From 1840 to the present, the Treaty of Waitangi has been a subject of some significance in New Zealand – a distinctive but subtle thread running through the fabric of the country’s history and shaping attitudes to race relations. A conviction strongly held by New Zealanders is that the treaty has made the country different from other nations, that it initiated an experiment in race relationships that has secured reasonable accord over the years. Only as the climate of public opinion has shifted slightly in the last twenty years and as Maori protest about failure to obtain treaty rights has become more strident have these convictions been challenged.

The major problems associated with trade secret law in New Zealand are that it is confused in definition and in jurisdiction. This confusion contributes to the failure of trade secret law in some instances, particularly to protect information created in the emerging biotechnology and computer software industries. This has contributed to alternative forms of protection, notably through copyright for computer programs. From a review of the current law, categories of trade secrets are identified, including sub-patentable and patentable trade secrets. The jurisdictional dispute may be resolved if it is recognised that trade secrets represent a form of property right. To this end, the legal and economic approaches to property rights are synthesised. This synthesis is then extended to create a legal-economic model of the justifications for, and the problems with, the protection of these rights: the intellectual property rights continuum. From this model, it is concluded that some legal protection of trade secrets is justified, provided that equally harmful effects are not created. In particular, sub-patentable trade secrets may warrant greater protection, and patentable trade secrets may be over-protected. One proposal is to punish industrial espionage, although some harmful effects may result. Utility models and laws that protect trade secrets in general are considered and rejected as solutions. Instead, patents of improvement (PI) are proposed which would protect trade secrets that represent an advance on an existing patent. PI would represent a lower standard of inventiveness that is adopted from American biotechnology patent disputes, and so protect sub-patentable trade secrets. The other, higher threshold from the existing English patent law would remain as the patent standard. If a PI were granted to a patent owner, then s/he could practise price discrimination, but if granted to a rival, then competition could result. Either outcome could protect trade secrets, yet mitigate the harmful effects of legal protection. If these proposals were adopted, more information could be produced as well as utilised. Moreover, the growth of the biotechnology and computer software industries in New Zealand could be furthered.

From 1840 to the present, the Treaty of Waitangi has been a subject of some significance in New Zealand – a distinctive but subtle thread running through the fabric of the country’s history and shaping attitudes to race relations. A conviction strongly held by New Zealanders is that the treaty has made the country different from other nations, that it initiated an experiment in race relationships that has secured reasonable accord over the years. Only as the climate of public opinion has shifted slightly in the last twenty years and as Maori protest about failure to obtain treaty rights has become more strident have these convictions been challenged.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2005. / Includes appendixes. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: [86]-94)

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010. / Thesis Advisor(s): Bergin, Richard ; Josefek, Robert. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission, biometrics technology, biometrics identification, facial recognition, fingerprint identification, law enforcement, information sharing, criminal information sharing, Arizona, Mexico, New Mexico, Texas, California, RISC, AFIS, IAFIS, NGI, governors border conferences, Central America, south west border initiative. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-92). Also available in print.

From 1840 to the present, the Treaty of Waitangi has been a subject of some significance in New Zealand – a distinctive but subtle thread running through the fabric of the country’s history and shaping attitudes to race relations. A conviction strongly held by New Zealanders is that the treaty has made the country different from other nations, that it initiated an experiment in race relationships that has secured reasonable accord over the years. Only as the climate of public opinion has shifted slightly in the last twenty years and as Maori protest about failure to obtain treaty rights has become more strident have these convictions been challenged.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Foreign criminal syndicates are using South Africa as a springboard to commit certain crimes throughout the world. The crimes vary from fraud to murder to dealing in drugs. The South African Police Service does possess the capacity and the means to trace and arrest these criminals but this is not enough. Foreigners arrested in this country are tried and sentenced without any checks being done in order to determine whether the subject is possibly sought by other policing agencies throughout the world. One of the means available to the South African Police Service but which is completely under utilizsed is the component "Interpol", which is based within the Crime Intelligence division at Head Office in Pretoria. One reason for the under utilisation of this component is the absence of an operational policy. The design of a policy document will inform members of the South African Police Service of the environment in which Interpol operates and what contribution it can make in respect of- the investigation of crimes that have an international dimension. The theoretical aspects of the policy environment have been discussed and it was found that it is of importance that the proper goals and objectives are formulated and that policy analyst must be able to differentiate between the two. As progress is made in respect of the policy document the analyst will have to keep abreast with current tendencies and make the necessary adjustments. These changes must not be of such a nature that the goals and objectives of the policy document are changed or altered. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the police, especially in Europe, began to realise that criminals were regularly committing offences in other countries and then returning to their own country. There was nothing that the police could do in this regard as the extradition of a criminal was done applied for in exceptional circumstances. The possibility of establishing an international policing agency in order to assist all policing agencies in combating these "cross-border" crimes was investigated. The first conference was held during 1914 in Monaco. This was the first of many conferences that would lead to the establishment of the international policing agency known as "Interpol". South Africa only joined the organisation in September 1993. It is proposed that an operational policy document be drafted and send to all the divisions of the South African Police Service. This document clearly stipulates how Interpol Pretoria can be of assistance to all the divisions of the South African Police Service. This includes what must be done when foreign nationals are arrested in South Africa and when members of the South African police Service undertake official journeys to foreign countries. The document also includes how the component is managed, its structure and the nature of its duties. Research has proven that there is a need for a policy document for Interpol Pretoria. It is recommended that the operational policy document be accepted. Once accepted, the document must be converted into a national instruction. The advantages of a document of this nature are: ./' The component already exists and no additional funding is required to establish the component. ./' More members of the South African Police Service will be able to make use of the services rendered by the component. Of the disadvantages in this regard, is that it is a long-winded procedure that has to be followed before the document is approved. Visits will have to be undertaken to hold "information sessions" with the commanders within the various provinces. Research has illustrated that policy documents are valuable within the Public Service. The absence of a policy document is not necessarily a disadvantage to certain units within the policing environment but when it comes to available resources not being optimally utilized, the reason therefore could be the absence on an operational policy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika word deur buitelandse misdaadsindikate as afsetgebied gebruik om sekere misdade oor die hele wêreld heen te pleeg. Die misdade wissel van bedrog tot moord tot dwelmhandel. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens beskik weloor bronne en kennis om die misdadigers op te spoor en in hegtenis te neem. Maar dit is nie genoeg nie. Buitelanders wat in hegtenis geneem word, word vervolg sonder dat daar vasgestel word of die persoon deur ander polisie-agentskappe in ander wêrelddele gesoek word. Van die bronne wat tot die beskikking van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens is, maar wat heeltemalonderbenut word, is die "Interpol"-komponent van Misdaadintelligensie, Hoofkatnoor, Pretoria. Een van die redes hiervoor is dat daar geen operasionele beleid vir hierdie komponent bestaan nie. Die opstel van so 'n beleidsdokument sal lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens inlig oor die werksmilieu waarbinne "Interpol" werk en watter bydrae die komponent by die ondersoek van misdade met 'n internasionale dimensie kan maak. Die teoretiese aspekte van die beleidsmilieu is bespreek en daar is gevind dat dit van kardinale beland is om behoorlik geformuleerde doelstellings en doelwitte op te stel. Die beleidsanalis behoort ook tussen die twee kan onderskei. Soos die opstel van die document vorder, is dit belangrik dat die analis met nuwe tendense moet tred hou en die nodige verstellings behoort aanbring te word. Dié verstellings behoort nie van so 'n aard wees dat dit die doelstellings en doelwitte van die beleidsdokument verander nie. Teen die middle van die negentiende eeu het die polisie, veral in Europa begin besef dat misdadigers gereeld misdade in ander lande pleeg en dan na hulle eie land terugkeer. Daar was niks wat die polisiebeamptes hieraan kon doen nie aangesien die uitlewering van 'n verdagte slegs in uitsonderlik egevalle aangevra is. Die moontlikheid is ondersoek dat 'n internasionale polisie-organisasie op die been gebring moes word wat alle polisie-agentskappe sou help om "oorgrensmisdade" te bekamp. Die eerste konferensie van dié is in 1914 in Monaco gehou. Dit was die eerste van 'n reeks konferensies wat aanleidign sou gee tot die totstandkoming van die internasionale polisie-organisasie wat vandag as "Interpol" bekend staan. Suid- Afrika het eers in September 1993 lid van dié organisasie geword. 'n Operasionele beleidsdokument word voorgestel wat na al die afdelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens versprei moet word. Die dokument gee 'n uiteensetting van hoe Interpol Pretoria ander afdelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens van hulp kan wees, soos byvoorbeeld wat van lede in sekere gevalle verlang word, soos waar buitelandse burgers gearresteer word en/of wanneer lede amptelike besoeke aan ander lande aflê. Die dokument gee ook 'n uiteensetting van hoe die komponent bedryf word, asook van sy struktuur en werksaamhede. Die navorsing bewys dat daar 'n behoefte aan 'n beleidsdokument vir Interpol Pretoria bestaan. Daar word aanbeveel dat die operasionele beleidsdokument aanvaar behoort te word. Nadat dit goedgekeur is, behoort dit in 'n nasionale instruksie omskep te word. Die voordele van so 'n dokument is meervoudig, en sluit die volgende in: ./ Die Komponent bestaan reeds en bykomende fondse hoef nie daarvoor bewillig te word nie . ./ Meer lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens sal die dienste gebruik wat die komponent verskaf. Van die nadele is dat dit 'n langdurige proses is om so 'n beleidsdokument te laat goedkeur. Besoeke sal aan die verskeie provinsiale kantore gebring behoort te word om 'inligtingsessies' met die bevelvoerders te hou. Die navorsig het weer eens bewys dat beleidsdokumente nog steeds 'n waardevolle plek in die Staatsdiens het. Die gebrek aan 'n beleid is nie noodwendig nadelig vir sekere eenhede binne die polisiemilieu nie, maar wanneer daar gekyk word na die onderbenutting van bestaande bronne, kan dit heel moontlik aan die afwesigheid van 'n operasionele beleidsdokument toegeskryf word.

[pt] Esta tese avalia políticas de conservação adotadas no âmbito do plano de ação federal para combate ao desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira. O Capítulo 1 descreve as principais mudanças institucionais e discute suas avaliações de efetividade. A revisão de literatura corrobora a eficácia das medidas para a redução do desmatamento, mas indica também que efeitos indiretos das políticas de conservação foram pouco estudados. Os demais capítulos conduzem análises empíricas sobre efeitos diretos e indiretos dessas políticas, utilizando um painel de dez anos de dados georreferenciados para contemplar dinâmicas espaciais ao longo do tempo. O Capítulo 2 testa se proteção territorial legal confere real proteção contra desmatamento. Tomando a intensidade do desmatamento no entorno de uma área como uma medida do risco de desmatamento local, o estudo compara a perda florestal em territórios protegidos e não protegidos sujeitos a riscos de desmatamento equivalentes. Aproveitando o formato raster dos dados, a estratégia empírica inclui efeitos fixos de célula para mitigar preocupações sobre possível viés oriundo de não-observáveis. Os resultados documentam a eficácia da proteção: células protegidas tiveram significativamente menos perda florestal do que células não protegidas, mesmo quando expostas ao mesmo risco de desmatamento. Contudo, ainda que o território protegido sirva como um escudo contra o avanço do desmatamento, a perda florestal por ele desviada parece seguir para áreas não protegidas. A proteção, portanto, afeta a dinâmica regional do desmatamento, mas não seu nível agregado. O Capítulo 3 investiga se variações na regeneração tropical configuram uma externalidade de medidas de aplicação da lei voltadas para o desmatamento. A vegetação secundária esteve vulnerável durante a primeira década do plano de ação, que não direcionou esforços para a promoção da regeneração tropical e tampouco para a conservação de vegetação secundária existente. Além disso, a regeneração permaneceu invisível ao sistema de monitoramento da floresta. Mesmo assim, a área de vegetação secundária na Amazônia aumentou em 7 milhões de hectares durante esse período. A última parte desta tese averigua se a aplicação da lei contribuiu para esse fenômeno, ainda que não intencionalmente. Os resultados são robustos à inclusão de uma série de controles em nível da célula, que mitigam preocupações sobre viés de variável omitida. A análise indica que uma maior intensidade de aplicação da lei no entorno de um local está associada a maior probabilidade de expansão da vegetação secundária e também maior área por ela coberta naquele local. Isso apoia a hipótese de que infratores ambientais, diante dos maiores custos associados à atividade ilegal, abandonaram as regiões onde operavam e, assim, permitiram que ocorresse um processo natural de regeneração. A força dessa externalidade varia conforme o grau de desmatamento local: regiões mais desmatadas provavelmente abrigam atividades não florestais mais consolidadas, dificultando o ressurgimento da floresta; regiões menos desmatadas ainda oferecem uma área relativamente pequena para regeneração em escala. Exercícios contrafatuais ilustram a magnitude desse efeito, mostrando que melhorias no sistema de monitoramento do desmatamento resultariam em quase 300 mil hectares adicionais de vegetação secundária. / [en] This dissertation assesses policy effects of conservation efforts adopted within the scope of the federal action plan to combat Amazon deforestation in Brazil. Chapter 1 provides a description of key policy changes and surveys the associated effectiveness literature. It finds evidence that supports the action plan s efficacy in reducing aggregate deforestation levels, but notes that indirect impacts of conservation policies have received little attention. The remaining chapters explore direct and indirect impacts of action plan policies using a georeferenced ten-year panel dataset to account for spatial dynamics. Chapter 2 tests whether legal territorial protection grants actual protection against advancing deforestation. Using a measure of neighboring clearing activity to capture local deforestation risk, the analysis compares forest clearing outcomes in unprotected and protected territory under equivalent deforestation pressures. The empirical strategy draws on the dataset s raster structure to mitigate concerns of potentially confounding unobservables via the use of raster cell fixed effects. Results document protection s efficacy in a high-risk context, with significantly less forest being cleared in protected cells than in unprotected ones. Yet, although protected territory effectively shields vegetation under its domain from advancing deforestation, it appears to deflect clearings to unprotected areas. Protection therefore affects regional forest clearing dynamics, but not the overall level of deforestation. Chapter 3 investigates whether changes in tropical regeneration constituted a spillover effect from law enforcement targeting forest loss. Secondary vegetation was vulnerable during the first decade of the action plan, which neither promoted tropical regeneration nor sought to conserve existing secondary vegetation. Moreover, regeneration remained undetected in satellite-based forest monitoring systems. Still, during this period, the extent of Amazon secondary vegetation increased by nearly 7 million hectares. The final part of this dissertation examines whether law enforcement contributed to this growth, albeit unintentionally. The empirical strategy uses a ten-year cross-sectional difference in observed regeneration outcomes to address the intrinsically time-consuming nature of this phenomenon. Results are shown to be robust to the inclusion of a host of raster cell-level controls, mitigating concerns about omitted variable bias. Findings indicate that the intensity of enforcement in a location s close surroundings is associated with both increased probability of secondary vegetation expansion and increased area of secondary vegetation in that location. This lends support to the hypothesis that environmental offenders, once faced with a higher perceived cost of engaging in illegal deforestation, abandoned the area they were operating in and thereby allowed a natural process of forest regrowth to occur. The spillover effect of enforcement on regeneration appears largest in places that have undergone neither too much nor too little deforestation: in the former, forest clearings and non-forest land use are probably more consolidated, and regrowth is therefore less likely; in the latter, there is still relatively little area for the forest to grow back in. Counterfactual exercises shed light on the magnitude of this effect. An enhanced satellite-based monitoring system for targeting enforcement would have resulted in nearly 300 thousand additional hectares of secondary vegetation.

Submitted by Daniel Costa (danielcosta.1608@gmail.com) on 2017-02-23T02:07:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 - Dissertação MAP - Daniel Costa.pdf: 2151154 bytes, checksum: 9a50f02983f61255ffb750c9ea43eba5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-03-06T15:12:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 - Dissertação MAP - Daniel Costa.pdf: 2151154 bytes, checksum: 9a50f02983f61255ffb750c9ea43eba5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T18:41:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 - Dissertação MAP - Daniel Costa.pdf: 2151154 bytes, checksum: 9a50f02983f61255ffb750c9ea43eba5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Traffic accidents are responsible for a tragedy of global proportions. They are the cause of the death of approximately 1.2 million people per year. Also, due to traffic accidents, it is estimated that another 50 million people are injured annually, many of them permanently. By analyzing traffic data by country, it is observed that Brazil has one of the worst road safety conditions in the world. Considering this catastrophic scenario, it is necessary to understand what causes these accidents and, mainly, what measures are more effective to reduce them. Therefore, this study precisely verifies if the patrolling and the inspection are able to reduce the violence in the traffic, independently of other variables that also contribute to the occurrence of accidents and deaths. Based on empirical data from the Federal Highway Police of Brazil, the instrumental variables regression method was used to identify the influence of police presence and performance on the effective reduction of the most serious accidents. The results suggest that when the number of police officers, operating hours, patrol hours or the number of vehicles checked increases, the number of serious accidents decreases. / Os acidentes de trânsito são responsáveis por uma tragédia de proporções mundiais. Eles são a causa da morte de aproximadamente 1,2 milhões de pessoas por ano. Também, devido a acidentes de trânsito, estima-se que outras 50 milhões de pessoas são lesionadas anualmente, muitas de forma permanente. Analisando-se os dados de trânsito por países, observa-se que o Brasil tem uma das piores condições de segurança viária do mundo. Tendo em vista esse cenário catastrófico, é imperativo que se entenda o que causa estes acidentes e, principalmente, quais medidas são mais efetivas para reduzi-los. Sendo assim, esse estudo vem justamente verificar se o policiamento e a fiscalização são capazes de reduzir a violência no trânsito, independentemente de outras variáveis que também contribuem para a ocorrência de acidentes e mortes. A partir de dados empíricos da Polícia Rodoviária Federal, utilizou-se o método de regressão por variáveis instrumentais para identificar a influência da presença e da atuação dos policiais na efetiva redução dos acidentes mais graves. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, quando a quantidade de policiais, as horas de serviço operacional, as horas de ronda ou a quantidade de veículos fiscalizados aumenta, a quantidade de acidentes graves diminui.