This work designs overall structural design of technological manipulator of smoking- chamber, which serves to move the trolleys with food between smoking and chilling chamber. Chambers are connected in a single device. Trolleys are considered with full and uniformly distributed load. Work includes a 3D model of equipment and production documentation.

This  thesis  deals  with  production  of  three-dimensional  animated  model. Thesis is about model of billiard table and visualization of balls motion on its surface. Using simulation methods to solve the problem of balls motion is the goal of this work. This thesis contains summary of physical phenomena which describe the ball motion. There are also animation and simulation techniques which are used to create a model involved in this work. This thesis also deals with description of software, which can be used to create a three-dimensional model, animation and define user interaction. The second part of thesis describes how simulation program and visualization application was made. In the end, there are charts which describe ball behaviour involved in this work.

L’hadronthérapie par ions carbone représente une modalité de radiothérapie alternative très attractive du fait des propriétés physiques et biologiques de ce type de particules. Les chondrosarcomes, tumeurs radio-résistantes à différentiation cartilagineuse, sont en première ligne pour le traitement par ions carbone. Cependant, les effets secondaires sur les tissus sains environnants sont peu ou mal connus. Ce projet a pour but l’étude des effets directs des ions accélérés dans un modèle 3D de cartilage sain et pathologique proche de l’homéostasie humaine et le développement de nouveaux outils de calculs d’efficacité biologique relative (EBR). Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux séquelles radio-induites sur le cartilage articulaire dans un contexte d’hadronthérapie par ions carbone. En culture 2D physioxique (2% d’O2), l’efficacité biologique relative des ions carbone (transfert d’énergie linéique ou TEL intermédiaire) comparée aux rayons X a été évaluée à 2,6. Ceci a été corrélé à une plus forte induction de sénescence radio-induite. Cependant, cet effet différentiel n’a pas été retrouvé en utilisant un modèle 3D de cartilage articulaire. L’efficacité biologique relative des ions accélérés semble donc surévaluée, en utilisant des cultures en monocouche, par rapport à la 3D. Dans un deuxième temps, un modèle 3D de chondrosarcome a été développé pour des études d’hadronbiologie. Après plusieurs obstacles techniques, des méthodes d’extraction protéique et d’immunohistochimie ont été mises au point. Une nouvelle méthode d’évaluation de l’EBR en 3D basée sur la cinétique d’induction de la protéine γ-H2AX a été proposée. / Hadrontherapy using carbon ions has many advantages due to physical and biological properties of this type of particle. Chondrosarcoma, a cartilaginous radio-resistant tumor, has been successfully treated using carbon ions. However, potential side effects to the surrounding healthy tissues are still poorly known. This project aims to study the direct effects of carbon ions in a 3D model of healthy articular cartilage and chondrosarcoma close to human homeostasis, in order to provide new tools for the evaluation of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE).The first part of the project was dedicated to the evaluation of carbon ions-induced impact on articular cartilage in the context of chondrosarcoma treatment. Compared to X-rays, the relative biological effectiveness of intermediate-LET carbon ions scored 2.6 in 2D monolayer culture. This was correlated with a stronger induction of cellular senescence. However, this differential effect was not reproduced using a 3D model of articular cartilage. Thus, the relative biological effectiveness of accelerated ions is probably overestimated using monolayer cultures (2D), compared to 3D. In the second part of this work, we developed a 3D chondrosarcoma model for hadronbiology studies. Protein extraction and immunohistochemistry protocols were developed. A new RBE evaluation method based on γ -H2AX repair kinetic in 3D, was proposed.

The dissertation be about use the opportunity of 3D modelling geological settings for definitions engineering geology zoning. The model area represents the map sheet 6 - 8 Kralupy nad Vltavou in scale 1:5 000, which is built by rocks (pre-Quaternary) and soils (Quaternary cover) divided into eleven engineering geology zones. The results of modelling are showing at the map appendices, which are engineering maps all of nine the individual roof (surface) of zones, including the 3D section in the direction of x axis and also five of the 2D maps of roof of selected zones with the 3D schematic models. The integral part is the map of documentation points and their database on DVD. Three dimensional modelling presents a benefit mainly therefore the solutions, where are visible the spatial geological settings including the thickness individual layers, respectively zones. These display options can have practically used at designing underground buildings, e.g. tunnels, where would it mean shortening time the preparation of the project. Modelling of the zones also shown a possibility of distinction the mistakes at some archive hole. For example, the mistakes in descriptions can relate to confusion of Neogene's sand layer for Quaternary's sand. In the description of new geological survey, when using appendix no....

BIM som står för Building Information Modeling har lett till stora förändringar inom byggbranschen, men trots detta tillämpas inte tekniken fullt ut. Detta beror bland annat på att vissa aktörer känner sig tryggare vid det manuella arbetssättet. Tekniken som är tillgänglig kan bland annat tillämpas vid utförandet av mängdavtagningar. I dagsläget väljer vissa kalkylingenjörer att utföra mängdavtagningar manuellt utifrån PDF-ritningar i utskriftsformat med hjälp av SpeedyCalc, penna och skalstock. Detta kan istället genomföras i mängdavtagningsprogrammet Vico Office med hjälp av en 3D-modell.   Syftet med examensarbete är att jämföra två mängdavtagningsmetoder ur tids- och kostnadsperspektiv. Metoderna som jämfördes i studien var manuell mängdavtagning och mängdavtagning i programmet Vico Office. Studiens syfte var även att jämföra felen som kan uppstå vid utförandet av dessa två metoder.   För studiens ändamål utfördes ett antal intervjuer där viktig information samlades in. Författarna deltog även i två kurser för att få kunskapen som behövdes för att underlätta utförandet av studien. Dessa kurser handlade om modelleringsprogrammet ArchiCAD och mängdavtagningsprogrammet Vico Office. Författarna samlade även in information genom att studera tidigare forskningar inom berörda området.   Mängdavtagningen i studien utfördes på projektet Strandpromenaden, som tilldelades av Peab. Projektet är ett flerbostadshus som består av fem huskroppar med fyra till sex våningar. Studien avgränsades till tre huskroppar och även de större byggnadsdelarna som bland annat väggar, dörrar och fönster. Studien påvisade att implementering av BIM i anbudsskedet medför en kortare tid och lägre kostnad vid mängdavtagning. När de olika mängdavtagningsmetoderna ställdes gentemotvarandra, var differensen av mängden på exempelvis en fläktrumsvägg 100 %, vilket innebar att fläktrumsväggen blev utebliven vid den manuella mängdavtagningen. / BIM stands for Building Information Modeling and has led to major changes in the construction industry, but despite this, the technology is not used fully. This is partly because some players feel more comfortable in the manual methods. The technology that is available can be particularly applied in the performance of amount calculation. In the current situation, some calculus engineers choose to perform amount calculation manually based on PDF drawings in print format using the program SpeedyCalc and also with pen and shell stock. This may instead be implemented in calculation program Vico Office with the help of a 3D model. The aim of the thesis is to compare two methods used for the amount calculation in time and cost perspective. The methods that were compared in this study was manual calculation and calculation program Vico Office. The study's purpose was also to compare the errors that may arise in the performance of these two methods. For study purposes, the authors conducted a number of interviews in which important information was collected. The authors also participated in two courses to gain the knowledge needed to facilitate the study. These courses focused on modeling program ArchiCAD and Vico Office. The authors also collected information by studying previous research in the area concerned. The amount calculation in this study was carried out on the project “Promenade”, which the authors reserved by Peab. The project is a multi-family apparment which consists of five buildings with four to six floors. The study was limited to three buildings and the major structural elements including for instance walls, doors and windows. The study demonstrated that the implementation of BIM in the tender stage results in a shorter time and at lower cost in amount calculation. When the different amount calculation methods prepared against each other, the difference in the amount of, for example a fan room wall was 100%, meaning that the fan room wall was missed during manual amount calculation.

Idag används BIM, byggnadsinformationsmodellering, i fler och fler nybyggnadsprojekt och det finns mängder med information att inhämta om detta både i tryckta tidskrifter och på internet. En obesvarad fråga är dock hur arbetsgången ser ut när BIM ska användas i ombyggnadsprojekt. Informationen som går att finna om detta är begränsad trots att ombyggnadsprojekt utgör en betydande del av byggverksamheten, såväl i Sverige som internationellt. Målet med denna rapport är därför att undersöka hur ombyggnadsprojekt i dagsläget utförs med BIM som arbetssätt. Processen att arbeta med BIM har undersökts i detalj för att klargöra hur den ser ut idag och för att identifiera den problematik som just ombyggnationer medför. Denna undersökning har genomförts i två pågående projekt enligt en gemensam analysmodell för att klargöra skillnader och likheter. För att klargöra arbetsprocessen så har ett flertal intervjuer med inblandade i projekten genomförts. Genom ett enkätutskick till båda projekten så har ett jämförbart underlag även tagits fram. Projektens modeller har också undersökts för att klargöra deras detaljeringsnivå. Den stora problematik som identifierats med ombyggnadsprojekt är att eftersom arbetet sker mot befintliga byggnadsdelar måste dessa kontrolleras och hanteras. Av denna anledning behöver därför många gånger en inmätning av dessa göras för att kontrollera och komplettera det underlag som finns tillgängligt eller för att skapa ett helt nytt. Detta är en tidig del i processen och något som måste göras innan ett vidare arbete med att upprätta en modell kan utföras. Gemensamt för båda projekten har varit att använda sig av modellen för att samgranska olika discipliners material med syftet att upptäcka och på så sätt minimera antalet kollisioner i produktionen. Analysen har visat på ganska stora skillnader i arbetssätt beroende på projektens förutsättningar. Den största skillnaden är att det i ett av projekten finns ett intresse ifrån beställaren att en modell ska levereras, för att senare kunna användas i förvaltningen. Beställarens intresse har resulterat i att BIM har använts i större utsträckning i det projektet med bland annat kostnader kopplade till modellen. Något som har framkommit är också att arbetssättet BIM måste standardiseras, möjligtvis genom att företaget tar fram en BIM-manual som kan användas i alla projekt som ska använda sig av BIM. Erfarenhetsåterföring efter genomförda projekt måste även ske för att denna manual ska vara aktuell. / Currently BIM (Building Information Modeling) is used to a higher extent in new construction projects and there is a lot of information to gather about this both in magazines and online. An unanswered question is how the workflow looks like when BIM is used in reconstruction projects. The information that can be found about this is limited despite the fact that reconstruction projects represent a significant proportion of the construction business, both in Sweden and internationally. The aim of this report is to examine how reconstruction projects currently is carried out with BIM. The BIM process has been studied in detail to clarify the current situation and to identify the problems that reconstruction adds. The study was conducted on two ongoing projects in accordance to a common analytical model to clarify the similarities and differences between them. In order to clarify the work process several interviews has been conducted with the project personnel. Through a questionnaire, a survey of both projects has been performed. Project models have also been studied to clarify their level of detail. The major problem that has been identified with reconstruction projects is that the work is carried out on existing building elements that have to be verified. For this reason a detail survey often must be done to verify and add to existing drawing and documentations. The survey is an early part of the process and something that must be done before any further work to establish a model can be done. Common to both projects is the use of the model to coordinate the various disciplines content in order to minimize the number of collisions in the production. The analysis has shown quite significant differences in methods depending on project conditions. The main difference is that in one of the projects the client wants to use the model in the property management and therefore a model must be delivered. The client’s interest led to a wider use of BIM in the project, including costs connected to the objects in the model. Something that has become clear is that BIM as a work tool must be standardized, possibly through a BIM manual drafted by the company, which can be used in all projects that will make use of BIM. Feedback with lessons learned must be added to the manual for it to stay updated.

In manufacturing of paper and paperboard, optimized fiber usage has crucial importance for process efficiency and profitability. Dry strength of paper is one of the important quality criteria, which can be improved by adding dry strength additive that affect fiber to fiber bonding. This study is using the micromechanical simulations which assist interpretation of the experimental results concerning the effect of strength additives. A finite element model for 3D dry fiber network was constructed to study the effect of bond strength, bond area and the number of bonds numerically on the strength of paper products. In the network, fibers’ geometrical properties such as wall thickness, diameter, length and curl were assigned according to fiber characterization of the pulp and SEM analyses of dry paper cross-section. The numerical network was created by depositing the fibers onto a flat surface which should mimic the handsheet-making procedure. In the FE model, each fiber was represented with a number of quadratic Timoshenko beam elements where fiber to fiber bonds were modelled by beam-to-beam contact. The contact model is represented by cohesive zone model, which needs bond strength and bond stiffness in normal and shear directions. To get a reasonable estimate of the bond stiffness, a detailed finite element model of a fiber bond was used. Additionally, the effect of different fiber and bond geometries on bond stiffness were examined by this model since the previous work [13] indicated that the bond stiffness can have a considerable effect on dry strength of paper. The network simulation results show that the effect of the strength additive comes through improving the bond strength primarily. Furthermore, with the considered sheet structure, both the fiber bond compliance and the number of bonds affect the stiffness of paper. Finally, the results of the analyses indicated that the AFM measurements of the fiber adhesion could not be used directly to relate the corresponding changes in the bond strength. The fiber bond simulation concluded that fiber wall thickness has the most significant effect on the fiber bond compliance. It was also affected by micro-fibril orientation angle, bond orientation and the degree of pressing.

Understanding how different parameters affect the dynamic response of high-speed railway bridges is crucial to selecting an efficient structural form. Despite existing numerous publications within this field, only few address the importance of torsional deformations. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the influence of the torsional resistance of the deck on the dynamic response of an existing bridge. Ulla River Viaduct is presented as a case study, allowing to analyse some aspects of its design and what their alteration entails. To this end, 6 different 3D FE models are compared, 5 of which show a modification from the original configuration. In addition, several positions of the train are considered to contrast the effects when the torsional modes are excited. The performed dynamic calculations are based on the implicit direct integration procedure. The analysis of the case study demonstrates the benefit of closing the torsional circuit of the deck. The results also evidence the need of including torsional effects in its dynamic assessment when low values of torsional rigidity are considered. All this is not easy when simplified 2D or 3D beam models are used. As a final remark, the original design of the Ulla River Viaduct is found highly efficient from a dynamical point of view.

The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory mechanisms have been implicated in various human diseases including neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, there is only limited information available on the etiology in the progression of neurological damage to brain. The emergence of tissue engineering with the growing interest in mechanistic studies of brain injury now raises great opportunities to study complex physiological and pathophysiological process in vitro. Therefore, the prime goals of this study include: (1) Determination of the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for blast- and radiation-induced brain injuries and (2) Development of a three-dimensional (3D) model system in order to mimic in vivo-like microenvironments to further broaden our knowledge in pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory mechanisms and their cellular responses within 3D constructs. In the first study, we demonstrated that blast exposure induced specific molecular and cellular alterations in pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory environments in the brain and neuronal loss with adverse behavioral outcome. The results provide evidence that pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory environments in the brain could play a potential role in blast-induced neuronal loss and behavioral deficits. In the second study, we investigated that fractionated whole-brain irradiation induced specific molecular and cellular alterations in pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory environments in the brain along with elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating protein (NOX-2) and microglial activation. Additionally, the contribution of NOX-2 in fractionated whole-brain radiation-induced oxidative stress was observed by dramatic amelioration of ROS generation after pharmacological inhibition of NOX-2. These results support that NOX-2 may play a pivotal role in fractionated whole-brain radiation-induced pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in mouse brain. In the third study, we developed an in vitro 3D experimental model of brain inflammation by encapsulating microglia in collagen hydrogel with computational analysis of 3D constructs. The results indicated that our newly developed in vitro 3D model system provides a more physiologically relevant environment to mimic in vivo responses. In conclusion, these data may be beneficial in defining a cellular and molecular basis of pathophysiological mechanisms of brain injuries. Furthermore, it may provide new opportunities for preventive and therapeutic interventions for patients with brain injuries and associated neurological disorders. / Ph. D.

New archaeological research was carried out between 2009 and 2011 by the Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA) at central Dra’ Abu el-Naga. Joining the MSA excavation team in the field in 2009, the author has been studying the findings from this area since then. The excavation site is situated ca. 700 km south of Cairo, opposite the modern city of Luxor in Upper Egypt on the western side of the Nile. Dra\' Abu el-Naga is the modern name of the northern area of the extended necropolis. Central Dra’ Abu el-Naga lies to the north of the causeway of queen Hatshepsut and just south of the German and Spanish concessions, overlooking the valley where a temple of Amenhotep I was once erected. The tombs are situated just below the hilltop of the middle range of the Dra’ Abu el-Naga hills Review And to reach fulfill this main objective, it was proposed in 2013 to follow these research objectives: Consequently one main objective was the recording of architecture of the new discovered tombs and the reconstruction of the original context of the objects, which formed part of their burial equipment. The overlying aim of the research is: Preparing plans of all the new tombs, and also sections and 3D views of two of the tombs as they are very complicated. To place the new tombs in their archaeological context. 2D drawings can be tricky for some people to read, but 3D model views are a universal language that anyone can understand. By using SketchUp Pro to get owners, researchers heads in the same direction.