Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de uso do CAD 3D para o desenvolvimento de projetos para produção de vedações verticais, sendo a compatibilização parte intrínseca do processo de projeto. A pesquisa foi organizada adotando-se três estratégias, com a finalidade de buscar sucessivas validações em relação às vantagens do uso do CAD 3D proposto quando comparado ao CAD 2D. As estratégias utilizadas foram: um estudo de caso piloto, um levantamento de dados e um experimento exploratório. O estudo de caso piloto e o experimento exploratório, nos quais foi utilizado o método proposto, possibilitaram concluir que o CAD 3D possui vantagens sobre o CAD 2D, sendo mais rápido e mais eficaz na verificação de interferências espaciais, especialmente em situações complexas. Através do levantamento de dados em projetos representados em CAD 2D, concluiuse também que esse tipo de representação possui características que lhe conferem limitações e podem gerar erros de análise. Foram identificadas cinco características básicas da representação em 2D, que podem induzir a erros: ambigüidade, simbolismo, simplificação, omissão e fragmentação. Estas conclusões validaram a proposta usando o CAD 3D para o desenvolvimento de projetos de vedações. A proposta deste trabalho apresenta vantagens em relação ao método corrente de desenvolvimento de projetos com o CAD 2D. Estas vantagens estão relacionadas principalmente à maior facilidade de visualização e uso efetivo de recursos automáticos disponíveis nos pacotes CAD de identificação de interferências, reduzindo os problemas da representação em 2D. Desta forma, a compatibilização torna-se um processo muito mais preciso e rápido. O método proposto está baseado em modelos de gestão mais modernos, como a engenharia simultânea, incluindo a redução de tempo gasto em atividades que não agregam valor, além de preparar para o uso de ferramentas mais avançadas como o BIM (Building Information Modeling). / This work aims to present a proposal for 3D CAD use for production design of partition walls, including the design coordination as an inherent part of the design process. The research was organized adopting three strategies to obtain successive validations regarding the advantages of 3D CAD compared to 2D CAD use. The strategies used were: a pilot case study, data collection and an exploratory experiment. The case study and the exploratory experiment, which were carried out using the proposed method, allowed the conclusion that 3D CAD has advantages over 2D CAD, the former being faster and more effective for spacial interference checking , specially in complex situations. By using a data collection from designs developed with 2D CAD, the research also concluded that the two-dimensional representation has limiting characteristics that may produce analysis errors. It was identified five basic characteristics of the 2D representation that may lead to error: ambiguity, symbolism, simplification, omission and fragmentation. These conclusions have validated the proposal for a method using 3D CAD for production design of partition walls. This proposal presents advantages over the current 2D CAD -based design method. These advantages are related mainly to better visualization and effective use of the automatic tools of CAD packages for interference identification , reducing the representation problems of 2D. Therefore, compatibility analysis becomes more precise and faster. The proposed method is based on modern management models, such as concurrent engineering, decreasing time spent on non-value adding activities, as well as preparing for using of advanced tools like BIM (Building Information Modeling).

There is shift in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction and Facility Management (AEC&FM) industry toward performance-driven projects. Assuring good performance requires efficient and reliable performance control processes. However, the current state of the AEC&FM industry is that control processes are inefficient because they generally rely on manually intensive, inefficient, and often inaccurate data collection techniques. Critical performance control processes include progress tracking and dimensional quality control. These particularly rely on the accurate and efficient collection of the as-built three-dimensional (3D) status of project objects. However, currently available techniques for as-built 3D data collection are extremely inefficient, and provide partial and often inaccurate information. These limitations have a negative impact on the quality of decisions made by project managers and consequently on project success. This thesis presents an innovative approach for Automated 3D Data Collection (A3dDC). This approach takes advantage of Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR), 3D Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) modeling and registration technologies. The performance of this approach is investigated with a first set of experimental results obtained with real-life data. A second set of experiments then analyzes the feasibility of implementing, based on the developed approach, automated project performance control (APPC) applications such as automated project progress tracking and automated dimensional quality control. Finally, other applications are identified including planning for scanning and strategic scanning.

There is shift in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction and Facility Management (AEC&FM) industry toward performance-driven projects. Assuring good performance requires efficient and reliable performance control processes. However, the current state of the AEC&FM industry is that control processes are inefficient because they generally rely on manually intensive, inefficient, and often inaccurate data collection techniques. Critical performance control processes include progress tracking and dimensional quality control. These particularly rely on the accurate and efficient collection of the as-built three-dimensional (3D) status of project objects. However, currently available techniques for as-built 3D data collection are extremely inefficient, and provide partial and often inaccurate information. These limitations have a negative impact on the quality of decisions made by project managers and consequently on project success. This thesis presents an innovative approach for Automated 3D Data Collection (A3dDC). This approach takes advantage of Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR), 3D Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) modeling and registration technologies. The performance of this approach is investigated with a first set of experimental results obtained with real-life data. A second set of experiments then analyzes the feasibility of implementing, based on the developed approach, automated project performance control (APPC) applications such as automated project progress tracking and automated dimensional quality control. Finally, other applications are identified including planning for scanning and strategic scanning.

[pt] Modelos CAD 3D são ferramentas utilizadas na indústria para planejamento e simulações antes da construção ou realização de tarefas. Em muitos casos, como por exemplo na indústria de óleo e gás, esses modelos podem ser massivos, ou seja, possuem informações detalhadas em larga escala no intuito de que sejam fontes de informações precisas. Para obtenção de navegação interativa nesses modelos é necessária uma combinação de hardware e software adequados. Mesmo hoje com GPUs mais modernas, a renderização direta desses modelos não é eficiente, sendo necessárias abordagens clássicas como descarte de objetos não visíveis e LOD antes de enviar os dados à GPU. Logo, para renderização em tempo real de modelos CAD massivos são necessários algoritmos e estruturas de dados escaláveis para processamento da cena de forma eficiente. O trabalho dessa tese propõe o MCAD (Massive Computer-Aided Design) Shape grammar, uma gramática expansiva que gera objetos para criar cenas 3D de modelos massivos de forma procedimental. Nos últimos anos, modelagem procedimental tem ganhado atenção para criar cenas 3D rapidamente utilizando uma representação compacta, que armazena regras de geração ao invés de representação explícita da cena. MCAD Shape grammar explora repetições e padrões presentes em modelos massivos para renderização de cenas, reduzindo o consumo de memória e processando a cena procedimentalmente de forma eficiente. Convertemos modelos reais de refinarias em MCAD Shape grammar e implementamos um renderizador para os mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que esta solução é escalável com alto desempenho, além de ser a primeira vez que modelagem procedimental é utilizada nesse domínio. / [en] 3D CAD models are tools used in the industry for planning and simulations before construction or completion of tasks. In many cases, such as in the oil and gas industry, these models can be massive, that is, they have large-scale detailed information in order to be sources of accurate information. Interactive navigation in these models requires a combination of appropriate hardware and software. Even nowadays with modern GPUs, the direct rendering of these models is not efficient, requiring classic approaches such as culling non-visible objects and LOD before sending the data to the GPU. Therefore, for real-time rendering of massive CAD models, we need scalable algorithms and data structures to efficiently process the scene. The work of this thesis proposes MCAD (Massive Computer-Aided Design) Shape grammar, an expansive grammar that procedurally generates objects to create 3D scenes of massive models. In recent years procedural modeling has drawn attention for quickly creating 3D scenes using a compact representation, which stores generation rules rather than explicit representation of the scene. MCAD Shape grammar explores repetitions and patterns present in massive models for rendering scenes, reducing memory footprint and procedurally processing the scene efficiently. We converted real refinery models into MCAD Shape grammar and implemented a renderer for them. Results showed that our solution is scalable with high performance, also it is the first time that procedural modeling is used in this domain.

The master thesis deals with the currently used types of water turbines and next part of the thesis deals with the theory of Tesla turbine. The theoretical part discusses water wheels, water turbines with their types and models which are described in the work. The thesis also discusses the construction of the Tesla turbine, its possibilities of using, inside principles and information about Tesla´s patent. The practical part contains the design of the Tesla turbine with modifications for increasing efficiency. The thesis describes production and assembly of turbine and the technology used for production of the turbine. There is also described how the turbine was measured and there are results of measurements of the turbine.

[pt] Modelos CAD 3D ricos em dados são essenciais durante os diferentes estágios do ciclo de vida de projetos de engenharia. Devido à recente popularização da metodologia Modelagem de Informação da Construção e do uso de Gêmeos Digitais para a manufatura inteligente, a quantidade de detalhes, o tamanho, e a complexidade desses modelos aumentaram significativamente. Apesar desses modelos serem compostos de várias geometrias repetidas, os softwares de projeto de plantas geralmente não proveem nenhuma informação de instanciação. Trabalhos anteriores demonstraram que removendo a redundância na representação dos modelos CAD 3D reduz significativamente o armazenamento e requisição de memória deles, ao passo que facilita otimizações de renderização. Este trabalho propõe um arcabouço para correspondência de formas baseado em aprendizado profundo que minimiza as informações redundantes de um modelo CAD 3D a esse respeito. Nos apoiamos nos avanços recentes no processamento profundo de nuvens de pontos, superando desvantagens de trabalhos anteriores, como a forte dependencia da ordenação dos vértices e topologia das malhas de triângulos. O arcabouço desenvolvido utiliza nuvens de pontos uniformemente amostradas para identificar similaridades entre malhas em modelos CAD 3D e computam uma matriz de transformação afim ótima para instancia-las. Resultados em modelos CAD 3D reais demonstram o valor do arcabouço proposto. O procedimento de registro de nuvem de pontos desenvolvido atinge um erro de superfície menor, ao mesmo tempo que executa mais rápido que abordagens anteriores. A abordagem supervisionada de classificação desenvolvida antinge resultados equivalentes em comparação com métodos limitados anteriores e os superou significativamente num cenário de embaralhamento de vértices. Propomos também uma abordagem auto-supervisionada que agrupa malhas semelhantes e supera a necessidade de rotular explicitamente as geometrias no modelo CAD 3D. Este método auto-supervisionado obtém resultados competitivos quando comparados às abordagens anteriores, até mesmo superando-as em determinados cenários. / [en] Data-rich 3D CAD models are essential during different life-cycle stages of engineering projects. Due to the recent popularization of Build Information Modeling methodology and the use of Digital Twins for intelligent manufacturing, the amount of detail, size, and complexity of these models have significantly increased. Although these models are composed of several repeated geometries, plant-design software usually does not provide any instancing information. Previous works have shown that removing redundancy in the representation of 3D CAD models significantly reduces their storage and memory requirements, whilst facilitating rendering optimizations. This work proposes a deep-learning-based shape-matching framework that minimizes a 3D CAD model s redundant information in this regard. We rely on recent advances in the deep processing of point clouds, overcoming drawbacks from previous work, such as heavy dependency on vertex ordering and topology of triangle meshes. The developed framework uses uniformly sampled point clouds to identify similarities among meshes in 3D CAD models and computes an optimal affine transformation matrix to instantiate them. Results on actual 3D CAD models demonstrate the value of the proposed framework. The developed point-cloud-registration procedure achieves a lower surface error while also performing faster than previous approaches. The developed supervised-classification approach achieves equivalent results compared to earlier, limited methods and significantly outperformed them in a vertex shuffling scenario. We also propose a selfsupervised approach that clusters similar meshes and overcomes the need for explicitly labeling geometries in the 3D CAD model. This self-supervised method obtains competitive results when compared to previous approaches, even outperforming them in certain scenarios.

[pt] Projetos de engenharia dependem de modelos CAD 3D complexos durante todo o seu ciclo de vida. Esses modelos 3D contêm milhões de geometrias que impõem desafios de armazenamento, transmissão e renderização. Trabalhos anteriores empregaram com sucesso técnicas de correspondência de formas baseadas em aprendizado profundo para reduzir a memória exigida por esses modelos 3D. Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo baseado em grafos que melhora o agrupamento não supervisionado em espaços profundos de características. Essa abordagem refina drasticamente a precisão da correspondência de formas e resulta em requisitos de memória ainda mais baixos para os modelos 3D. Em um conjunto de dados rotulado, nosso método atinge uma redução de 95 por cento do modelo, superando as técnicas não supervisionadas anteriores que alcançaram 87 por cento e quase atingindo a redução de 97 por cento de uma abordagem totalmente supervisionada. Em um conjunto de dados não rotulado, nosso método atinge uma redução média do modelo de 87 por cento contra uma redução média de 77 por cento das técnicas não supervisionadas anteriores. / [en] Engineering projects rely on complex 3D CAD models throughout their life cycle. These 3D models comprise millions of geometries that impose storage, transmission, and rendering challenges. Previous works have successfully employed shape-matching techniques based on deep learning to reduce the memory required by these 3D models. This work proposes a graph-based algorithm that improves unsupervised clustering in deep feature space. This approach dramatically refines shape-matching accuracy and results in even lower memory requirements for the 3D models. In a labeled dataset, our method achieves a 95 percent model reduction, outperforming previous unsupervised techniques that achieved 87 percent and almost reaching the 97 percent reduction from a fully supervised approach. In an unlabeled dataset, our method achieves an average model reduction of 87 percent versus an average reduction of 77 percent from previous unsupervised techniques.

No description available.

This diploma thesis primarily deals with the transmission error issue which is one of the dominant sources of vibration in gear pairs and transmission systems. The vibrations subsequently generate noise which is often subjected to increasingly stricter demands across the industry, including the automotive one. It turns out that reducing the peak-to-peak value of the transmission error has a beneficial effect on the vibro-acoustic properties of gears and gear pairs. This thesis aims to determine the transmission error under static conditions, since a gear pair with a low static transmission error is a good assumption for a low transmission error even under dynamic effects. The resulting values of the transmission error can be influenced already during the design of the gear macro-geometry. It is also suitable to apply micro-geometric adjustments – modifications to the gear teeth. For this reason, the search part of the thesis is dedicated to theoretical knowledge, especially concerning the geometry of gears, modifications of teeth and the overall transmission error and its determination. The transmission error can be determined in several ways, including a technical experiment. However, due to time and financial reasons, this is not always possible, and therefore, the possibility of using numerical simulations is offered. In this thesis, the approach using stress-strain quasi-static contact analysis using the finite element method in Ansys Workbench software is used. The advantage is, among other things, a good comparability of results. The input to the FEM analysis is 3D CAD geometry – in this case, it is specifically a helical gear pair with parallel axes. The model/assembly of this gear pair is created in PTC Creo software fully parametrically, so it is possible to generate arbitrary gear pair configurations by changing the input parameters, which significantly saves time. At the end of this diploma thesis, the stress-strain analysis of various gear configurations is evaluated, with respect to the equivalent stress and contact pressure. Furthermore, the static transmission error – its graphs and peak-to-peak values – is determined from FEM analyses for different gear geometry, including tooth modifications, and for various loading torques. Last but not least, the effects of contact/overlap ratio and centre distance are evaluated.

Målet med detta projekt har varit att utveckla en monteringsvänlig och kostnadseffektiv ljuddiffuser, en komponent som inte ska påverka ljudnivån och luftflödet för mycket, tillskillnad från den befintliga lösning som idag används i 3nine AB:s oljedimavskiljare. Examensarbetet följer den produktutvecklingsprocess som redogörs i boken Produktutveckling – Konstruktion och design av Karl T. Ulrich och Steven D. Eppinger. Där arbetet har anpassats för tidsramen på 10 veckor och delats upp i fyra faser. Fas1 – Förstudie, Fas 2 – faktainsamling, Fas 3 – Genomförande och Fas 4 – Rapportering. Den lösning som används idag består av fem vikta bitar sträckmetall som har sytts ihop med ståltråd, ljuddiffusern tar lång tid att montera ihop och att montera ned i maskinen. De fem vikta bitarna sträckmetall har vassa kanter efter klippning som försvårar monteringen ytterligare. En ljuddiffuser har en kostnad på 100 kr/st att framställa. För denna lösning togs mätvärden i 3nine AB:s verkstad fram som agerar som referensmätvärden, monteringstid – 333 [s], ljudnivå – 68 [dB], luftflöde – 319 [m ³/h] och DFA – index (mätvärde för monteringsvänlighet) – 5,4 %. Där 100 % ses som optimal monteringsvänlighet och högre DFA-index leder till reducerade kostnader. Då luft strömmar genom maskinen så påverkar detta mätvärdena och möjlig design av ny prototyper, men strömningslära är kunskaper som vi saknar och detta analyser med avseende på detta avgränsades bort. Genom Idéutvecklingsprocesser som Brainstorming, 6-3-5 Brainwritning, Morfologiskmatris, Pughmatris, konceptskisser, Virtuella koncept (3D-CAD) och friformsframställning (3D-utskrivning av prototyp) så togs fem prototyper fram som sedan testades för monteringstid, ljudnivå, luftflöde och DFA-index. Dessa tester resulterade i att det var en prototyp som utmärkte sig med förbättrade resultat jämfört med referensmätvärdena av befintliga ljuddiffusern. Mätvärden för prototypen ”45° väggen”, monteringstid – 16 [s], ljudnivå – 65 [dB], luftflöde – 342 [m ³/h] och DFA – index (mätvärde för monteringsvänlighet) – 93 %. Risk – och FEM-analys genomfördes på prototypen för att identifiera svagheter i konstruktionen, lösningar på dessa rekommenderas i form av små förändringar som t.ex. rundningar vid hörn. Dessa mätvärden redogör att den framtagna lösningen är bättre än dagens lösning och rekommenderas att implementeras och vidareutvecklas av företaget / The aim of this project has been to improve the existing noise diffuser used currently today in the oil-separatingmachines developed by 3nine AB. By reducing noise levels, increasing the air flow, increasing the “ease of assembly” and making it more cost effective. The thesis follows the product development process described in the book “Product Development - Construction and Design” by Karl T. Ulrich and Steven D. Eppinger. The work was adapted for a 10-week timeframe and divided into four phases. Phase 1 - Pre-Study, Phase 2 – Information gathering, Phase 3 - Implementation and Phase 4 - Reporting. The solution used today consists of five folded pieces of stretch metal that have been sewn together with steel wire, the noise diffuser takes a long time to assemble and to fit into the machine. The five folded pieces of stretch metal have sharp edges after cutting, which further complicates the assembly. The production cost for each diffuser is 100 kronor. For the present solution, the measurement values taken at 3nine AB's workshop were set as reference values, assembly time - 333 [s], noise level - 68 [dB], airflow - 319 [m³ / h] and DFA-index (measurement value for ease of assembly) - 5.4%. DFA-index when 100% is seen as the optimal ease of assembly and a higher DFA-index leads to reduced costs. As air flows through the machine, this affects the measured values and possible design of new prototypes, but fluid mechanics is one knowledge we lacked and therefor analysis of this was not possible and delimited. Through Idea Development Processes such as Brainstorming, 6-3-5 Brainwriting, Morphological Matrix, Pugh matrix, Concept Sketches, Virtual Concepts (3D-CAD) and Rapid prototyping (3D-prototype printing), five prototypes were produced, then tested for assembly time, noise level, airflow and DFA -index. These tests resulted in a prototype that featured improved results compared to the reference values of the existing noise diffuser. Measurement values for prototype "45° wall" where assembly time - 16 [s], noise level - 65 [dB], airflow - 342 [m³ / h] and DFA index - 93%. Risk-analysis and FEA was carried out on the same prototype to identify weaknesses in the design. The solutions to these weaknesses are recommended in the form of small design changes such as rounded sharp corners. These measured values state that the solution developed is better than today's solution and is recommended to be implemented and further developed by the company.