Dentre as vantagens do sistema de expressão gênica em células de drosófila observa-se ainda o estabelecimento rápido de linhagens estáveis de células que secretam de forma eficiente a proteína recombinante. Temos estabelecidas populações de células co-transfectadas S2AcGPV e transfectadas S2AcGPVHy. O objetivo deste trabalho é a comparação da expressão de GPV em células S2 co-transfectadas com os vetores pAcGPV (vetor de expressão) e o pCoHygro (vetor de seleção) ou transfectadas com um único vetor pAcGPVHygro (contendo o vetor de expressão e seleção). As populações obtidas foram analisadas em relação à expressão de GPV em imunoensaios: teste ELISA, Dot Blot, géis de SDS-PAGE, Western Blot, citometria de fluxo (FACS) e microscopia confocal. Os ensaios de imunofluorescência em citometria fluxo (FACS) realizados demonstraram que as células transfectadas e co-transfectadas estão expressando a proteína GPV. Valores entre 0,3 e 4 mg/107 células foram obtidos. Além disso, anticorpos anti-GPV foram capazes de reconhecer a proteína GPV . / Among the advantages of the system of gene expression in cells drosófila there is still the rapid establishment of stable cell lines that secrete efficiently the recombinant protein. We have established populations of cells co-transfected S2AcGPV and transfected S2AcGPVHy. The objective of this study is a comparison of the expression of GPV in S2 cells co-transfected with vector pAcGPV (vector of expression) and pCoHygro (vector of selection) or transfected with a single vector pAcGPVHygro (containing the vector of expression and selection gene). The populations were analyzed in relation to the expression of GPV in immunoassays: ELISA test, Dot Blot, the SDS-PAGE gels, Western Blot, flow cytometry (FACS) and confocal microscopy. Tests of immunofluorescence in flow cytometry (FACS) have shown that cells co-transfected and transfected are expressing the protein GPV. Values between 0.3 and 4 mg/107células were obtained. Moreover, anti-GPV were able to recognize the protein GPV.

A prolactina humana (hPRL) é um hormônio sintetizado pela hipófise com inúmeras funções tais como: lactação, reprodução e regulação osmótica. Este hormônio é frequentemente dosado em casos de problemas na lactação, infertilidade, além de estudos que elucidam sua ligação em alguns tipos de câncer (mama, próstata e útero). A hPRL é encontrada na forma não glicosilada (NG-hPRL) (23 kDa) e glicosilada (G-hPRL) (25 kDa), sendo a isoforma glicosilada um modelo ideal de análise de perfil de N-glicanos, já que possui um único sítio de glicosilação localizado na Asparagina 31. A glicosilação está relacionada diretamente à solubilidade, à estabilidade, ao enovelamento, à meia-vida e atividade biológica in vivo. As células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO) e as células embrionárias de rim humano (HEK293) são os hospedeiros mais utilizados para expressão de proteínas recombinantes, já que podem ser cultivadas em altas densidades e por possuírem similaridade nas modificações pós-traducionais. O objetivo foi expressar, purificar e realizar uma caracterização físico-química e biológica da hPRL glicosilada de células HEK293, incluindo análise da estrutura de carboidratos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma transfecção em células HEK293T (aderidas) com o vetor pcDNA 3.4-TOPO. Foi obtida uma expressão de 21,26 ± 8,3 μg/mL de hPRL no meio condicionado sem soro. A hPRL foi purificada por cromatografia de afinidade a metais imobilizados (IMAC), eluindo 92% da hPRL em uma única fração que, analisada por HPSEC, apresentou pureza de 97%. O perfil de N-glicanos da amostra apresentou seis espécies, todas com terminação em ácido-siálico, do tipo complexo, sendo bi, tri e tetra-antenárias, com relativa predominância da espécie N2G2S1 (29,4%). A bioatividade in vitro da G-hPRL HEK293 demonstrou ser ≅ 16 vezes menor que a G-hPRL produzida em células CHO. / Human prolactin (hPRL) is a hormone synthesized by the pituitary gland with innumerable functions such as lactation, reproduction and osmotic regulation. This hormone is often determined in cases of lactation problems, infertility, and studies that elucidate its connection in some types of cancer (breast, prostate and uterus). The hPRL is found in the non-glycosylated (NG-hPRL) (23 kDa) and glycosylated (G-hPRL) (25 kDa) form, being the glycosylated isoform an ideal model for N-glycan profile analysis, since it has a single glycosylation site located in Asparagine 31. Glycosylation is directly related to solubility, stability, folding, half-life and biological activity in vivo. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells are the most widely used hosts for expression of recombinant proteins, since they can be grown at high densities and have similarity in post-translational modifications. The objective of this work was to express, purify and perform a physicochemical and biological characterization of the glycosylated hPRL from HEK293 cells, including analysis of the carbohydrate structure. For this purpose, a transfection was performed on HEK293T (adhered) cells with the 3.4-TOPO pcDNA vector. Expression of 21.26 ± 8.3 μg/mL hPRL in the serum free conditioned medium was obtained. The hPRL was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), eluting 92% of the hPRL in a single fraction which analyzed by HPSEC, showed 97% purity. The N-glycans profile of the sample showed six species, all with sialic acid termination, complex type, being bi, tri and tetra antennary, with a relative predominance of N2G2S1 (29.4%). In vitro bioactivity of G-hPRL HEK293 demonstrated to be ≅ 16-fold lower than G-hPRL produced in CHO cells.

Gene therapy holds promise for the treatment a wide range of diseases ranging from cystic fibrosis to cardiovascular disease to cancer. The need for safe and efficient gene delivery methods remains the primary barrier to human gene therapy. Non-viral vector materials, including polymers, can be designed to be biocompatible and non-immunogenic, but lack the efficiency to be clinically relevant. Gene therapy awaits the development of new materials that are both safe and efficient. Here, we have synthesized a series of modified zwitterionic polymers based on the common transfecting agent polyethylenimine (PEI). Using a variety of biochemical and biophysical methods we have studied structure-function relation in zPEI-DNA as a function of percent modification. Our results show significant structural rearrangements in the DNA condensates with increasing zwitterionic character. The percent zwitterionic modification determines not only DNA packaging but the serum stability of the resulting polyplexes with more highly modified zPEI releasing DNA more readily.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin. It was thought, that exosomes are used by cells only as carriers for cellular waste, but it was found out, that exosomes serve in the cellular communication and have a role in viral infections. Exosomes are exploited by viruses for example for the transport of viral protein or viral RNA/DNA. One of the viruses, where the mechanism of exploitation is unknown (if any exists) is murine polyomavirus. Murine polyomavirus belongs to the family Polyomaviridae, to which other human viruses belong for example, JC virus or virus of Merkel cell carcinoma. Murine polyomavirus codes for small, large and middle T antigen and three capsid proteins. Middle T antigen is known to bind to cellular membranes. Exosomes are membrane derived structures, so we investigated a possible transfer of middle T antigen. To this goal the successful isolation of exosomes and their characterization was necessary. Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and further purified by the density gradient OptiPrep. Exosomes were characterized by electron microscopy, NanoSight and by protein exosomal markers. These markers are for example Alix and flotillin-1. The cells were transfected in order to produce middle T antigen. It was shown, that exosomes isolated from these cells...

Le sujet de cette thèse concerne l'élaboration de vecteurs fonctionnels de transfert de gènes destinés à la thérapie génique de tumeurs.<br />Deux familles de vecteurs synthétiques fonctionnels ont été synthétisées afin d'améliorer d'une part la biodisponibilité des vecteurs dans les applications in vivo et d'autre part leur spécificité de ciblage des tissus tumoraux. <br />La première famille de composés est constituée de télomères et de cotélomères « furtifs » issus des réactions de (co)télomérisation. Le design des télomères est basé sur un squelette « diblock » composé d'une partie polyaminée de degré de télomérisation aléatoire et d'une partie hydrophile (polyéthylène glycol). Le design des cotélomères est basé sur un squelette aléatoire de motifs aminés et de structures hydrophiles (tétraéthylène glycol et trishydroxyméthyl). La deuxième famille de vecteurs synthétiques est issue de la synthèse de lipides et polymères cationiques conjugués à un ligand dérivé de l'antagoniste des récepteurs à chimiokines CXCR-4, l'AMD3100 ou bicyclame.<br />Le potentiel des (co)télomères « furtifs » en tant qu'agents de condensation et de transfert de gènes a été évalué in vitro sur des cellules de carcinome pulmonaire humain A549.<br />Le potentiel des conjugués ciblés lipidiques et polymériques à compacter l'ADN et à transfecter de manière spécifique des cellules par la voie récepteur médiée a été évalué à la fois sur des cellules n'exprimant pas le récepteur CXCR-4 (A549, T98G) et sur des cellules l'exprimant (Jurkat).<br />Certains des (co)télomères « furtifs » testés (PEG2000-[NH2]n) ont démontré des efficacités de transfection comparables à des formulations lipidiques de référence (pcTG90/DOPE) tout en étant moins toxiques. Parmi les conjugués ciblés, le cotélomère iBu-[NH]80-[AMD]4 s'est révélé être un agent de transfert de gènes spécifique sur les cellules Jurkat sous certaines conditions de formulations, par rapport aux lipides et polymères conventionnels.<br />Mots clés : thérapie génique, transfert de gènes, lipoplexes, polyplexes, polyéthylène glycol, biodisponibilité, AMD-3100, ciblage, transfection.<br />Discipline : Chimie.

<p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disease in the white population. It is due to mutations in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a protein that functions mainly as a cAMP-activated chloride channel. The disease impairs ion and water transport in epithelia-lined organs such as airways, digestive tract, reproductive epithelium and sweat glands. At present the only therapy is symptomatic and development of curative treatment depends on uncovering the links between the defective CFTR and the disease, as well as on improving end-point measurements. </p><p>A method has been established for studying ion transport in an easily accessible cell type (nasal epithelial cells) from normal and cystic fibrosis patients by X-ray microanalysis. This method represents a rather simple and direct way of measuring simultaneously several chemical elements of biological interest.</p><p>Studies of chloride transport by means of a fluorescent indicator (MQAE) in nasal epithelial cells from CF patients showed that the phenotype cannot exclusively be explained by the CFTR activity in patients with severe genotype. </p><p>A common Portuguese CFTR mutation (A561E) causes protein mislocalization in the endoplasmic reticulum similar to the most common CF mutation (ΔF508) and thus it should be possible to treat it with the same pharmacological strategies.</p><p>Chronic treatment of CF airway epithelial cells with nanomolar concentrations of colchicine increased the chloride efflux via chloride channels other than CFTR, strengthening the notion that colchicine could be beneficial to CF patients.</p><p>Successful <i>in vitro </i>transfection of CF airway epithelial cells with cationic vectors was possible with short incubation times. Heparin added at the end of the transfection incubation time could help to maintain the viability of the cells, without interfering with the transfection efficiency. It seems possible that heparin could be an adjuvant for non-viral mediated gene therapy.</p>

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disease in the white population. It is due to mutations in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a protein that functions mainly as a cAMP-activated chloride channel. The disease impairs ion and water transport in epithelia-lined organs such as airways, digestive tract, reproductive epithelium and sweat glands. At present the only therapy is symptomatic and development of curative treatment depends on uncovering the links between the defective CFTR and the disease, as well as on improving end-point measurements. A method has been established for studying ion transport in an easily accessible cell type (nasal epithelial cells) from normal and cystic fibrosis patients by X-ray microanalysis. This method represents a rather simple and direct way of measuring simultaneously several chemical elements of biological interest. Studies of chloride transport by means of a fluorescent indicator (MQAE) in nasal epithelial cells from CF patients showed that the phenotype cannot exclusively be explained by the CFTR activity in patients with severe genotype. A common Portuguese CFTR mutation (A561E) causes protein mislocalization in the endoplasmic reticulum similar to the most common CF mutation (ΔF508) and thus it should be possible to treat it with the same pharmacological strategies. Chronic treatment of CF airway epithelial cells with nanomolar concentrations of colchicine increased the chloride efflux via chloride channels other than CFTR, strengthening the notion that colchicine could be beneficial to CF patients. Successful in vitro transfection of CF airway epithelial cells with cationic vectors was possible with short incubation times. Heparin added at the end of the transfection incubation time could help to maintain the viability of the cells, without interfering with the transfection efficiency. It seems possible that heparin could be an adjuvant for non-viral mediated gene therapy.

A ce jour, l'objectif principal de la thérapie génique par voie intraveineuse est le développement de vecteurs pouvant encapsuler et délivrer des acides nucléiques au niveau de cellules cibles, avec l'efficacité de transfection des vecteurs viraux. Dans ce but, des nanocapsules lipidiques chargées en lipoplexes de DOTAP/DOPE, les LNC ADN, ont été utilisées. Ainsi, ces vecteurs ont été post-insérés avec de longues chaînes de poly (éthylène glycol) (PEG), grâce à l'utilisation de deux types de polymères amphiphiles : le DSPE-mPEG2000 et le copolymère F108. Une étude physico-chimique de la modification de surface a été réalisée. La présence de chaînes de DSPE-mPEG2000 en configuration brosse, a permis l'obtention d'un vecteur furtif aux yeux du système immunitaire capable de s'accumuler de manière significative au niveau des tissus tumoraux, grâce à un effet EPR. En parallèle, un modèle de ciblage extracellulaire du récepteur aux asialoglycoprotéines des hépatocytes a été envisagé. Le greffage de résidus galactose à l'extrémité des chaînes de PEG du copolymère F108, a permis l'expression spécifique d'un transgène au niveau des hépatocytes primaires de rat.

Mitochondria are an attractive target for the design of cancer therapy. One of the mechanisms by which chemotherapeutics destroy cancer cells is by inducing apoptosis through extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Extrinsic pathways target cell surface receptors whilst intrinsic pathways target mitochondria. Several studies have shown cancer cell destruction through the extrinsic pathways, which target cancer-specific overexpressed growth factor receptors on the cell membrane. Although the mitochondria dependent apoptotic process is well understood, its application in cancer therapy is still not well developed. Therefore, to design an effective cancer therapy targeting mitochondria, a good understanding in mitochondria dependent apoptotic process is required. Recent developments in nanotechnology have enabled live cell investigations and non-destructive methods to obtain cellular information. The availability of such information would assist to design methods of targeted apoptosis induction. In view of this, I report on studies towards development of cancer therapy where nanoparticles (NPs) were targeted to human cell mitochondria for two purposes: (a) development of cell-imaging tools to investigate the fundamental cell biological pathways inside cells and (b) induction of apoptosis by targeting nanoparticles to mitochondria. Current medical and biological fluorescent imaging methods are mainly based on dye markers, which are limited in light emission per molecule, as well as photostability. Consequently, NPs are gaining prominence for molecular imaging because of their strong and stable fluorescence. Additionally, in order to get insight of mitochondrial molecular information, I investigated the use of optical properties of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this study, two types of Au NPs - nanospheres (Au NS) and nanorods (Au NR) were investigated. Results from this study showed the enhancement effect of Au NPs in Raman spectra of mitochondria, especially in the region from 1500 to 1600 cm-1. In this region, normal Raman spectra of mitochondria showed the presence of some understated Raman peaks probably due to the excitation wavelength dependence. Au NRs showed a larger enhancement effect than Au NS with respect to the penetration depth of the plasmonic nearfield enhancement effect. Although, the details of the enhancement mechanism are beyond the current studies, Au NPs could be enhancing vibrations of aromatic residues in proteins. This study therefore showed that Au NPs could enhance Raman spectra of mitochondria and in addition the shape of the nanoparticles had a significant effect on SERS spectra. In living cells, I investigated some transfection methods and targeting of NPs to mitochondria or cytosolic actin subunits. I tested the performance of three transfection reagents to deliver nanodiamonds (NDs) into living cells. Antibody functionalized NDs were targeted to mitochondria or cytosolic actin subunits. Three transfection reagents were used: cationic liposomes PULSin™, the cell penetrating peptide protamine, and oligosaccharide modified polypropylene imine (PPI) dendrimers. Fluorescence imaging results revealed that dendrimers were the most efficient in delivering ND conjugates to targeted organelles. Protamine-mediated transfections appeared to target ND conjugates to intended organelles, although there was a tendency of unfunctionalized NDs to be directed to the nucleus. PULSin™-mediated transfection formed ND aggregates regardless of the functionalization moiety. This reflected the unsuitability of the cationic liposome to mediate ND transfections. Further, I investigated the potential use of Au NPs for cell imaging and photothermal lysis of mitochondria inside cells. Just as above, I also tested the performance of the three-transfection reagents mentioned above on transfection capacity of Au NPs into living cells. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), oligosaccharide modified dendrimers showed the best transfection of functionalized Au NPs. Further experiments explored the use of the nearfield enhancement effect of Au NPs in combination with low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) to induce apoptosis in living cells. Analysis of the apoptotic process using cytochrome c release showed that Au NPs induced apoptosis most probably through mechanical disruption of the outer mitochondrial membrane. However, apoptosis was significantly accelerated in cells with mitochondrially targeted Au NRs than in cells without Au NRs. This study showed successful targeting of Au NPs to mitochondria in living cells, and demonstrated the potential of using Au NPs in combination with laser irradiation to induce the mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, the potential use of Au NPs in SERS of mitochondria and the application of NDs for cell imaging of intracellular organelles were demonstrated. Lastly, Au NPs were targeted to mitochondria in living cells and could induce apoptosis due to mechanical disruption of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Consequently, application of low-level laser irradiation to Au NP transfected cells accelerated the apoptotic process.

Previous studies have indicated that the promoters of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi are unusual in that they do not exhibit the CAAT or TATAA sequences usually found in the core domains of promoters of most eukaryotic organisms. Analysis of the promoters of the ribosomal proteins showed that the region flanking the splice leader (SL) addition site plays an important role in transcription and may function as the core promoter domain in B. malayi. To test the hypothesis that the SL addition domain is the most important essential region of the ribosomal protein promoters, the SL addition site of the BmRPL13 gene was replaced with the SL addition domains from other ribosomal protein genes from B. malayi. The promoter activity of the replacement constructs were tested using a transient transfection dual luciferase assay. Promoter activity with RPL13 replacement constructs was correlated with that seen in the wild type promoters, suggesting that roughly 80% of the variations seen in promoter activity among ribosomal protein promoters is due to variation in the SL core promoter domain.