7 Synthese von 1-Butoxy-4-trimethylsilylbut-3-in-2-ol (101) 100 5.2.8 Synthese von 1-Butoxy-4-trimethylsilylbut-3-in-2-yltosylat (102) 101 5.2.9 Synthese von 3-Azido-4-butoxy-1-trimethylsilylbut-1-in (18d) 102 5.2.10 Synthese von 4-(1-Azido-2-butoxyethyl)-1,2,3-triazol (39b) 102 5.2.11 Alkylierung von 4-(1-Azido-2-butoxyethyl)-1,2,3-triazol (39b) mit Propargylbromid 103 5.2.12 Synthese von 4-(1-Azido-2-phenoxyethyl)-1,2,3-triazol (39c) 105 5.2.13 Alkylierung von 4-(1-Azido-2-phenoxyethyl)-1,2,3-triazol (39c) mit Propargylbromid 105 5.3 Intramolekulare Abfangreaktion von Triazafulvenen 107 5.3.1 Synthese der Ethinyl-substituierten Heterocyclen 107 5.3.2 Synthese der Propargylazide als Vorläufersubstanzen 109 5.3.3 Produkte der intramolekularen Abfangreaktion 118 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 129 6 Anhang 136 DANKSAGUNG 280 BIOGRAPHIE, VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN, VORTRÄGE UND POSTER 282 SELBSTSTÄNDIGKEITSERKLÄRUNG 284

The behaviour of chiral 1,3-dioxolan-4-ones, derived from reaction of mandelic and lactic acid with pivalaldehyde, as chiral acyl anion equivalents has been examined. Addition of the corresponding 5-anions to a substituted nitrostyrene and to butenolide was achieved and the structure and stereochemistry of the adducts established by X-ray crystallography. Fragmentation under flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) conditions occurred in the expected way (loss of Bu([superscript]t)CHO and CO) in the latter case, but in the former reductive cyclisation was used to generate functionalised lactams. An unexpected reaction of a dioxolanone anion with the dioxolanone to afford an aldol-like dimer was observed in one case. Attempts to extend the range of dioxolanones by using amino acid-derived α-hydroxy acids met with limited success. Only the 5-benzyl compound derived from phenylalanine was obtained in reasonable yield and an attempt to alkylate it led again to aldol-like dimerisation. Cycloaddition to the double bond of 2-t-butyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one was used to gain access to a range of novel spiro bicyclic and polycyclic systems and fragmentation of these was expected to provide products resulting from a chiral ketene equivalent. While the epoxide derived from the cyclopentadiene Diels Alder adduct did behave in this way to give the chiral ketone in high e.e., the corresponding aziridine underwent unexpected isomerisation pointing to a stepwise fragmentation mechanism of possible general applicability in these systems. Adducts were also formed with tetracyclone and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and an interesting pattern of exo/endo selectivity was observed in these cases. With tetrachlorothiophene dioxide the adduct again fragmented in an unexpected way to give tetrachlorobenzoic acid, providing further support for the intermediacy of an oxonium carboxylate species. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition to 2-t-butyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one was achieved for the first time and a range of adducts containing novel spiro heterocyclic ring systems derived from nitrile oxides, nitrones and diazo compounds were obtained and characterised. The regiochemistry of addition as well as the relative and absolute stereochemistry was demonstrated by X-ray structures of three adducts. Upon pyrolysis some of these compounds unexpectedly lost Bu([superscript]t)CHO and CO2 to give carbene-derived products, including a β-lactam in one case. Cycloaddition reactions of the achiral 2,2-dimethyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one were also briefly studied.

Com o crescente clamor da sociedade por tecnologias mais benignas ao ambiente, as reações de síntese orgânica devem se guiar por práticas mais sustentáveis. Nesse campo, o conceito da Green Chemistry e seus doze princípios são um norte para o desenvolvimento de novas rotas. Neste estudo, tem-se buscado a redução ou eliminação do uso de solventes e a adaptação dos sistemas de reação para operação em temperatura ambiente. O objetivo principal consiste da preparação de compostos nitrogenados com potencial aplicação como intermediários de fármacos, através de processos de redução, oxidação e cicloadição. Na primeira etapa, aldeídos aromáticos (benzaldeído, 4-anisaldeído, furfural, acetato de vanilina e vanilina) e aminas primárias (anilina, benzilamina e furfurilamina) foram combinados de maneiras diferentes, à temperatura ambiente, para originar nove iminas distintas. Na segunda etapa, as iminas foram reduzidas às aminas secundárias correspondentes com NaBH4 ativado por B(OH)3, em condições preferencialmente livres de solvente. Na etapa seguinte, nitronas foram preparadas por oxidação das aminas secundárias com H2O2 na presença de Na2WO4.2H2O como catalisador. Por fim, sete das nitronas geradas nesse processo foram tratadas com compostos vinílicos, notadamente o n-butil vinil éter, a N-vinil caprolactama, e a quinidina, visando à formação de isoxazolidinas por cicloadição 1,3-dipolar. / With the growing clamor of the society for technologies more benign to the environment, the reactions of organic synthesis should be guided by more sustainable practices. In this field, the concept of Green Chemistry and their twelve principles guide the development of new routes. In this study, we have sought to reduce or eliminate the use of solvents, and the adaptation of reactive systems for operation at room temperature. The main goal consists of preparing nitrogen compounds with potential use as pharmacon intermediates, through processes of reduction, oxidation and cycloaddition. In the first stage, aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, furfural, 4-anisaldehyde, vanillin acetate and vanillin) and primary amines (aniline, benzylamine and furfurylamine) were combined in different ways, at room temperature, to create nine different imines. In the second stage, the imines were reduced to the corresponding secondary amines with NaBH4, with activation by B(OH)3, in rather solvent-free conditions. In the next step, nitrones were prepared by oxidation of the secondary amines with H2O2 in the presence of Na2WO4.2H2O as catalyst. Finally, seven nitrones were treated with vinyl compounds, especially n-butyl vinyl ether, N-vinyl caprolactam, and quinidine, for the formation of isoxazolidines by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.

Com o crescente clamor da sociedade por tecnologias mais benignas ao ambiente, as reações de síntese orgânica devem se guiar por práticas mais sustentáveis. Nesse campo, o conceito da Green Chemistry e seus doze princípios são um norte para o desenvolvimento de novas rotas. Neste estudo, tem-se buscado a redução ou eliminação do uso de solventes e a adaptação dos sistemas de reação para operação em temperatura ambiente. O objetivo principal consiste da preparação de compostos nitrogenados com potencial aplicação como intermediários de fármacos, através de processos de redução, oxidação e cicloadição. Na primeira etapa, aldeídos aromáticos (benzaldeído, 4-anisaldeído, furfural, acetato de vanilina e vanilina) e aminas primárias (anilina, benzilamina e furfurilamina) foram combinados de maneiras diferentes, à temperatura ambiente, para originar nove iminas distintas. Na segunda etapa, as iminas foram reduzidas às aminas secundárias correspondentes com NaBH4 ativado por B(OH)3, em condições preferencialmente livres de solvente. Na etapa seguinte, nitronas foram preparadas por oxidação das aminas secundárias com H2O2 na presença de Na2WO4.2H2O como catalisador. Por fim, sete das nitronas geradas nesse processo foram tratadas com compostos vinílicos, notadamente o n-butil vinil éter, a N-vinil caprolactama, e a quinidina, visando à formação de isoxazolidinas por cicloadição 1,3-dipolar. / With the growing clamor of the society for technologies more benign to the environment, the reactions of organic synthesis should be guided by more sustainable practices. In this field, the concept of Green Chemistry and their twelve principles guide the development of new routes. In this study, we have sought to reduce or eliminate the use of solvents, and the adaptation of reactive systems for operation at room temperature. The main goal consists of preparing nitrogen compounds with potential use as pharmacon intermediates, through processes of reduction, oxidation and cycloaddition. In the first stage, aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, furfural, 4-anisaldehyde, vanillin acetate and vanillin) and primary amines (aniline, benzylamine and furfurylamine) were combined in different ways, at room temperature, to create nine different imines. In the second stage, the imines were reduced to the corresponding secondary amines with NaBH4, with activation by B(OH)3, in rather solvent-free conditions. In the next step, nitrones were prepared by oxidation of the secondary amines with H2O2 in the presence of Na2WO4.2H2O as catalyst. Finally, seven nitrones were treated with vinyl compounds, especially n-butyl vinyl ether, N-vinyl caprolactam, and quinidine, for the formation of isoxazolidines by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.

Dans le contexte de la recherche de molécules actives agissant spécifiquement sur des microorganismes pathogènes tels que les mycobactéries, la biosynthèse du galactofuranose (Galf) constitue une cible chimiothérapeutique intéressante. Notre approche consiste à concevoir et synthétiser des iminosucres originaux comme inhibiteurs potentiels et/ou sondes mécanistiques des enzymes mises en jeu : l'UDP-Galp mutase (UGM) et les Galf transférases (GlfT). Pour cela nous avons développé deux approches stéréodivergentes conduisant à des imino-C-galactosides originaux.<br>Nous avons mis au point une méthodologie performante basée sur l'addition de nucléophiles silylés, assistée par acide de Lewis, sur une N-glucosylamine protégée qui a permis la synthèse d'une petite librairie de dérivés alpha-1,4-didésoxy-1,4-imino-D-galactitols substitués en position C-1. L'utilisation de séquences synthétiques convergentes, notamment une métathèse croisée, nous a ensuite conduits à des analogues de l'UDP-Galf possédant un squelette iminosucre diversement lié à l'UridineMonoPhosphate.<br>D'autre part, la cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire entre un phosphonate fonctionnalisé et une nitrone cyclique de configuration D-galacto a conduit régio- et stéréosélectivement à l'isoxazolidine, analogue de l'UDP-Galf et précurseur d'UMP-beta-1,4-iminogalactitol. Cette approche concise et efficace permet également l'obtention d'analogues disaccharidiques du Galf. En effet, nous avons constaté qu'une nitrone polyhydroxylée non protégée réagit facilement, dans l'eau, avec des oléfines de sucre pour conduire au cycloadduit correspondant, précurseur d'imino-disaccharide.<br>L'évaluation biologique de ces composés comme inhibiteurs de l'UGM et de GlfT2 a montré qu'un analogue de l'UDP-Galf présente une activité intéressante de GlfT2.

Les travaux présentés s'articulent autour de synthons nitrone de type N-oxy-imidazolidinone, pour lesquels nous avons exploré les applications possibles. Nous avons développé une nitrone achirale, CYCNO, accessible en 3 étapes depuis un ester de la glycine (66%) et une nitrone chirale, MiPNO. Celle-ci a été obtenue sous forme énantiopure par une méthode de résolution nouvelle ; chaque énantiomère est ainsi accessible avec des rendements de 15 et 17% depuis l'ester de la glycine. CYCNO a été utilisée comme modèle pour étudier la réactivité des N-oxy-imidazolidinones vis-à-vis des halogénures d'aryl- et hétéroarylmagnésium, préparés par insertion de magnésium ou par échange iode-magnésium. La réoxydation des hydroxylamines intermédiaires mène à une nouvelle série de nitrones, pouvant être utilisées comme pièges à radicaux libres. MiPNO a été utilisée pour la préparation d'acides aminés non naturels, arylglycines et α-aryl,α-méthylglycines. La séquence met en jeu une réaction d'addition d'organomagnésiens totalement diastéréosélective. Sept cibles arylglycines ont été préparées. De plus, des réactions de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire entre MiPNO et différents alcènes ont conduit à des isoxazolidines, obtenues de façon hautement régio- et diastéréosélective. Le cycloadduit peut être converti en l'α-amino-γ-lactone correspondante en une seule opération, ce qui a mené à la préparation d'un nouveau γ-hydroxy-α-amino-acide énantiopur.

Des del descobriment del buckminster ful.lerè el 1985, s'ha despertat un interés enorme per entendre la reactivitat química així com les propietats d'aquests compostos. La funcionalització exoèdrica del ful.lerè més abundant, el C60, està força ben establerta. Tanmateix, la investigació en aquest camp encara continua oberta ja que s'han sintetitzat una gran varietat de derivats molt prometedors donades les seves futures aplicacions. La tesi comprèn quinze capítols que contenen set publicacions relacionades. Els primers dos estudis es basen en la reacció Diels-Alder sobre els anomenats metal.loful.lerens endoèdrics TNT X3N@C78, X= Sc, Y. Aquest projecte de investigació està motivat pel desconeixament existent sobre les possibles conseqüències de l'encapsulació del grup X3N. El tercer estudi descriu minuciosament els canvis detectats en la funcionalització exoèdrica un cop s'ha produït l'encapsulació dels diferents gasos nobles. En aquesta tesi s'estudia en detall l'ús de l'aproximació ONIOM per a estudiar reaccions de cicloaddició en compostos ful.lerènics. Els resultats d'aquest projecte són d'alt interès per a la realització dels estudis posteriors sobre la reacció de Diels-Alder i la 1,3-dipolar en ful.lerens i derivats. Finalment, l'última part d'aquesta tesi es basa en les propietats antioxidants de determinats ful.lerens. A l'últim treball inclòs en aquesta tesi s'estudia en detall el mecanismo de reacció per a la eliminació del ió superòxid en presència de ful.lerens. / Since the buckminster fullerene discovery in 1985, a huge interest for understanding the chemical reactivity as well as the chemical properties of fullerene compounds has been awakened. The exohedral functionalization of the archetypal compound C60 is nowadays considered to be quite well-established. Still, the research in this field is open as a wide variety of derivatives with intriguing potential applications have been synthesized. The thesis is divided into fifteen chapters that contain seven related publications. The first two studies are based on the Diels-Alder reaction involving the Trimetallic Nitride Template (TNT) endohedral metallofullerenes X3N@C78, X = Sc, Y . This investigation project was basically motivated by the unclear evidence about the possible consequences of the X3N. The third study thoroughly describes the change on the exohedral functionalization upon noble gas encapsulation. In the fourth study included in this thesis, the performance of the ONIOM approach for studying cycloaddition reactions involving fullerene compounds is studied in detail. Results from the latter project are of interest for the following studies involving the 1,3-dipolar and the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions where the ONIOM strategy is employed. Finally, the last part of this thesis is based on the antioxidant properties of fullerene compounds, where the mechanism of action for the superoxide removal involving fullerene compounds is unraveled. The understanding of the SOD removal mechanism could represent a big improvement to design new fullerene derivatives with higher antioxidant properties.

Des del seu descobriment, a la molècula C60 se li coneixen una varietat de derivats segons el tipus de funcionalització amb propietats fisicoquímiques específiques de gran interès científic. Una sel·lecció de derivats corresponents a addicions simple o múltiple al C60 s'ha considerat en aquest treball d'investigació. L'estudi a nivell de química computacional de diversos tipus d'addició al C60 s'han portat a terme per tal de poder donar resposta a aspectes que experimentalment no s'entenen o són poc clars.Els sistemes estudiats en referència a l'addició simple al C60 han estat en primer lloc els monoiminoful·lerens, C60NR, (de les dues vies proposades per la seva síntesi, anàlisis cinètic i termodinàmic han ajudat a explicar els mecanismes de formació i justificar l'addició a enllaços tipus [5,6]), i en segon lloc els metanoful·lerens i els hidroful·lerens substituits, C60CHR i C60HR, (raons geomètriques, electròniques, energètiques i magnètiques justifiquen el diferent caràcter àcid ente ambdós derivats tenint en compte una sèrie de substituents R amb diferent caràcter electrònic donor/acceptor). Els fluoroful·lerens, C60Fn, i els epoxid ful·lerens, C60On, (anàlisi sistemàtic dels seus patrons d'addició en base a poder justificar la força que els governa han aportat dades complementàries a les poques que existeixen experimentalment al respecte). / Since the discovery of C60 molecule a large number of derivatives molecules have been described with a great scientific interest of their specific physical and chemical properties. A selection of single and multiple addition products has been considered in this investigation. Study at Computational Chemistry level for this selected derivatives have been carried out in order to give answer to several points that experimentally are not understandable or not enough clear.As single addition derivatives, firstly were studied the monoiminofullerenes, C60NR, (two routes of synthesis have been considered, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis have help to explain formation mechanisms and justify the possible addition at [5,6]-type bonds), and secondly the methanofullerenes and the substituted hydrofullerenes, C60CHR and C60HR, (geometric, electronic, energetic and magnetic reasons justify the different acid character between both series of derivatives taking care on the influence of R substituents with different donor/acceptor character). The fluorofullerenes, C60Fn, and the epoxide fullerenes, C60On, have been studied as multiple addition derivatives (systematic analysis of the addition pattern have been performed in the way to find reasons to justify the driving force of the multiple addition process).

In the first part of this study, four new chiral ligands (FAM) were synthesized and used in catalytic amounts in asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. This method leads to the synthesis of chiral pyrrolidines, which are found in the structure of many biologically active natural compounds and drugs. It was found that using 10 mol% of one of these chiral ligands with different dipolarophiles (dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, methyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, and Nmethylmaleimide), pyrrolidine derivatives could be synthesized in up to 94% yield and 95% ee. In the second part of the study, the catalytic activity of these chiral ligands were tested with titanium in asymmetric alkynylzinc addition reactions to aldehydes. By this method, chiral propargylic alcohols, which are important precursors for the natural products and pharmaceuticals can be synthesized. Using our catalyst, chiral propargylic alcohols were obtained in up to 96% yield and 98% ee. Although, most of the catalyst systems in the literature worked only with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes and phenylacetylene, the catalyst system developed in this study worked with four different types of aldehydes (aromatic, aliphatic, heteroaromatic and a,b-unsaturated) and two different aliphatic acetylenes very successfully. Additionally, chiral ligand can be recovered in more than 90% yield and reused without losing its activity.

In this study new twelve phosphorus based chiral ligands were synthesized and characterized. Then the catalytic activity of these chiral ligands was tested with Cu(II) and Ag(I) salts in asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. This method provides the synthesis of different pyrrolidine derivatives with up to four stereogenic centers. Pyrrolidine derivatives are found in the structure of many biologically active natural compounds and drugs. Therefore the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds is highly important and many groups are involved in this area. As the precursor of the azomethine ylides, N-benzyliden-glycinmethylester, N-(4-methoxy benzyliden)-glycinmethylester, N-(naphthalene-1-ylmethylene)-amino-acetic acid methyl ester, and N-(naphthalen-2-ylmethylene)-amino-acetic acid methyl ester were synthesized and used. As the dipolarophiles, methyl acrylate, dimethyl maleate and N-methyl maleimide were used. Using these imines and dipolarophiles with 6 mol % of one of the P-FAM chiral ligands in the presence of Ag(I) salt, pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized in up to 95% yield and 89% enantioselectivity. Additionally, chiral ligand was recovered in more than 80% yield and reused without losing its activity.