Text in Afrikaans / Alhoewel die lokvalstelsel as misdaadbekampingsmetode lank reeds bestaan, is die toepassing daarvan nog altyd kontroversieE!I. Hierdie omstredenheid is die laaste paar jaar op die voorgrond gedryf deur 'n Regskommissie-ondersoek, sowel as deur die aanvaarding van 'n Handves van Menseregte. Ondersoek word ingestel na hierdie omstredenheid deur te kyk na die inhoud en toepassing van die stelsel, sowel as na die rol wat private persona, die polisie en die hot by die stelsel speeL Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word, is dat die omstredenheid van die stelsel te danke is aan die feit dat dit verband hou met pro-aktiewe regshandhawing, wat in wese bestaan uit die gebruik van misleiding ten einde die pleging van 'n misdaad teweeg te bring. Die probleem met pro-aktiewe regshandhawing is dat dit 'n geleentheid skep vir die uitoefening van polisiediskresie wat grootliks sonder beheer geskied, met potensiele wanoptrede aan die kant van regshandhawers en die ondermyning van die publiek se vertroue in die billikheid van die strafregspleging. Ondersoek word gevolglik ingestel na metodes om diskresie-uitoefening by die lokvalstelsel te regverdig, aangesien daar wei ruimte is vir diskresionere magte wat behoorlik begrens, gestruktureer en gekontroleer is. Die vernaamste metodes van beheer oor diskresie­ uitoefening by die lokvalstelsel, naamlik die uitsluiting van getuienis en weerstand in 'n strafgeding, word grondig ondersoek met verwysing na die Engelse-, Amerikaanse- en Kanadese reg. Dit is egter die uitgangspunt van hierdie proefskrif dat wetgewende strukturering van diskresie-uitoefening by die lokvalstelsel die mees effektiewe oplossing bied vir meeste van die problema van die stelsel. Die enigste aanvaarbare basis waarop die lokvalstelsel kan funksioneer, is om deur middel van wetgewing die trefwydte van toelaatbare lokvaltegnieke en die beperkinge waarbinne regshandhawers regsonderdane mag beweeg om misdade te pleeg, te definieer. Daar is dus 'n behoefte aan die kodifisering van standaarde waaraan voldoen moet word voordat enige lokvaloperasie behoort te begin. / Although the system of trapping has long been used as a method of preventing crime, its employment has always been controversial. In the recent past, this controversy has come to the front due to an investigation by the South African Law Commission and the acceptance of a Bill of Rights. This thesis investigates this controversy by looking at the contents and application of the system, as well as the role which private persons, the police and the court play in the system. The conclusion arrived at, is that the controversy surrounding the system is due to the fact that it has to do with pro-active law enforcement, which consists of the use of deception to induce the performance of a criminal act. The problem with pro-active law enforcement is that it creates an opportunity for the exercise of police discretion which is mainly uncontrolled, with potentialmisconduct on the part of law enforcement officials and the subversion of public trust in the reasonableness of the criminal justice system. Consequently, methods by which the exercise of discretion in the system of trapping can be justified are investigated, since there is room for discretionary powers which are properly circumscribed, structured and controlled. The main methods of control over the exercise of discretion in the system of trapping, namely the exclusion of evidence and a defence in a criminal proceeding, are fully investigated with reference to English, American and Canadian law. Having considered the above, the conclusion is advanced that legislative structuring of the exercise of discretion in the system of trapping offers the most effective solution for most of the problems underlying the system. The only acceptable basis on which the system can function, is to define the scope of acceptable trapping techniques and the confines within which law enforcement officials may prevail on someone to commit a crime. This must be done by means of legislation. Accordingly, there is a need for codification of standards which have to be complied with before any trapping operation may commence. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Cette thèse étudie les politiques de sécurité et de défense développées dans la corne de l’Afrique. Notre objectif principal est de montrer qu’en Somalie, en Érythrée, en Éthiopie et à Djibouti les facteurs politiques, historiques, économiques et sociaux se combinent pour expliquer la situation d’insécurité totale qui règne dans la région. Sa position géostratégique fait d’elle, une zone très convoitée pour mieux lutter contre le terrorisme et la piraterie. Cet avantage géographique est peu rentabilisé à cause des guerres civiles, des contentieux territoriaux et des catastrophes naturelles qui ont engendré l’une des plus grandes crises humanitaires et alimentaires au monde. Devant cet état de fait, les politiques de sécurité et défense, qu’elles soient régionales et continentale, semblent être impuissantes. Les échecs de ces politiques découlent, d’une part ; des discordes entre les chefs d’État et, d’autre part ; du manque de moyens financiers des États, de l’Union africaine et de ses organismes sous régionaux (l’IGAD et le COMESA). En étudiant le cas de Djibouti, nous montrerons que la politique de sécurité nationale souffre de plusieurs maux. En effet, la corruption, le clientélisme, le tribalisme et le détournement des deniers publics affaiblissent la politique sécuritaire et incitent les populations appauvries aux soulèvements. Djibouti, étant l’un des pays le plus stable de la région, constitue un baromètre pour mieux mesurer les nouvelles menaces qui déstabiliseraient la zone. Pays limitrophes des foyers du terrorisme et de la piraterie, il est le choix d’implantation, par excellence, des bases militaires françaises, américaines, japonaise et de plusieurs autres contingents. Ainsi, en bénéficiant de l’aide et de la protection de ces États, il devient, par conséquent, une cible des groupes terroristes. L’apport sécuritaire et économique des bases sont indéniables. Cependant, elles ne manquent pas d’impacter négativement sur son environnement social. / This thesis studies the politics of security and defence that have been developed in the Horn of Africa. Our main objective is to show that in Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti there are political, historical, economical and sociological factors that explain the prevailing insecurity within the region. Its geostrategic position makes it a coveted area for fighting terrorism and piracy. Nevertheless this geographical advantage is not as profitable as it could be because of civil wars, boundary disputes and natural disasters that have generated one of the world’s biggest humanitarian and food crisis. Security and defence policies, whether regional or continental, have shown to be powerless when facing these realities. The failures of these policies are due to disagreements between Heads of State and to the lack of financial resources within States, the African Union and its sub-regional agencies such as IGAD and COMESA. By studying the case of Djibouti we will prove that national security policies have been weakened by corruption, clientelism and tribalism, which has lead to the insurgence of the impoverished population. Because Djibouti is one of the most stable States in the region, it serves as a barometer that measures new treats to the stability of the zone. As a neighbouring country to the hotbeds of terrorism and piracy, Djibouti is where the French, the American and the Japanese have settled their military bases; it has also consequently become the target of terrorist groups. The military bases have certainly improved the security and the economy of the area but they have also had a negative impact on its social environment.

Submitted by Jamile Barbosa da Cruz (jamile.cruz@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-17T17:42:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO - ROSENIURA.pdf: 3933810 bytes, checksum: a134a77541d4864afa9297dffa08461f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-18T16:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO - ROSENIURA.pdf: 3933810 bytes, checksum: a134a77541d4864afa9297dffa08461f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T16:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO - ROSENIURA.pdf: 3933810 bytes, checksum: a134a77541d4864afa9297dffa08461f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 / A precarização do trabalho tem sido apontada como um dos principais efeitos da reestruturação do processo produtivo. A Reforma neoliberal do Estado orientou-se pelo primado da sujeição ao comando da lógica de ajuste fiscal, da privatização e da desregulamentação. Transplantou-se a racionalidade da gestão empresarial para o setor público, adotando-se o denominado modelo gerencial. Neste contexto, o estudo tem como objetivo geral analisar o processo de fiscalização do trabalho no setor de Saúde e o modo pelo qual as ações fiscais têm sido desenvolvidas. Devido à grandeza do fenômeno, a pesquisa requereu examinar o processo de implantação da Reforma Administrativa e seus efeitos sobre ação do fiscal do trabalho a partir dos dados históricos disponíveis, bem como investigar a evolução do modus operandi, a amplitude e perfil da intervenção da auditoria-fiscal do trabalho no serviço de Saúde e levantar dados e evidências do grau de alcance desta intervenção fiscal. O percurso metodológico abrangeu a classificação e delimitação das categorias profissionais do Setor Saúde e a seleção de fontes, variáveis e indicadores das características do mercado de trabalho em Saúde e do perfil e alcance da fiscalização do trabalho. Quanto à contextualização do setor de Saúde, as fontes utilizadas foram o Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (CNES/MS), o Cadastro Central de Empresas (CEMPRE/IBGE), a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE) e a Pesquisa de Assistência Médico-Sanitária (AMS/IBGE) e para a análise dos aspectos fiscais foram colhidos e sistematizados os dados do Sistema Federal de Inspeção do Trabalho (SFIT). A pesquisa confirma a hipótese principal, verificando-se que ocorreu um estreitamento do foco fiscal com forte caráter arrecadatório em detrimento de dimensões como jornada e segurança e saúde, apresentando grau mais acentuado no Serviço de Saúde. Foi evidenciado ainda que a Reforma Administrativa tornou a auditoria-fiscal do trabalho flexível e menos punitiva, gerando perda de credibilidade institucional, estimulando sensação de impunidade e posturas de resistências pelas empresas em razão da reduzida probabilidade de flagrar infrações e o baixo custo das multas trabalhistas. O estudo também traz evidências de que a ruptura com do sistema de avaliação de desempenho vinculado à remuneração dos fiscais do trabalho parece ter iniciado um processo de reversão dos efeitos do modelo gerencial, apontando a necessidade de novas pesquisas para investigar a evolução da transição do modelo gerencial para uma nova política de administração da fiscalização do trabalho e respostas a questões concernentes à construção e adequação de indicadores de monitoramento e avaliação da eficácia fiscal que possam contribuir para construção e captação de um novo modo de atuar da inspeção trabalhista com vistas a promover o cumprimento da lei e a desprecarização do mercado do trabalho. / The precariousness of work has been identified as one of the main effects of restructuring the production process. The neoliberal state reform was guided by the rule of subjection to command logic fiscal adjustment, privatization and deregulation. The managerial public administration model transplanted the rationality of business for the public sector. In this context, the study aims at analyzing the process of labor inspection in Healthcare sector and the way interventive actions have been developed. Because to the magnitude of the phenomenon, the research required to examine the process of implementation of administrative reform and its effect on the action of the Labour Inspection. from the available historical data and, to investigate the evolution of the modus operandi, the amplitude and profile of the intervention of the work fiscal in the Service of Health and to collect data and evidence as to the reach of this fiscal intervention. The methodological approach included the classification and definition of the professional categories of the Health Sector and the selection of sources, variables and indicators of the characteristics of the labor market Health and profile and scope of labor inspection. For the contextualization of Health sector, the sources used were the National Register of Health Care of the Ministry of Health (CNES / MS), the Central Register of Enterprises (CEMPRE / IBGE), the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD / IBGE) and the Survey of Medical-Sanitary (AMS / IBGE) and the analysis of the fiscal aspects were collected and systematized data of the Federal Labour Inspection System (SFIT). The research confirms the main hypothesis, verifying that there was a narrowing of focus tax revenue collection with strong character rather than dimensions such as working hours, safety and health, presenting greater degree in Health Service. It was evidenced that the Administrative Reform has turned out flexible and less punitive the Labour Inspecton, causing loss of institutional credibility, stimulating feeling of impunity and postures of resistance by companies because the reduced probability of catching violations and the low cost of labor fines. The study also provides evidence that the break with the performance measurement systems linked to the remuneration of labor inspectors appears to started a process of reversing the effects of managerial public administration model, pointing out the need for further research to investigate the evolution of the transition model management to a new administration policy of the Labour Inspecion and answers to questions concerning the construction and adaptation of indicators for monitoring and evaluating the inspection effectiveness may contribute to the construction and funding of a new way of acting Labour Inspection in order to promote the law enforcement and the reversion of the precariousness of the labor market.

Inspired by words of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people in California and Denmark, this thesis critically analyzes the American criminal justice system and asks if critiques of the institution can be addressed and improved through the implementation of kindness and compassion within the walls of prison, itself.

Per comprendere la capacità delle organizzazioni criminali di resistere alle indagini da parte delle forze di polizia, alcuni studiosi hanno introdotto il concetto di resilienza nel campo della ricerca sul crimine organizzato. Il termine si riferisce alla capacità di un gruppo criminale di affrontare le pressioni esterne e riorganizzarsi. Adottando un approccio di rete e facendo riferimento a precedenti ricerche sulla resilienza dei gruppi criminali, il presente studio analizza l’evoluzione nel corso del tempo di due gruppi legati alla ‘Ndrangheta. L’obiettivo consiste nel comprendere come questi gruppi si sono adattati alla pressione da parte delle forze dell’ordine e nell’identificare i meccanismi che hanno favorito la loro evoluzione e i cambiamenti che hanno riguardato la loro struttura organizzativa. I risultati mostrano che i due gruppi criminali hanno potuto fare affidamento su diverse fonti di resilienza. La presenza di legami di natura non economica, che non sono conseguenza della loro partecipazione nei mercati illegali, ha consentito ai gruppi mafiosi di sostituire i soggetti arrestati in modo rapido ma parziale. Una minor importanza attribuita alla struttura gerarchica da parte dei gruppi mafiosi coinvolti in traffici internazionali ha invece permesso a questi gruppi di dotarsi di una organizzazione interna più flessibile. / To understand mafia persistence over time and address the problem of the impact of law enforcement interventions on criminal groups, some scholars have introduced the concept of resilience into organized crime research; this refers to the ability of criminal groups to deal with ongoing changes and reorganize themselves accordingly. Adopting a network approach to organized crime and drawing on previous studies on criminal network resilience, this study analyses the evolution of two ‘Ndrangheta criminal groups over around two years, seeking to understand how they adapted to the external pressure of law enforcement agencies, and to identify the mechanisms that drove their evolution and the structural changes that they experienced. The results show that the two mafia groups had several sources of resilience. The possibility to rely on non-economic ties, which are not the consequence of their participation in illegal markets, enabled the mafia groups to rapidly, though partially, replace the actors arrested. A less prominent role of the formal hierarchy of the ‘Ndrangheta in criminal networks mainly involved in drug trafficking instead gave rise to a more flexible internal configuration.

Entre le traité de Berlin de 1878 et le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances européennes tentent d'empêcher les désordres balkaniques de compromettre la paix continentale et mondiale. Pour cette raison, et parce que leurs diplomates interprètent les violences balkaniques essentiellement comme des faits de brigandage et non comme l'expression de mouvements politiques indépendantistes, les puissances européennes vont imposer à l'empire ottoman de réformer les gendarmeries de ses provinces de Roumélie orientale, de Crète, de Macédoine et d'Albanie par le truchement de leurs propres officiers. Cette thèse d'histoire militaire se veut tout à la fois une histoire institutionnelle et une histoire des acteurs. Il s'agit en effet de savoir dans quelles conditions le modèle gendarmique occidental a pu être greffé et adapté aux réalités sociales et culturelles orientales au travers de l'action de quelques officiers européens chargés de collaborer les uns avec les autres et de se confronter à une réalité balkanique qui leur était souvent étrangère. Cette approche permet de renouveler l'étude du concert européen et de son grippage progressif en soulignant la méfiance réciproque des puissances les unes vis-à-vis des autres et l’ambiguïté des ordres que chacune d'elle donne à ses propres officiers. Elle permet également de saisir la dynamique des opérations d'ingérence internationale et la façon dont l’État cible peut chercher à s'y soustraire. Elle donne enfin à voir la difficulté d'une institution de maintien de l'ordre, dont les traditions administratives sont issues du modèle de l’État-nation français, à s'adapter à des sociétés politiques fragmentées et en construction afin d'assurer la protection de toutes les minorités. / Between the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 and the outbreak of the First World War, the European powers tried to prevent the Balkan disorders from compromising continental and world peace. For this reason, and because their diplomats interpreted the Balkan violences essentially as acts of brigandage and not as the expression of independentist political movements, the European powers imposed on the Ottoman Empire reforms of the gendarmeries of its provinces of Eastern Rumelia, Crete, Macedonia and Albania implemented by their own officers.This thesis of military history is both an institutional history and a history of the actors. One has tried to determin under what conditions the western gendarmic model could be grafted and adapted to the Eastern social and cultural realities through the action of a few European officers in charge of collaborating with each other and confronting the Balkan reality that was often foreign to them. This approach makes it possible to renew the study of the European concert and its progressive seizure by highlighting the mutual mistrust of the powers one against the other and the ambiguity of the orders that each one gave to its own officers.It also captures the dynamics of international interference and how the target state can seek to escape from it. Finally, it reveals the difficulty of an institution of policing, whose administrative traditions stem from the model of the French nation-state, to adapt to fragmented political societies under construction in order to ensure the protection of all minorities.

The thesis examines to what extent copyright holders can enforce the online reproduction and communication rights against online service providers in Egypt. The objective of the thesis is therefore to highlight that the existing Egyptian copyright law 2002/82 is insufficient to impose liability on internet service providers, both substantively and also with regards to enforcement. Various recommendations are thus made to improve the legislative framework in Egypt, all with a view of achieving that a fair balance is struck for all those parties, who/which are involved in digital communications, particularly online end users, so that their rights to online privacy and access to information are preserved. For this purpose, a comparative methodology has been adopted and recourse is made to US and European laws. This comparative approach is further complemented by a critical examination of existing deficiencies within the legislative liability regime for internet service providers in the US and Europe in order to ensure that foreign laws are not merely transplanted, but that the best and most suitable legislative framework is adopted by the Egyptian legislator.

Rape is a serious highly prevalent crime committed every day around the world, and affects both men and women. Rape victims must report the incidence to the police, and often the police they report to are male law enforcement officers. Yet many people in South Africa, including male law enforcement officers, do not fully accept that males can be and are victims of rape. So far there has been significantly little research into the reporting of male rape. Thus a qualitative research study on the attitudes of male law enforcement officers towards male rape victims was conducted. Social constructionism was taken as a theoretical starting point to the formal literature. The formal literature itself deals with male rape, how it is perceived, understood and misunderstood by society at large and specifically, by male law enforcement officers. The myths and truths, as well as stigmas associated with male rape are also explored. The impact of gender issues such as gender identity, gender roles and gender stereotypes are explored in-depth as they contribute to attitudes held by male law enforcement officers. Six male law enforcement officers from a Johannesburg police station participated in this study. Every one of them had had a certain amount of experience in the SAPS dealing with rape and rape victims. The researcher identified themes dealing with male rape victims from the literature, and interviewed the participants according to these themes using a semi-structured and structured format. The interviews were coded and analysed in a manner that allowed the themes, which were informed by the literature, to surface from the interview data itself. This is consistent with the qualitative tradition of psychological research. It was found that, male law enforcement officers’ attitudes towards male rape victims influence the way they think about and perceive these victims. It is very likely that this influence has a negative impact on the psychological well being of the male rape victim. It was also found that many male rape victims do not report their victimisation to the police as they fear they will not be taken seriously, they will be laughed at or even ridiculed. The law enforcement officers confirm that the stigma and shame of male rape victims compound their experience, making it traumatic and nearly impossible for them to process. The researcher believes that a change in these attitudes can lead to a change in the way male rape victims are perceived and treated by law enforcement officers, as well as by society as a whole. Further study into the role of cultural beliefs concerning masculinity and gender roles in the South African context can contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of male rape, and can be integrated into the current intervention models used to treat these victims. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

This diploma thesis focuses on administration developement of five district gendarmerie commands (Benešov, Český Brod, Vlašim, Jílové u Prahy, Říčany u Prahy) which were a part of gendarmerie departement Benešov u Prahy during 1918-1945. The aim of the work is to introduce their form and activities within the whole gendarmerie organization in the Czech lands and try to explain their specifics if there were any. There is emphasise on personalities and careers of district gendarmerie commanders. After introducing character and history of administration since half of the nineteenth century till 1945 there is a chapter which concerns on historical developement of Benešov, Vlašim, Český Brod, Jílové and Říčany regions especially during 1918-1945. On the basis of that there will be described and evaluated the command of gendarmerie departement Benešov and five district gendarmerie commands. This thesis is based on comparative, normative-comparative method with an application of some sociological and psychological approaches. The institute of district gendarmerie commanders appeared before 1918 but they were no officers until the establishment of Czechoslovakia. There were two categories for gendarmerie officers - administrative (the higher one) and executive (the lower one). The district gendarmerie commanders...

International criminality has been a challenging phenomenon for national police forces for years. States have developed international police cooperation relations and extradition instruments in order to fight international criminal activity. This treatise explores the reasons for the rise in transnational organized crime activities in Europe and presents an in-depth explanation concerning the emergence, mandates, and structures of multilateral police collaboration systems such as Interpol, Trevi, Schengen, and Europol. Since the extradition has become an inseparable part of international policing, this study examines the improvements in extradition procedure and emphasizes the importance of extradition. Finally this study compares traditional (European Convention on Extradition of 1957) and new (European Arrest Warrant) extradition systems.