Tidigare år har det forskats mycket kring könslönegapet i Sverige, det har rapporterats om anledningar som att kvinnor är mer benägna att arbeta deltid och vara föräldralediga. Forskning indikerar att könslönegapet blir större efter kvinnor fött barn och blir större ju fler barn en kvinna har. I den här kvantitativa uppsatsen bryter vi ner lönegapet och undersöker vad föräldraskapet har för inverkan på kvinnors lön. Det vi tittar på är om det finns ett motherhood wage penalty på den svenska arbetsmarknaden, alltså om det finns en löneskillnad mellan kvinnor utan barn och mödrar. Detta undersöker vi med hjälp av frågeställningen ”Skiljer sig bruttotimlönen i Sverige mellan kvinnor som inte har några barn jämfört med kvinnor som har ett barn, två barn och tre eller fler barn?”. Vi kommer att kontrollera för variablerna utbildning, sysselsättningsgrad, antal år i samma typ av arbete och antal månader borta från förvärvsarbete. Datamaterialet kommer från Levnadsnivåundersökningen (2010) och urvalet har avgränsats till kvinnor mellan 35-55 år vilket resulterar 497 respondenter. Begreppet the motherhood wage penalty härstammar från humankapitalteorin, vilket är en av teorierna som vi kommer att utgå ifrån samt signaleringsteorin. Båda dessa teorier baseras på att mödrars löner sätts utifrån fördomar och förväntningar. Enligt humankapitalteorin sätts mödrars löner lägre då arbetsgivaren förväntar sig att hon kommer att investerar mindre på arbetsplatsen. Signaleringsteorin säger istället att arbetsgivare förväntar sig att kvinnor en dag skall komma att bli föräldrar då detta är normen för vårt samhälle. Med denna förväntning så tolkas inte moderskapet och föräldraledigheten som en signal att hon har ett minskat intresse för arbetet och bestraffas därför inte för detta i form av lägre lön. Resultatet i studien visar att mödrar i genomsnitt tjänar mer än kvinnor utan barn och att det positiva sambandet är statistiskt signifikant för mödrar med två barn. Resultatet stödjer inte humankapitalteorin, och endast till viss del signaleringsteorin, då vi utifrån denna skulle förvänta oss ett icke-samband medans resultatet indikerar ett positivt samband, åtminstone mellan att ha två barn och timlön Det väcker frågor kring tidigare forskning och om fördomar kring mödrar i Sverige nu kanske förändrats till det bättre.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucia Helena Souza Doniak.pdf: 4014101 bytes, checksum: 2b159c7a002f498c853ed36139574182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-03 / This present research is a case study of employed drivers in road freight transport in the municipality of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, and aims to identify the social and economic aspects and analyze the achievement of comprehensive working hours of these professionals after the Law n. 12.619/2012, which regulates the profession of the driver. The research of quantitative and qualitative character was made from the triangulation method, and the bibliographic and documentary allowed the systematization of theoretical and methodological framework from which the main analytical categories emerged: State, capitalism, work, occupation, wage, fight classes, salary and working hours. In the second phase of triangulation, a situational analysis was used to present the scenario that was established after the promulgation of the law, identifying key actors, the movements, the contradictions that arose from the significant event in this context understood as the enactment of law that shifted from the legislative to the society, especially for highways and for the category of professional drivers, the struggle and the class conflicts. The elements identified by the first two methods were used for the preparation of the interview questionnaire which was applied in the research field with the employed drivers. The data obtained from the interviews were collected and subsequently became the main information about the practice of professional life of the driver and also the socioeconomic profile of the professional in the city, whose information was correlated with the documentary evidence and the provisions of Law n. 12.619/2012. / A presente pesquisa é um estudo de caso dos motoristas empregados no transporte rodoviário de carga do Município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, e tem por objetivo identificar os aspectos sociais e econômicos e analisar a realização das exaustivas jornadas de trabalho desses profissionais após a entrada em vigor da Lei n. 12.619/2012, que regulamentou a profissão do motorista. A pesquisa de caráter quanti-qualitativo foi realizada a partir da triangulação de métodos, sendo que o levantamento bibliográfico e documental possibilitou a sistematização do referencial teórico-metodológico de onde emergiram as principais categorias analíticas: Estado, capitalismo, trabalho, profissão, assalariamento, luta de classes, salário, jornada de trabalho. Na segunda fase da triangulação, a análise de conjuntura foi utilizada para apresentar o cenário que se estabeleceu a partir da promulgação da lei, identificando os principais atores, os movimentos, as contradições que surgiram a partir do acontecimento significativo, entendido nesse contexto, como a promulgação da lei, que deslocou do legislativo para a sociedade, especialmente para as rodovias e para a categoria dos motoristas profissionais, a luta e os conflitos de uma classe. Os elementos identificados por meio dos dois primeiros métodos foram utilizados para elaboração do questionário de entrevista que foi aplicado na pesquisa de campo junto aos motoristas empregados. Os dados obtidos nas entrevistas foram reunidos e posteriormente transformaram-se nas principais informações sobre a práxis da vida profissional do motorista e no perfil socioeconômico do desse no município, cujas informações foram correlacionadas com os dados documentais e as disposições da Lei n. 12.619/2012.

The negotiation of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (1993) and subsequent creation of the territory of Nunavut in 1999 have been considered by some to be the beginning of the nation to nation reconciliation between the Inuit of the Eastern Arctic and Canada. The institutions of public government that were created through this agreement are intended in part to support Inuit in shaping their economic livelihoods in the territory on their terms. However, it is unclear how territorial and regional planners and decision-makers in positions of power conceptualize “successful economic development” in Nunavut and what implications this could have for Inuit self-determination. Key informants from the Government of Nunavut (GN) and several Inuit and Land Claims Organizations (ILCOs) were interviewed (n=17) to understand how they conceptualize successful development in the territory and what they think is needed to attain their vision. A framework for Indigenous nation building (Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development), developed from three decades of research, is used to analyze the interview results. The results of this qualitative analysis indicate that key informants interpret their role toward Inuit self-determination as promoting Inuit participation in Nunavut’s market-based, wage-labour economy. This has important implications for possible GN and ILCO coordination and collaboration in their socio-economic efforts on behalf of Nunavummiut.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto que a condição de migração dos pais exerce sobre a alocação do tempo dos filhos entre 10 e 14 anos no Estado de São Paulo. A atenção volta-se especialmente para a verificação empírica da probabilidade de a criança estudar/trabalhar, separando a amostra do estudo de acordo com as diferentes possibilidades de combinação das condições de migração dos pais da criança. No primeiro capítulo é apresentada uma revisão da literatura econômica referente ao trabalho infantil, com ênfase nos resultados obtidos no caso brasileiro. A seguir é mostrado como os fatores de curto e longo prazos da migração familiar podem interferir na alocação do tempo das crianças entre escola e trabalho. Para distinguir os impactos de curto e longo prazos da migração dos pais sobre a probabilidade de a criança estudar/trabalhar, os pais migrantes foram separados de acordo com o tempo de residência no Estado de São Paulo em: migrantes há menos de dez anos, que podem ter origem em outra Unidade da Federação, ou serem paulistas retornados e, ainda, migrantes de outros Estados que residem há pelo menos dez anos no local de destino. Essa distinção foi utilizada para analisar o diferencial de rendimentos de pais e mães migrantes em relação aos não migrantes através da aplicação da decomposição de Oaxaca, apresentada no capítulo 2. A constatação da seletividade positiva ou negativa de cada um dos três grupos de pais/mães migrantes em relação a pais/mães paulistas não migrantes auxiliou a análise de como a diferença de rendimentos colabora para a explicação das discrepâncias das probabilidades de estudar/trabalhar de seus respectivos filhos. No capítulo 3, antes do cálculo do probit bivariado para obter as probabilidades previstas de a criança estudar/trabalhar, a amostra dos filhos de 10 a 14 anos é separada de acordo com as possíveis combinações de pais e mães, segundo o tempo de residência no Estado de São Paulo. O probit bivariado para meninos e meninas é calculado para cada tipo de família e, com base nas probabilidades previstas obtidas, aplica-se a decomposição entre características observáveis e não observáveis da diferença das probabilidades de estudar/trabalhar entre os filhos de migrantes e não migrantes. De maneira genérica, os resultados encontrados mostram que a migração dos pais amplia as chances de seus filhos ofertarem trabalho no curto prazo, enquanto no longo prazo, dada a seletividade positiva dos adultos, os filhos de migrantes têm menor probabilidade de trabalhar. Este resultado aponta que durante o período de adaptação dos pais ao mercado de trabalho do local de destino, as chances de a família fazer uso da mão-de-obra de seus filhos têm uma leve ampliação. Por outro lado, os resultados indicam que a migração não interfere de maneira positiva sobre a probabilidade de a criança estudar, independentemente do tempo de residência de seus pais no local de destino. Como os filhos de migrantes apresentam probabilidade de estudar sistematicamente inferior à dos filhos dos não migrantes, o deslocamento geográfico para o Estado de São Paulo não pode ser visto como um processo que contribui para a redução da pobreza intergeracional. / The present work analyzes the impact of different parents migration condition over their children of 10-14 years time allocation in São Paulo State. The attention is especially turned toward the empirical approach of child probability to study/work following the sample segregation in accordance with different possible combinations of parent’s migration condition. In the first chapter a revision of economic literature of child labor is presented, with emphasis for the results gotten in the Brazilian case. To follow it is shown as the determinants of short and long terms of family migration can influence in child time allocation between school and work. To distinguish the impacts from short and long terms of parent’s migration on child probability to study/work, the father and mother migrants conditions was split up according with their time of residence in São Paulo State: migrants less than ten years (who can be born in another State or a returned) and migrants that live at least ten years in destination place. This distinction works as a base to differential wage calculation between the migrants and non-migrants parents carry through the application of Oaxaca decomposition in chapter 2. The evidence of positive or negative selectivity to each one of the three groups of fathers/mothers migrants in relation to non-migrants parents helps the analysis of how the wage differential contribute to explain the discrepancies of study/work probabilities between their children. In chapter 3, before bivariate probit calculation, the sample of the children of 10-14 years is separate in accordance with the possible combinations of fathers and mothers according to time of residence in São Paulo State. The bivariate probit for boys and girls is calculated for each type of family and based on the predict probabilities of study/work the difference between migrants and non-migrants children is decomposed in observed and not observed characteristics. The general results show that in short term the parents migration increase the chances of children work, while in the long term the migrants children have less probability to work, due to their parents positive selection. On the other hand, migrant conditions are not significant to explain the child study probability, independent of their parent’s time residence in destination place. Because the study probability of migrants children are continually lesser than non migrants child it is not possible to affirm that migration is a process that contributes for the reduction of intergerational poverty in São Paulo State.

Les effets de la sévère crise économique qui a suivi la crise financière en 2007-2008 s’est fait fortement ressentir sur le marché du travail. La croissance du chômage et l’insécurité de l’emploi ont considérablement influencé le pro­cessus de négociation salariale entre employeurs, employés et syndicats. Cette évolution a mis en avant la nécessité de comprendre à quel point ce processus ainsi que le rapport de force entre les parties en présence diffèrent en période de croissance et en période de ralentissement économique. A.n de répondre à cette question, la présente thèse étudie le comportement des employeurs, des employés et des syndicats lors du processus de fixation des salaires, en mettant partic­ulièrement l’accent sur l’évolution de l’interaction entre ces trois agents à travers le cycle économique. Les deux premiers chapitres de ma thèse analysent les fluc­tuations du pouvoir des syndicats à travers le cycle et relient ces fluctuations aux fluctuations des salaires. Le premier chapitre propose un cadre théorique qui associe frictions d’appariement et syndicats et démontre que les rigidités salariales proviennent de façon endogène du comportement des syndicats. Le deuxième chapitre de ma thèse teste ces prédictions empiriquement, en utilisant un panel d’industries sur la période 1987-2000 aux États-Unis. Les résultats confirment l’hypothèse que les salaires sont moins corrélés au niveau de pro­ductivité lorsqu’ils sont négociés collectivement. L’intensification des propriétés contracycliques de la part salariale est au coeur du mécanisme. Le troisième chapitre propose un modèle avec affichage des salaires qui examine l’évolution du pouvoir de monopsone des entreprises à travers le cycle économique. Les conséquences en termes de dispersion des salaires sont étudiées. Le premier chapitre de ma thèse propose un modèle dynamique du marché du travail qui associe deux caractéristiques principales : frictions d’appariement et syndicats. A.n d’étudier comment les syndicats influencent la volatilité des salaires à travers le cycle, je dissocie les deux composants de la volatilité des salaires : la volatilité du surplus total et la volatilité du pouvoir de négocia­tion effectif des syndicats. Le pouvoir de négociation effectif des syndicats est dé.ni comme la part du surplus total alloué aux travailleurs. Je prouve que ce pouvoir de négociation effectif est endogène et contracyclique, résultat qui provient directement de la fonction d’utilité des syndicats. L’intuition est la suivante. Du fait que les syndicats internalisent la relation entre le niveau des salaires et la création de postes, ils font face à un arbitrage entre le niveau des salaires et le niveau de l’emploi. Ainsi, les préférences des syndicats (donnant la priorité aux salaires ou à l’emploi) fluctuent à travers le cycle, et il en est de même du pouvoir de négociation effectif des syndicats. Il en résulte que, lorsque l’économie est touchée par un choc de productivité, la dynamique du pouvoir de négociation effectif des syndicats neutralise partiellement la dynamique du surplus total, mécanisme qui crée de la rigidité salariale. Le modèle est carac­térisé par la coexistence d’un secteur non syndiqué, dans lequel les salaires sont individuellement négociés à la Nash, avec un secteur syndiqué. En calibrant ce modèle avec des données américaines, j’obtiens qu’un choc positif entraine, au moment du choc, une compression de la prime syndicale, suivi par une aug­mentation régulière de cette prime à mesure que la proportion de travailleurs employés augmente. En corollaire, l’emploi réagit plus fortement lorsque les salaires sont négociés collectivement, mais l’effet est moins persistent. / The consequences of the sudden and severe contraction of industrial output in the aftermath of the .nancial crisis of 2007-2008 are increasingly being felt in the labor market. Rising unemployment and job insecurity has greatly in­.uenced wage bargaining interactions between firms, workers and trade unions. It pointed out the necessity to understand how di.erent were the wage-setting process and the balance of power between the main actors in good times and bad. As an answer to this issue, this dissertation investigates the wage-setting behavior of .rms, workers and trade unions, placing particular emphasis on how the interaction between these three economic agents changes over the business cycle. The two first chapters of the thesis analyze the fluctuations of the power of trade unions over the cycle, and relate these .uctuations to the .uctuations of wages. The .rst chapter proposes a theoretical framework with search and matching frictions and trade unions and shows how wage rigidity arises endoge­nously due to the behavior of unions. The second chapter tests these predictions empirically, using a panel of U.S. industries over the period 1987-2000. The re­sults confirm the predictions that wages are less correlated with productivity when collectively bargained. The intensi.cation of the countercyclicality of the labor share is at the core of the mechanism. The third chapter proposes a model with wage posting and investigates how them onopsonistic power of firmse volves along the cycle. The consequences in terms of wage dispersion are examined. The .rst chapter of the dissertation proposes a dynamic model of the labor marketwhichintegratestwomainfeatures: matchingfrictionsandtradeunions. To examine how trade unions shape the volatility of wages over the business cycle, I decompose the volatility of wages into two components: the volatil­ity of the match surplus and the volatility of the e.ective bargaining power. Formally, I de.ne the e.ective bargaining power of the union as the share of the total surplus allocated to the workers. Starting from the union’s objective function, I prove that its e.ective bargaining power is endogenous and coun­tercyclical. Intuitively, because the union internalizes the relationship between the wage level and the job creation, it faces a trade-o. between the wage rate and the employment rate. Therefore, the union’s preferences (wage-oriented or employment-oriented) fluctuate along the cycle and so does its effective bargain­ing power. As a result, when the economy is hit by a productivity shock, the dynamics of the union’s effective bargaining power partially counteract the dy­namics of the total surplus and this mechanism delivers wage rigidity. I specify a model in which a non unionized sector, where wages are negotiated through a standard individual Nash bargaining, coexists with a unionized sector. In the model calibrated with U.S. data, I .nd that a positive productivity shock leads, on impact, to a compression of the union wage premium, followed by a steady increase of this premium as the proportion of employed workers in the trade unions increases. Relatedly, employment reacts stronger when wages are collectively bargained, but its pattern features less persistence.

Over the course of years from 1995 to 2008 was acquired by Average Earnings Information System under the professional gestation of the Czech Republic Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs wage and personal data by individual employees. Thanks to the fact that in this statistical survey are collected wage and personal data by concrete employed persons it is possible to obtain a wage distribution, so it how this wages spread out among individual employees. Values that wages can be assumed in whole wage interval are not deterministical but they result from interactions of many random influences. The wage is necessary due to this randomness considered as random quantity with its probability density function. This spreading of wages in all labor market segments is described a wage distribution. Even though a representation of a high-income employee category is evidently small, one's incomes markedly affect statistically itemized average wage level and particularly the whole wage file variability. So wage employee collections are distinguished by the averaged wage that exceeds wages of a major employee mass and the high variability due to great wage heterogeneity. A general approach to distribution of earning modeling under current heterogeneity conditions don't permit to fit by some chosen distribution function or probably density function. This leads to the idea to apply some quantile approach with statistical modeling, i.e. to model an earning distribution with some appropriate inverse distributional function. The probability modeling by generalized or compound forms of quantile functions enables better to characterize a wage distribution, which distinguishes by high asymmetry and wage heterogeneity. The application of inverse distributional function as a probability model of a wage distribution can be expressed in forms of distributional mixture of partial employee's groups. All of the component distributions of this mixture model correspond to an employee's group with greater homogeneity of earnings. The partial employee's subfiles differ in parameters of their component density and in shares of this density in the total wage distribution of the wage file.

This diploma thesis deals with the problematic areas of rewarding of employees. However, it is not possible to explore this area only from accounting viewpoint. It is necessary to take into account the context and the currenet law in force at 1. 1. 2012. The aim of this thesis is to find the optimal reward system both in terms of employees, and from the perspective of the employer. The employer is trying to reduce labor costs and also to motivate and retain quality and loyality of employees. Today, in addition to wages employee also expects other monetary or non-monetary benefits that have an impact on his professional and personal development. Therefore it is necessary to find a compromise between employee's demands and objectives of employers. The partical part summarizes the findings from previous theoretical work parts into a complex example, where creative approaches are demonstrated which in real life are used in rewarding of employees.

nÃo hà / As questÃes ligadas à educaÃÃo e à desigualdade de renda foram o objeto deste estudo, no qual foram coletados dados da Prova Brasil de 2011 (base de dados do SAEB- Sistema de AvaliaÃÃo da educaÃÃo BÃsica), especificamente sobre os resultados da prova de matemÃtica e lÃngua portuguesa, aplicadas aos alunos do 9 ano do Ensino Fundamental, bem como dados dos Ãndices de Gini e do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Objetivase com esta pesquisa fazer um paralelo entre o desempenho escolar dos alunos do 9 ano dos estados do Cearà e SÃo Paulo junto à questÃo da desigualdade de renda e desenvolvimento humano, e, para tanto, testa-se a hipÃtese de que existe uma relaÃÃo inversa entre desempenho escolar e desigualdade de renda e positiva entre desempenho escolar e IDH-M para estes estados da federaÃÃo e para o ano da pesquisa. AlÃm disto, um exercÃcio contra factual propÃe verificar a seguinte questÃo: Se o Cearà apresentasse o Ãndice de Gini e IDH de SÃo Paulo, como o modelo explicaria o desempenho dos alunos cearenses medido pela Prova Brasil? / The issues related to education and income inequality were the goal of this study, in which data from Prova Brasil 2011 (database Saeb-System Evaluation of Primary education) were collected specifically on the results of math and Portuguese test, applied to students in the 9th grade of elementary school, as well as data and Gini Index Municipal Human development Index (HDI-M). We aim with this research to draw a parallel between the academic performance of students in the 9th grade in the states of Cearà and SÃo Paulo connected to the issue of income inequality and human development, and testing the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between performance educational and income inequality between school performance and positive and HDI-M, for these states of the federation and the survey year. Besides, a counterfactual exercise proposes to verify the following question: If Cearà presented the Gini Index and HDI of SÃo Paulo, how the model would explain the performance of Cearà students measured by Prova Brasil?

O mercado de trabalho brasileiro tem apresentado nos últimos anos tendências que chamam a atenção e que suscitam questões diversas do ponto de vista da literatura econômica. A partir de 2004, aliada à redução da taxa de desemprego (que cai à metade em menos de uma década), o salário mínimo apresenta crescimento real de quase dois terços do seu valor, a desigualdade salarial é sensivelmente reduzida, ao mesmo tempo em que a taxa de formalidade alcança níveis muito elevados. A partir desse pano de fundo, o presente trabalho pretende examinar duas questões centrais. A primeira delas seria sobre os efeitos do aumento do salário mínimo sobre a desigualdade salarial. Utilizamos uma metodologia de densidades contrafactuais com dados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) de 2004 e 2011 para avaliar os efeitos da variação do salário mínimo, do aumento da formalização, das características pessoais e das condições de oferta e demanda do mercado de trabalho sobre as mudanças das densidades salariais. Como resultados anteriores da literatura, as estimativas indicam que o primeiro fator exerce efeitos expressivos no sentido de reduzir a dispersão salarial da densidade como um todo e em especial na calda inferior. Eles são robustos à inversão da ordem de decomposição e se mantêm relevantes entre as mulheres. Os efeitos da formalização se mantêm com a inversão da ordem somente entre os homens e são maiores, nesse caso, do que aqueles do salário mínimo. A segunda questão seria sobre a origem dos fluxos que alimentaram o crescente setor formal do mercado de trabalho. Utilizamos um modelo de escolha discreta para examinar os fatores determinantes das transições para postos de trabalho formais, novamente com dados da PME, entre 2002 e 2010. A probabilidade de transição à formalidade aumentou a partir das cinco posições iniciais consideradas, especialmente a partir da desocupação, enquanto que os fluxos de saída da formalidade em direção à desocupação e à informalidade se reduziram. As estimativas indicam que homens, com maior escolaridade, mais jovens e com menor tempo na situação apresentaram maiores chances de formalização. Estatísticas adicionais mostram que os serviços foram o setor que mais contratou os que entraram nos novos empregos formais, e que a maior parcela desses era de trabalhadores anteriormente formais. Além disso, entre os novos empregados formais, os que eram anteriormente inativos ou desocupados apresentaram os menores salários, o que provavelmente se relaciona com fatores não observáveis. / The Brazilian labour market has shown in recent years trends that draw attention and raise different issues from the point of view of the economic literature. From 2004, along with the reduction in the unemployment rate (which fell by half in less than a decade), the minimum wage shows real growth for nearly two-thirds of its value, wage inequality is significantly reduced, while the rate of formality reaches very high levels. Based on this background, this paper seeks to examine two issues central The first one is on the effects of raising the minimum wage on wage inequality. We use a methodology of counterfactual densities with data from the Monthly Employment Survey (PME), between 2004 and 2011, to assess the effects of changes in the minimum wage, increasing formalization and other two factors on the changes of wage densities. As a result of the previous literature, our estimates indicate that the first factor has significant effects on reducing wage dispersion, while the second factor effects are comparatively small. The second issue would be about the origin of the streams that fed the growing formal sector of the labour market. We use a discrete choice model to examine the determinants of transitions to formal work, again with the PME data, between 2002 and 2010. The probability of transition to formality increased from the five initial positions considered, especially from unemployment, while the outflows from formality towards informality and unemployment fell. Estimates indicate that men with higher levels of education, younger and with less time in the situation were more likely to formalization. Additional statistics show that the services sector was the one which most hired individuals entering new formal jobs, and that the largest portion of these workers was previously formal. Moreover, among the new formal employees, those who were previously unemployed or inactive had lower wages, which probably relates to unobservable factors.

No description available.