Due to rapid increasing in complexity of Internet, quantifying the performance of protocol helps in assessing the application behavior with respect to network performance. TCP is an important protocol that is used by some important applications on Internet such as HTTP, FTP and soon. To analyze TCP, Round trip times is one of the metric used. As it is a internal metric of TCP used to find the retransmission timeout of sent packet. Round trip times means measuring elapsed time between the sent packet and recieving its acknowledgment that covers the sequence number of the sent packet(i.e., from source to destination and vice-a-versa). Round trip times is a metric that is recognised by IETF as Quality of Service parameter. We design a tool here that will calculate the round trip times for each stream. This round trip times helps us to understand the protocol behavior. In this document, we discuss the design, implementation issues carried out while developing the tool. This tool is capable of reading offline as well as online streams and helps us to analyze the statistics obtained from collected round trip times of each stream. / 91-40-24023214

This paper is a comparative analysis between two digitally mediated live poetry performances: Frikativ by Jörg Piringer and This Loud by Amy X Neuburg. More specifically, I examine how these poets use digital technology in their live performances to challenge traditional notions of the human voice. My main argument is that their modes of exerting controlling over their voices ultimately serve similar purposes; those of establishing the voice as a relationship between speaker and listener, a phenomenon rather than a discreet object or bodily organ possible to observe on its own. This phenomenological point of view draws on Karen Barad’s concept of posthumanist performativity as well as on philosophical works on the voice, such as Mladen Dolar's A Voice and Nothing More. Moreover, I give an historical account of sound poetry, tape poetry and tape loops as they relate to Frikativ and This Loud. In this, I also discuss live-looping; a technique used by both Piringer and Neuburg and connect it to Gilles Deleuze's ideas of difference and repetition. Finally, Piringer's and Neuburg's works is compared based on how they attempt to control the voices-as-relations in their performances. My conclusion is that Frikativ constantly destabilizes the establishment and recognition of voice-as-relation. This Loud, due to the extensive and focused use of live-looping, does not destabilize as much as it multiplies the possible configurations of voices-as-relations.

本文分析近年盛行的電子遊戲實況活動。從分心、不專注於電玩的現象開始，本文以「如何玩」這個提問來引導論證「嬉玩」與「遊戲」這組概念在分析上的效力，藉此，本文論證了電玩實況活動中的心智狀態與活動是游移在電玩活動與嬉鬧互動，在嚴肅遊戲與嬉戲玩耍之間游移，這樣的分神狀態之中也產生了有樂趣、具有實效的遊戲性。 從技術架構的觀點來看，以即時串流的技術為基礎，電玩實況活動結合了即時傳輸與即時互動。使用者所獲致的遊戲聆賞經驗以及互動是即時且與他人同步，便也構成了網路媒介之下的共時經驗，實況中以電玩活動為對象的起鬨也便具共在的實感。本文從聊天室起鬨、技術戲耍挪用等現象中論證了基於遊戲性旨趣的共謀嬉玩。嘲諷、干擾的對抗性是為了製造分神的條件，從中產生張力並獲致遊戲性，而包括實況主在內的所有參與者，皆是在這樣的分神狀態中嬉玩，維繫歡騰的共感情緒。 電子遊戲具有將遊戲性限定在其中的封閉性質，也因此對於電玩的遊戲經驗多有私密、個人的想像，即時串流的電玩實況活動便是打開了這樣的封閉性質。透過網路媒介將人匯聚在遊戲活動周圍，不僅共享了電玩活動本身的樂趣，也在即時串流之下共時的互動跟聆賞經驗中以遊戲為對象群聚嬉戲。這樣的網路活動之所以盛行，顯示了人對遊戲性的需求不僅是來自遊戲中，也來自與他人玩在一起的連結共感，電玩實況便是實現了這樣的需求。 / Taking the prevailing "video game live streaming" activities as research object, this thesis takes "play" and "game" as a set of core concepts, and begins the exploration into their conceptual effect. Setting out the arguments with "How to Play" question, this thesis concludes that the mentality and activities in video game live streaming are in an "in-between" condition. Between video game activity and playful disturbance, seriousness and playfulness, there are gameplay with actual effect. Taking the technical conditions into consideration, video game live streaming consists of live media transportation and live interaction. Users' experiences synchronize with each other, thus contribute to the "togetherness" mediated through the Internet, and also the carnivalistic interactions and disturbance in the live channel. From the fuss and disturbance in the chatroom to the appropriation of streaming "plugins", this thesis argues that these actions conducted by streamer and users contribute to the "distractive" scenario, and the conducts are all based on "the interest of play". Different from serious and immersive mentality which is deemed as the fundamental of playing and gaming, the gameplay in live stream is based on distraction, which is the core condition that brings tension and thus playfulness. All the users in video game live streaming, the streamer included, are connected and forged into a synchronized togetherness by this kind of distractive, carnivalistic playfulness. Digital video games have tributes of enclosure, which require concentration, seriousness and absorption. Video game live streaming opens up this kind of enclosure, and brings people in and around the video game activities. In the live channel, users experience the joy and fun of the game itself together in a synchronized way, and also act on the interest of play, creating distraction and disturbance that bring to playful experiences, and that explains why this kind of Internet activity prevails. This thesis shows that the need of gameplay comes not only from game activities themselves, but also from the desire to "play together". In a digital age, video game live streaming is just the fulfillment of this kind of desire.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria. / South Africa

Glucose homeostasis is fundamental for all living organisms. In vertebrates, the hormone insulin regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In order to sustain the glucose homeostasis, the pancreatic β-cells, which produce and secrete insulin, must coordinate their efforts to secrete the right amounts of insulin required by the organism. In vitro studies, have suggested that a subpopulation of β-cells, referred to as “hub-cells”, coordinate islet Ca2+ dynamics during insulin secretion. However, it is unclear whether the hub-cell model pertains to an in vivo scenario, where the islet is densely vascularized and innervated. In this thesis, we employed the genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6, confocal imaging and optogenetics, to characterize the Ca2+ dynamics of the zebrafish β-cells in vivo. We found that pancreatic β-cells present endogenous Ca2+ spikes in vivo under basal conditions. These Ca2+ spikes are rapidly suppressed after lowering glucose levels via insulin administration. In addition, the temporal inhibition of blood flow decreases the Ca2+ spikes, suggesting that β-cells are systemically connected. Furthermore, β-cells show a synchronized response to a pericardial glucose injection. Specifically, we found that Ca2+ spikes originate and emanate from a subset of β-cells that are the first to respond to a glucose stimulus. We define these cells as “leader-cells”. We tested if these cells could coordinate the islet in vivo by employing 2-photon laser ablation. Whereas ablation of control cells had no significant effect on the amplitude and duration of the subsequent Ca2+ spikes responses, ablation of leader cells led to a reduction in the Ca2+ response. Furthermore, we developed systems for optogenetic interrogation of β-cells in vivo. We show that the light-gated Cl- ion pump halorhodopsin (NpHR) can be applied to inhibit β-cell depolarization in the zebrafish. We also present the optically orthogonal system of the red Ca2+ indicator K-GECO1 in combination with the blue-shifted channelrhodopsin CheRiff to activate individual β-cell in vivo. Using these new tools, we provide examples where the activation of individual β-cells showed heterogeneous potential to trigger influx of Ca2+ in the rest of the β-cells. Overall, our results led us to propose a hierarchical model of islet coordination. In contrast to the majority of β-cells, which occupy the bottom of the hierarchy since they present low capability to recruit other cells, the leader cells occupy the top levels, being capable to coordinate a majority of the islet’s β-cells.:List of figures xii List of Tables xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Diabetes and insulin 1 1.2. The endocrine pancreas 2 1.3. The diabetes pandemic 4 1.4. β-cell development in zebrafish and mammals 4 1.5. β-cells function and heterogeneity 6 1.6. β-cell coordination 8 1.7. Genetically-encoded calcium indicators 10 1.8. Genetically-encoded optogenetic actuators 13 1.9. Models to study In vivo β-cell coordination 16 2. In vivo β-cell Ca2+ dynamics 19 2.1. β-cells present endogenous Ca2+ spikes in vivo, which are not present ex vivo 19 2.2. Insulin injection reduces endogenous β-cell Ca2+ activity 22 2.3. Pharmacological inhibition of β-cell Ca2+ spikes interferes with glucose control 24 2.4 Transient blood flow interruption decreases β-cell calcium spikes 26 2.5 Glucose bolus leads to a synchronous response of β-cells 29 3. Leader β-cells coordinates Ca2+ dynamics in vivo 32 3.1. High speed 2D and 3D imaging reveals “leader” β-cells 32 3.2. Pan-islet response to glucose is impaired after leader β-cells ablation 41 4. Optically orthogonal toolset for in vivo optogenetics and Ca2+ imaging 46 4.1. Development of optogenetics actuators systems in zebrafish β-cells 46 4.2. Red fluorescent calcium reporters in zebrafish β-cells 47 4.3. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of β-cells 50 4.4. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of a subset of β-cells can inhibit the islet response 52 4.5. In vivo temporal optogenetic activation of β-cells 55 5. Discussion and future directions 61 5.1. β-cell calcium spikes are systemically influenced 61 5.2. First responder β-cells are present in vivo 64 5.3. Leader β-cells coordinate Ca2+ influx in vivo 66 5.4. β-cell optogenetic interrogation shows heterogeneous potential of individual β-cells for islet coordination 68 6. Materials and methods 75 6.1. Zebrafish strains and husbandry 75 6.2. Transgenic lines generation 76 6.3. Glucose measurements 77 6.4. Pericardial injection of glucose and insulin 77 6.5. Live imaging 77 6.6. Fast whole islet live imaging 78 6.7. Selective two-photon laser ablation of leader cells in the zebrafish islet. 78 6.7. Selective one-photon optogenetic interrogation of β-cells in the zebrafish islet. 79 6.8. Islet blood flow imaging 80 6.9. Mechanical heart stop 80 6.10. Immunostaining 80 6.11. TUNEL assay 81 6.12 Image analysis of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity from in vivo imaging. 82 6.13 Quantification of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity 82 6.14 Spatial drift correction images. 83 6.15 Statistical analysis 84 7. References 85 8. Annexes 90 9. Acknowledgments 97 / Die Glukosehomöostase ist für alle lebenden Organismen von grundlegender Bedeutung. Bei Wirbeltieren reguliert das Hormon Insulin den Stoffwechsel von Kohlenhydraten, Fetten und Proteinen. Um die Glukosehomöostase aufrechtzuerhalten, müssen die β-Zellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse, welche Insulin produzieren und absondern, ihre Bemühungen koordinieren, um die richtigen Mengen an Insulin zu sekretieren, die der Organismus benötigt. In-vitro-Studien haben gezeigt, dass eine Subpopulation von β-Zellen, die als „Hub-Zellen“ bezeichnet werden, die Insulinsekretion der Inseln koordiniert. Es ist jedoch unklar, ob sich die Hub-Cell-Theorie auf ein in-vivo-Szenario bezieht, bei dem die Insel dicht vaskularisiert und von Neuronen innerviert ist. In dieser Arbeit verwendeten wir den genetisch kodierten Calcium-Indikator GCaMP6, konfokale Bildgebung und Optogenetik, um die Ca2+-Dynamik der Zebrafisch-β-Zellen in vivo zu charakterisieren. Wir fanden heraus, dass Pankreas-β-Zellen in vivo unter basalen Bedingungen endogene Ca2+-Spitzen aufweisen. Diese Ca2+-Spitzen werden nach Senkung des Glukosespiegels durch Insulinverabreichung schnell unterdrückt. Darüber hinaus verringert die zeitliche Hemmung des Blutflusses die Ca2+-Spitzen, was darauf hindeutet, dass β-Zellen systemisch verbunden sind. Darüber hinaus zeigen β-Zellen eine synchronisierte Reaktion auf die perdikale Glukoseinjektion. Insbesondere fanden wir heraus, dass Ca2+-Spitzen von den β-Zellen hervorgerufen werden, die zuerst auf den Glukosestimulus reagieren. Wir definieren diese Zellen als 'Leader-Zellen'. Wir haben in vivo durch den Einsatz einer 2-Photonen-Laserablation getestet, ob diese Zellen die Insel koordinieren können. Während die Ablation von Kontrollzellen keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Amplitude und Dauer der nachfolgenden Ca2+-Spitzenreaktionen hatte, führte die Ablation von Leader-Zellen zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der GCaMP-Reaktion. Darüber hinaus haben wir Systeme für die optogenetische Abfrage von β-Zellen in vivo entwickelt: Wir zeigen, dass die lichtgesteuerte Cl—Ionenpumpe Halorhodopsin (NpHR) angewendet werden kann, um die Depolarisation von β-Zellen in vivo zu hemmen. Wir präsentieren auch das optisch orthogonale System des roten Ca2+-Indikators K-GECO1 in Kombination mit dem blauverschobenen Channelrhodopsin CheRiff, um einzelne β-Zellen in vivo abzufragen. Unter Verwendung dieser neuen Werkzeuge liefern wir Beispiele, bei denen die Aktivierung einzelner β-Zellen ein heterogenes Potenzial für die Auslösung des Ca2+-Einstroms in die übrigen β-Zellen in vivo zeigte. Insgesamt bietet diese Studie Hinweise darauf, dass eine Untergruppe von β-Zellen ein hohes Potenzial zur Koordination der Ca2+-Dynamik der Insel in vivo aufweist.:List of figures xii List of Tables xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Diabetes and insulin 1 1.2. The endocrine pancreas 2 1.3. The diabetes pandemic 4 1.4. β-cell development in zebrafish and mammals 4 1.5. β-cells function and heterogeneity 6 1.6. β-cell coordination 8 1.7. Genetically-encoded calcium indicators 10 1.8. Genetically-encoded optogenetic actuators 13 1.9. Models to study In vivo β-cell coordination 16 2. In vivo β-cell Ca2+ dynamics 19 2.1. β-cells present endogenous Ca2+ spikes in vivo, which are not present ex vivo 19 2.2. Insulin injection reduces endogenous β-cell Ca2+ activity 22 2.3. Pharmacological inhibition of β-cell Ca2+ spikes interferes with glucose control 24 2.4 Transient blood flow interruption decreases β-cell calcium spikes 26 2.5 Glucose bolus leads to a synchronous response of β-cells 29 3. Leader β-cells coordinates Ca2+ dynamics in vivo 32 3.1. High speed 2D and 3D imaging reveals “leader” β-cells 32 3.2. Pan-islet response to glucose is impaired after leader β-cells ablation 41 4. Optically orthogonal toolset for in vivo optogenetics and Ca2+ imaging 46 4.1. Development of optogenetics actuators systems in zebrafish β-cells 46 4.2. Red fluorescent calcium reporters in zebrafish β-cells 47 4.3. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of β-cells 50 4.4. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of a subset of β-cells can inhibit the islet response 52 4.5. In vivo temporal optogenetic activation of β-cells 55 5. Discussion and future directions 61 5.1. β-cell calcium spikes are systemically influenced 61 5.2. First responder β-cells are present in vivo 64 5.3. Leader β-cells coordinate Ca2+ influx in vivo 66 5.4. β-cell optogenetic interrogation shows heterogeneous potential of individual β-cells for islet coordination 68 6. Materials and methods 75 6.1. Zebrafish strains and husbandry 75 6.2. Transgenic lines generation 76 6.3. Glucose measurements 77 6.4. Pericardial injection of glucose and insulin 77 6.5. Live imaging 77 6.6. Fast whole islet live imaging 78 6.7. Selective two-photon laser ablation of leader cells in the zebrafish islet. 78 6.7. Selective one-photon optogenetic interrogation of β-cells in the zebrafish islet. 79 6.8. Islet blood flow imaging 80 6.9. Mechanical heart stop 80 6.10. Immunostaining 80 6.11. TUNEL assay 81 6.12 Image analysis of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity from in vivo imaging. 82 6.13 Quantification of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity 82 6.14 Spatial drift correction images. 83 6.15 Statistical analysis 84 7. References 85 8. Annexes 90 9. Acknowledgments 97

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With advancements in the mobile network architecture, from the Fourth Generation to the Fifth Generation, a vast number of new use cases becomes available. Many use cases require cloud-based services, where a service is deployed close to the user. For a user to communicate with a service, it connects to the mobile network base station, Fifth Generation Core network and then to the service. When the user changes physical location, the mobile network and the service must apply mobility techniques. This is to prevent tromboned traffic and provide low latency between user and service. When a handover occurs, so that a user’s attachment point to the mobile network is changed from the one base station to another and the User Plane Function changes, the cloud-based service may have to seamlessly move from one cloud to another as well. In this thesis, a Service mobility framework is proposed and implemented, which enables service live migration between edge clouds and it provides simple RESTful APIs. The evaluation of the framework shows that the proposed implementation adds low delays to the total migration time and the service downtime is also shown to be low in the case of video streaming with no service interruption. / Med framsteg i det mobila nätverkets arkitektur, sett från den Fjärde Generationen till den Femte Generationen, så blir nya användningsområden tillgängliga. Bland de nya användningsområdena inkluderas molnbaserade tjänster, där tjänster är placerade nära användare, dessutom har vissa områden behov av dessa molnbaserade tjänster. För att en användare ska kunna kommunicera med en tjänst så måste den först ansluta till det mobila nätverkets basstationer och sedan till Femte Generationens kärnnätverk, för att sedan kunna kommunicera med tjänsten. När användaren förflyttar sig från en plats till en annan, så måste det mobila nätverket och tjänsten tillämpa rörlighetstekniker, som förflyttning av tjänsten. Förflyttningen är för att förhindra trombonerad trafik och att förse låg latens mellan användare och tjänst. När en överlämning sker, d.v.s att en användares kopplingspunkt till det mobila nätverket ändras, från en basstation till en annan, och att User Plane Function ändras, så kan även den molnbaserade tjänsten förflytta sig sömlöst från ett moln till ett annat. I denna avhandling presenteras ett tjänströrlighetsramverk som möjliggör tjänströrlighet mellan moln och erbjuder enkla RESTfulla API:er. Evaluering av ramverket visar att implementationen bidrar med låga fördröjningar till den totala migrations tiden samt att tjänster med videoströmming har lågt driftstopp utan tjänstavbrott.

Conducting seamless Live Virtual Constructive (LVC) simulation remains the most challenging issue of Modeling and Simulation (M&S). There is a lack of interoperability, limited reuse and loose integration between the Live, Virtual and/or Constructive assets across multiple Standard Simulation Architectures (SSAs). There have been various theoretical research endeavors about solving these problems but their solutions resulted in complex and inflexible integration, long user-usage time and high cost for LVC simulation. The goal of this research is to provide an Agile Roadmap for the Live Virtual Constructive-Integrating Training Architecture (LVC-ITA) that will address the above problems and introduce interoperable LVC simulation. Therefore, this research describes how the newest M&S technologies can be utilized for LVC simulation interoperability and integration. Then, we will examine the optimal procedure to develop an agile roadmap for the LVC-ITA. In addition, this research illustrated a case study using an Adaptive distributed parallel Simulation environment for Interoperable and reusable Model (AddSIM) that is a component based integrated simulation engine. The agile roadmap of the LVC-ITA that reflects the lessons learned from the case study will contribute to guide M&S communities to an efficient path to increase interaction of M&S simulation across systems.

Die theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit Musik vergangener Epochen löst in Schule und Musikhochschule selten Begeisterung aus. Zu weit scheint sie wegzuführen von den typischen Hörgewohnheiten und der Musizierpraxis junger Menschen. Doch gerade populäre Gegenwartsmusik bietet eine Vielfalt an Möglichkeiten, Schüler*innen und Studierende an Inhalte von Musikwissenschaft und historisch informierter Musiktheorie heranzuführen, denn Rock, Pop und Filmmusik beziehen sich durch Zitate, tradierte Wendungen und Topoi auf Jahrhunderte europäischer Musikgeschichte. Vor dem Hintergrund der nahezu unbegrenzten medialen Verfügbarkeit von Werken verschiedenster Epochen und Stilrichtungen ergeben sich in diesen Genres zahllose Möglichkeiten der Kombination solcher Elemente. Historische Bezüge in aktueller Musik beinhalten die Chance, junge Menschen für musikalische Strukturen und ihre historischen Dimensionen zu sensibilisieren. Darüber hinaus bietet die Verschmelzung kontrastierender stilistischer Merkmale innovatives Potenzial für das Live-Arrangement mit leistungsheterogenen Gruppen. Anhand kurzer Beispiele werden Einsatzmöglichkeiten populärer Titel in der Unterrichtspraxis vorgestellt. / Theoretical study of the music of past epochs rarely triggers great enthusiasm at schools or conservatories. It seems to lead away from the typical listening habits and musical practices of young people. But contemporary popular music provides many opportunities to introduce students into essential fields of musicology and historically informed music theory. Rock, pop and film music relate to centuries of European music history by using citations, inherited idioms, and topoi. Against the background of unlimited availability of compositions of different epochs and styles in the media, countless opportunities to combine such elements can be observed in these genres. Historical references in current musics provide the chance to sensitize young people for musical structures and their historical dimensions. Furthermore, the fusion of contrasting stylistic characteristics bears innovative potential that teachers can use for live arrangement in school classes and groups with heterogeneous capabilities. This article introduces opportunities of integrating popular titles into teaching practice on the basis of short examples.

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