Minimal research has been conducted regarding the connection between white collar crime, cybercrime and the effectiveness of digital forensic tools that can assist in combating this new type of crime. The aim of this study is to understand and examine the role that digital forensic tools play during the investigation of white-collar cybercrimes and to evaluate how effective these tools are when implemented in white-collar cybercrime investigations. By conducting in-depth interviews and using a Rational choice theory driven thematic analysis, the findings of this research have revealed how important adaptability of digital forensic tools is to the emerging cybercrime techniques, together with their integration of existing systems, and the adherence to legal and ethical standards. The findings also noted the challenges that are faced by digital investigators when implementing these digital forensic tools in white-collar crimes investigations and the importance of using updated digital forensic tools and skill developed cybersecurity experts to enhance the outcome of investigations. This study concludes by discussing that it is important for digital forensic tools to be continuously updated and skillfully utilized in the investigation of white-collar cybercrimes and that the significant challenges must be addressed for accurate and more reliable investigative outcomes. Various evaluation methodologies should also be developed as different variations of methodological approaches can improve the standards of research and thus provide frameworks that are more reliable for digital forensic studies and white-collar cybercrime investigations.

In this study the researcher’s focus was on the analysis of human rights training in SAPS, a case study in Gauteng. The whole study is covered by over seven chapters. In chapter one, the introduction to human rights is discussed and the reason that motivated the researcher to pursue the study under the topic. Most importantly the aim and objectives of the study are outlined. Chapter two main focuses is on the regulatory frameworks of human rights training and programmes. In chapter three the attention is on the international best practice for police training in human rights, as any police training is benched marked internationally. Chapter four the researcher explains the research methodology used in this study, as it is important for the reader to have an understanding. Chapter five discusses the data that is collected and the analysis thereof by using nine themes to analyze data. In chapter six the discussion is based on the finding of data analysis from chapter five. Finally the researcher in chapter seven gives the summary of the study, the recommendations and conclusion on how to improve the training of human rights in the SAPS. / Kulolu cwaningo, umcwaningi ugxile ekuhlaziyeni uqeqesho kwezamalungelo abantu kwa-SAPS, kubhekwa kabanzi okwenzeka eGauteng. Ucwaningo oluphelele lwethulwa ezahlukweni eziyisikhombisa. Kwisahluko sokuqala, kwethulwa ingxoxo ngamalungelo abantu kuphinde kunikezwe izizathu ezigqugquzele umcwaningi ukuba enze lolu cwaningo ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko. Okubaluleke kakhulu, injongo nezinhloso zocwaningo kubaluliwe. Isahluko sesibili sigxile kakhulu ezinhlakeni ezilawulayo zoqeqesho kwezamalungelo abantu kanye nezinhlelo. Esahlukweni sesithathu, kubhekwa kakhulu indlela eyimpumelelo amanye amazwe enza ngayo maqondana nokuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa kwezamalungelo abantu, njengoba kubhekwa ngokuqhathanisa nanoma yiluphi uqeqesho lwamaphoyisa emazweni omhlaba. Kwisahluko sesine, umcwaningi uchaza indlela yokucwaninga esetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo, njengoba kubalulekile ukuba ofundayo akuqonde akufundayo. Isahluko sesihlanu sidingida imininingwane eqoqiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwayo ngokusebenzisa izingqikithi eziyisishiyagalolunye zokuhlaziya imininingwane. Kwisahluko sesithupha, ingxoxo incike kulokho okutholakele uma kuhlaziywa imininingwane esahlukweni sesihlanu. Okokugcina, kwisahluko sesikhombisa, umcwaningi unikeza isifinyezo socwaningo, izincomo kanye nesiphetho maqondana nendlela okungathuthukiswa ngayo uqeqesho kwezamalungelo abantu kwa-SAPS. / Kwesi sifundo umphandi ugxininise kuhlalutyo loqeqesho ngamalungelo oluntu, qeqesho olo lwenziwa kumalungu eSAPS, ngesifundo samava eGauteng. Isifundo esi sisonke siqulethe izahluko ezingaphaya kwesixhenxe. Kwisahluko sokuqala, kuxoxwa ngokwaziswa kwamalungelo oluntu nesizathu esiqhubele ekubeni umphandi alandele isifundo phantsi kwesi sahluko. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu kukuchazwa kweenjongo neziphumo ezibonakalayo zesi sifundo. Isahluko sesibini sigxininisa kwisakhelo solawulo loqeqesho neenkqubo zamalungelo oluntu. Kwisahluko sesithathu kuqwalaselwa kweyona ndlela ingcono kulo lonke ihlabathi, kuqeqesho lwamapolisa malunga namalungelo oluntu, njengoko naluphi na uqeqesho lwamapolisa lusekelwa kwindlela ekwenziwa ngayo kwihlabathi liphela. Kwisahluko sesine umphandi ucacisa indlela yophando ayisebenzisileyo kwesi sifundo, kuba oku kubalulekile ekuqondeni komfundi. Isahluko sesihlanu sixoxa ngeenkcukacha zolwazi eziqokelelweyo ukuze zihlalutywe ngokusebenzisa imixholo emihlanu yokuhlalutya iinkcukacha zolwazi. Kwisahluko sesithandathu ingxoxo isekelwe kokufunyaniswe kuhlalutyo lweenkcukacha zolwazi olwenziwe kwisahluko sesihlanu. Ekugqibeleni, kwisahluko sesixhenxe umphandi unika isishwankathelo sesifundo, iingcebiso nezigqibo malunga nendlela ekunokuphuculwa ngayo uqeqesho malunga namalungelo oluntu kwiSAPS. / Police Practice / M. A. (Criminal Justice)

This research is concerned with the value of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) as a technique in the identification of suspects. A problem was identified in the withdrawal of cases where suspects had been identified by means of fingerprints. The study attempted to determine the value of AFIS in the identification of suspects, to find new knowledge that could improve the situation and suggest ways to apply this knowledge to enhance the performance of AFIS experts, criminal investigators and the prosecution in a court of law. The study adopted a multi-method approach to data collection, with the researcher using a literature review, docket analysis and interviews with AFIS experts from Limpopo Province as his sources of data. The results of the study showed that AFIS is a valuable system for the identification of fingerprints in that it is fast and accurate but that in South Africa AFIS experts encounter a number of challenges with the system. The main challenges identified were the potential for the system to be attacked by computer hackers; the slowness of creating an SAPS 69 record, particularly when dealing with prints of poor quality; which leads to cases being closed where AFIS experts’ evidence is not tested/accepted; and the fact that in South Africa AFIS is not applied across government departments, which would allow a more comprehensive database. On the basis of these findings, the study recommends that steps be taken to improve the quality of prints taken at crime scenes, that attention be paid to speeding up the process of dealing with the relevant SAPS 69 records, that investigators and prosecutors be informed about the AFIS process and that the AFIS database be extended to include the fingerprints of all South Africans and immigrants to the country. Lastly, the study suggests that the databases of government departments such as Home Affairs, Public Works Roads & Transport and Safety Security & Liaison (Traffics) be combined to form one national database. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).

This research paper has examined the validity of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT). FAINT is a specific interview process - accepted and in current use - integrating the works of this researcher with the works of John Reid, Richard Arther, and Avinoam Sapir. The FAINT technique involves the evaluation of nonverbal behavior, projective analysis of unwitting verbal cues, and statement analysis. The fundamental hypothesis of FAINT is that truthful and deceptive criminal suspects differ demonstrably in their nonverbal, verbal and written communication, when asked to respond to a structured format of interview questions. FAINT maintains that these differences are observable and can be quantified to allow forensic interviewers to make accurate determinations of a suspect's involvement in a crime. This research has examined the validity of the technique as measured by a traditional, unweighted 3 point scale and a weighted scoring system (an issue being researched in this paper) comparatively used for determining truth or deception. This dissertation reports the results of both scoring systems, as well as a comparison between them and the historically used Behavioral Analysis Interview (BAI) that was developed by John E. Reid. / Criminology / MA (Criminology)

Police officers provide emergency services to the public, while being simultaneously exposed to various organisational and social stressors over which they have little or no control. The outcome of this may be that highly committed and loyal police officers become psychologically and physically burned-out. Adversely, others may accept the same conditions and situations as a challenge and live an energetic and proactive life while experiencing a positive affective state (vigour) toward their duties. Officers who are burned-out may fail to meet their goal to protect the public, but eventually may suffer. The general objective of this study was to investigate vigour and burnout as obliquely related outcomes of the stress and coping process in terms of its dynamic relationship with challenges or threats, and the mediating role of personal factors, social resources and coping resources in the police context. The research is a qualitative explication of theoretical concepts and constructs, followed by a quantitative empirical survey design. The survey led to a Structural Equation Model (SEM) fit between empirical data and the Moos (1994) hypothesised stress and coping model. Seven measuring instruments were used to collect data. Job demands, work overload and uncertainty were identified as causes of work stress originating within the work situation. Respondents indicated that family members play a role in social support, although it decreases when stress increases. The SEM procedure revealed that social support and personality has a limited and direct effect on well-being when experiencing a positive affective state (vigour), with coping strategies deleted from the experimental model. Adversely, stress has a direct effect on well-being (and eventually burnout) with no moderating effects by the hypothesised variables. The study proposes a new Police Vigour and Burnout Model (PVBM) as an alignment to the Moos (1994) model. It is recommended that vigour and burnout, as outcomes of the stress and coping process, be included in future studies as obliquely related variables in other spheres of society. An additional proposal is that stress inducing features within the police organisation should be scrutinized and critically addressed to prevent negative psychological affects. / Industrial Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial and Organisational Psyschology)

The advent of democracy in South Africa brought hope for freedom and prosperity for millions of South Africans. The country also experienced an increase in violent crime during those early years of democracy. In order to deal with the threat of crime the government had to develop policing strategies which would eradicate crime and fear of crime. As a young democracy South Africa had to look for policing models which has successfully decreased the high crime rate in developed countries. Fortunately the western democracies like the United Kingdom, United States of America and Australia had some of these answers. Firstly it was community policing, then sector policing, and finally intelligence led policing. This research focuses on the intelligence led policing model by discussing its building blocks in chronological order as follows. Firstly is the historical background of intelligence; Secondly, is information collection; Thirdly is crime analysis; and Fourthly is the Intelligence-cycle, with specific focus on the implementation process in England in the United Kingdom; New Jersey in the United States of America, South Australia State in Australia; and in the Republic of South Africa. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the implementation of intelligence led policing by the South African Police Service / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

The history of the criminal justice system in South Africa, in the last decade is a history dominated by the desire for change and transformation. It will be remembered that we are talking of a system which, in the past, formed part of the State apparatus of a minority government which included racist elements and highly restrictive legal regime in dealing with communities, crime and criminals. The criminal justice system is constituted by four core departments, namely: the South African Police Services; Department of Justice, Correctional Services and Welfare. The argument is whether the volunteers from the community should be involved at all in the fight against crime or not. Some people feel that a system· of justice should be controlled by professionals, who are accountable for their decisions, namely: the Police, Justice, and Correctional Services. However, the research revealed that a system which excludes the community from participating, will render itself ineffective and open to abuse. This topic should be further researched within each department in the criminal justice system in order to explore possibilities of attracting volunteers in the transformation of their respective departments. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

Police Practice / DLitt et Phil. (Police Practice)

This research assessed the criminological significance of motor vehicle crash data within the criminal justice context. The study was conducted at the southern region Accident Bureau of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department (EMPD). The objectives of this research are to: a. Explore and describe the extent and criminological impact of road traffic crashes on a macro level. b. Explore and describe the impact of road traffic crashes on a micro level. c. Explain the criminological significance of road traffic crash data in relation to effective road safety management. d. Evaluate and describe the attendance and recording procedure of road crashes. e. Evaluate and describe the supervisor’s responsibility in relation to the quality of crash data recorded. f. Evaluate and describe the effectiveness of crash statistics accessed by management and/or officials. g. Evaluate and explain the current prosecution procedure as part of the CJS. h. Evaluate existing policy about the crash-recording process applicable to operational law enforcement practitioners of the EMPD. i. Explore and describe the current state of motor vehicle insurance and its necessity from a criminological perspective. The researcher followed a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data from recorded Accident Report Forms and qualitative data from interviews with participants active in their fields of expertise. Road crashes are characterised by injury and damage; victims suffer trauma and economic consequences, and the society and the economy as a whole are affected. The research suggests that accurate road crash data form a crucial component in the investigation, prosecution and development of road safety strategies in the quest towards improved road safety efforts. It also indicates that existing crash data are of such a sub-standard that traffic professionals will not be able to develop effective and efficient road safety strategies in pursuit of road safety / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)