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Music has been used to evoke emotions for centuries. The mechanisms underlying this effect have remained largely unclear. This thesis contributes to research on how music evokes emotions by investigating two mechanisms from the model of Juslin and Västfjäll (2008) - musical expectancy and emotional contagion. In the perception studies the focus is on how musical expectancy violations are detected by either musically trained or untrained individuals. In the music-making studies, we concentrate on mood change brought about by cheerful music in healthy and depressed individuals and factors which could modulate this change like personality, musical preference and general emotional state. The results indicate that the subtlest scale violations are detected at the level of brain electrical potential while the task remains behaviourally difficult. This suggests that scale information is processed using music-syntactic analysis and in memory existing representations of tonal hierarchies, instead of auditory sensory memory as previously believed. Music-making decreased anxiety, depression and fatigue in both depressed and healthy participants whereas arousal and positive mood increased. This suggests that musicmaking could be beneficial for depressed individuals in terms of improving their mood on a short-term basis, even though a reliable music-related decrease of depression symptoms was not found. Among healthy participants, intraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, musical training and liking of the music predicted positive changes in mood following a music-making session. Taken together, these studies indicate that subtle musical scale violations are detected even if they are not consciously perceived as deviants and could therefore be used to evoke emotions, and music-making improves the mood in both healthy and depressed individuals and could serve as a temporary relief in case of depression.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of self-compassion, self-criticism and brooding as mediators between insecure attachment and depression in a multimediational model. Additional aims were to investigate whether self-compassion and self-criticism were independent predictors of depression and whether self compassion could protect against depression through reducing self-criticism and brooding. Three hundred and fifty six participants selected through convenience sampling completed measures of attachment, self-criticism, self-compassion, brooding and depression as part of an online survey. Multiple regression showed self-criticism and self-compassion independently predicted depression. Multimediational analysis found that the relationship between anxious attachment and depression was fully mediated by self-criticism, brooding and self compassion. The relationship between avoidant attachment and depression was partially mediated by hated self-criticism and brooding. Hated self-criticism and brooding partially mediated between self-compassion and depression. This study linked the related areas of self-compassion and attachment, the findings add to evidence supporting the potential value of compassion-focused therapies and further clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.

BRAGA, David Barroso. A questão da afecção na crítica da razão pura. 2016. 134f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-10T13:57:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_dbbraga.pdf: 647274 bytes, checksum: e7642564adc76cdb89719dd0f878257a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T16:43:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_dbbraga.pdf: 647274 bytes, checksum: e7642564adc76cdb89719dd0f878257a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T16:43:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_dbbraga.pdf: 647274 bytes, checksum: e7642564adc76cdb89719dd0f878257a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Apesar da tese da afecção da faculdade sensitiva ser o ponto de partida da teoria dos objetos elaborada pelo filósofo alemão Immanuel Kant, na obra Crítica da razão pura, ela não se coaduna pacificamente com a antropomorfização do conhecimento: se por um lado o homem conhece apenas objetos subordinados ao formalismo de sua estrutura, por outro precisa da afecção por objetos independentes desse formalismo para obter objetos. Noutros termos: se ele conhece apenas os objetos que se submetem ao seu modo de conhecer (fenômenos), então não pode dizer que é afetado por coisas independentes desse modo cognoscitivo (coisas em si), pois são incognoscíveis. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar tanto os elementos puros que o sujeito possui aprioristicamente, quanto os elementos impuros que ele adquire a posteriori com o objetivo de demonstrar que embora o conhecimento humano legítimo esteja restrito a um composto de elementos puros e impuros (a experiência), ele exige o concurso de um terceiro elemento que é incognoscível: a coisa em si. O resultado obtido desse estudo é que o conhecimento humano se apresenta dependente da tese da afecção, a qual encontra-se numa situação problemática. Conclui-se, então, que mesmo o empreendimento kantiano sendo acusado de idealista, solipsista e de incidir em círculo, ele encontra-se na verdade circunscrito numa estrutura aporética: o homem não pode conhecer as coisas em si mesmas, mas necessita que elas afetem o aspecto sensível de sua estrutura para que a mesma possa ter objetos cognoscíveis.

Le présent mémoire explore la problématique du corps où s’articule la phénoménologie de la chair de Michel Henry et le concept d’angoisse de Kierkegaard par une analyse d’En Route (1895) de J.-K. Huysmans et de Sous le soleil de Satan (1926) de Georges Bernanos. D’ailleurs, le choix de l’écriture romanesque pour « rendre sensible » le mystère de Dieu, lui prêter figure et contours, chair et matière dans des personnages fictifs s’inscrit de plein pied dans la pensée chrétienne de l’Incarnation, puisque le christianisme est justement une religion de l’incarnation des réalités éternelles et absolues dans le relatif et le contingent. D’abord, le cadre théorique d’une philosophie de le la chair conceptualisée dans Incarnation (2000) de Michel Henry nous servira de cadre théorique principal pour penser le rapport qu’entretient le corps avec l’immanence et la transcendance, c’est-à-dire les régimes d’auto-affection et d’hétéro-affection. Ensuite, dans le deuxième chapitre, nous prendrons la mesure de la récupération du concept d’angoisse de Kierkegaard par Henry dans Incarnation. Outre le dialogue entre ces deux philosophes de la subjectivité pathétique, les pensées phénoménologiques respectives de Merleau-Ponty et de Jean- François Lavigne nous permettront de mettre à l’épreuve la thèse principale henryenne d’une immanence absolue. Ce travail s’inscrit au carrefour de la littérature, de la philosophie et de la théologie. / This thesis explores the question of the body, where Michel Henry’s phenomenology of the flesh and Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety are articulated by an analysis of J.K. Huysmans’ En Route (1895) and George Bernanos’ Sous le soleil de Satan (1926). The choice of fiction to render the mystery of God "perceptible"- to give God shape and form, flesh and substance - through fictional characters is fully in line with the Christian belief in the Incarnation, as Christianity is indeed a religion characterized by the incarnation of eternal and absolute realities in the relative and the contingent. The theoretical framework of the philosophy of the flesh conceptualized in Michel Henry’s Incarnation (2000) will serve as our principal theoretical framework for thinking about the relationship that the body maintains with immanence and transcendence; that is to say, the institutions of self-affection and hetero-affection. In the second chapter, we will evaluate Henry’s reclaiming of Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety in Incarnation. In addition to the dialogue between these two philosophers of pathetic subjectivity, the phenomenological thought of Merleau-Ponty and Jean-François Lavigne will allow us to test Henry’s principal thesis of absolute immanence. This research is at the crossroads of literature, philosophy, and theology.

abstract: Affection represents a positive and often intimate psychological state (Floyd & Morman, 1998) that is communicated through verbal, nonverbal, and social supportive behaviors. A formidable research literature indicates that receiving and expressing affection significantly benefits health. One form of affection that may produce these benefits is cuddling. Cuddling includes intimate, physical, and loving whole-body contact that does not necessarily include sexual activity and tends to be reserved for very intimate relationships. Working from affectionate exchange theory (Floyd, 2001), this study’s purpose is to examine the effects of cuddling on relational health for individuals living with their spouse. To test a causal relationship between cuddling and relational health, a four-week experiment was conducted. Eighty adults were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a treatment condition in which individuals were instructed to increase cuddling behaviors with their spouse, (2) a comparison condition in which individuals were instructed to increase shared mealtime with their spouse, or (3) a control condition in which individuals were instructed to not change their behavior. Individuals in the treatment condition were predicted to experience significant improvements in relational health as outlined in the investment model (i.e., relational satisfaction, investment, quality of alternatives, and commitment) to a greater extent than individuals in the comparison or control conditions. A research question explored whether individuals in the comparison condition differed from those in the control condition. Planned contrasts were conducted to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that individuals in the treatment condition reported more relationship satisfaction and commitment and less quality of alternatives than individuals in the comparison and control conditions. Experimental conditions did not differ on reports of investment. Finally, individuals in the comparison and control conditions did not differ on any of the relational health markers. These findings support affection exchange theory and contribute to a growing literature identifying the benefits of affectionate communication. Moreover, the methodology and results of this study provide compelling evidence for a causal relationship between cuddling and satisfaction and commitment for relatively satisfied couples. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication 2017

L’œuvre de Michel Henry introduit l’idée d’une phénoménologie non-intentionnelle, fondée sur le concept d’auto-affection comme mode de la phénoménalité plus fondamental que l’intentionalité qui révèle le monde, le visible. La vie est l’être qui se révèle à soi dans l’immanence de l’auto-affection, dans l’invisible. C’est sur ce dualisme onto-phénoménologique que repose l’esthétique que Henry développe dans Voir l’invisible. Il y définit l’art comme accomplissement de la vie, c’est-à-dire comme Rappel pathétique de la vie. L’art est donc conçu, selon le paradoxe qu’énonce le titre de l’ouvrage, comme une manifestation de l’invisible dans le monde visible. L’art, pour Michel Henry ne vaut donc pas en tant qu’il révèle le « phénomène phénoménologique », mais en tant que, ce faisant, il accomplit la vie : il n’est pas contemplation, mais action. Il constitue l’accomplissement pratique d’une éthique de la vie. Cependant, la définition de la vie comme auto-affection, et l’affirmation fondamentale selon laquelle l’art constitue l’accomplissement de celle-ci, expose l’entreprise de Henry à un certain nombre de difficultés : sous-détermination de l’art, impossibilité de rendre compte d’une réalité objective de l’œuvre d’art, exclusion de la littérature hors du champ de l’esthétique. La décision d’édifier une esthétique fidèle à l’affirmation fondamentale de Henry, qui soit aussi un discours capable de rendre compte au plus près des pratiques artistiques dans leur diversité, et leur réalité concrète, conduit ici à interroger les fondements théoriques de l’esthétique henrienne : ses conceptions de la transcendance et de la subjectivité. La réinterprétation de l’impression comme intentionnalité fondamentale, et du sens de l’auto-affection comme plurivoque vise ainsi à préciser la définition de l’art comme Rappel, d’une manière assez concrète pour en édifier une théorie générale, qui permette de le concevoir dans ses déterminations concrètes, et comme moment de la culture.Mots-clés : Michel Henry, Art, Esthétique, Phénoménologie, Intentionnalité, Affectivité, Auto-affection, Subjectivité, Invisible. / Michel Henry’s work has brought about the idea of a non-intentional phenomenology, based on the analysis of self-affection, as a phenomenological process allegedly more fundamental than intentionality. Whereas the latter reveals the visibility of the world, self-affection reveals, for its part, the invisibility of affective life. The theory of aesthetics that Henry develops in Voir l’invisible is based on this onto-phenomenological dualism. In this book, Henry defines art as the accomplishment of life, as its pathetical « emotional Recall ». Consequently, art is conceived accordingly to the paradoxical statement implied in the title of his book, since “voir l’invisible” means seeing what is invisible. So, to Henry’s opinion, art doesn’t bring forth the ‘phenomenological phenomenon’, but is the practical fulfilment of the ethics of life. Nevertheless, determining life as the invisibility of self-affection, and art as the accomplishment of life, urges him to face a certain number of difficulties : what about the risk of underestimating the complex structure of the work of art ? What about its actual reality ? And how is one supposed to understand, in such an aesthetical context, the possibility and structure of literature ? The purpose of settling a new theoretical basis for aesthetics, grounded on Michel Henry’s fundamental concept of the “Recall”, but at the same time able to solve these problems, and to actually take into account the wide variety of art practices, leads to investigate here the ontological foundations of Henry’s aesthetics : the way he conceives transcendence and subjectivity. Reinterpreting ‘impression’ as the fundamental intentionality, and showing self-affection as equivocal, enables to shape a more accurate and balanced characterization of art, viewed as ‘Recall’, in a much more realistic and concrete way, which brings about the conditions for a general theory of art and its relation to culture.Key words : Michel Henry, Art, Aesthetics, Phenomenology, Intentionality, Affectivity, Self-affection, Subjectivity, Invisible.

Si la déconstruction devait commencer quelque part, si son principe n'était pas d'emblée celui de lamultiplication originaire du principe, il faudrait alors dire que c'est comme déconstruction de l'autoaffectionpure qu'elle commence. En effet, l'interrogation du concept d'auto-affection pure estl'interrogation d'une dernière tentative pour penser encore la subjectivité en termes de principe (c'est-àdireen termes aussi de « subjectivité »). L'« auto-affection pure » est un concept qui renvoiecouramment au livre de 1929 de Heidegger sur Kant, Kant et le problème de la métaphysique. Or, dansce contexte, il renvoie déjà de manière essentielle à la répétition comme dispositif de sa production etcomme ce à partir de quoi sa déconstruction a concrètement lieu. La question de la répétition est en faitinséparable de la déconstruction de l'auto-affection pure. Si celle-ci est un autre nom de la temporalité,il faut alors démontrer en droit ce qui est un fait : c'est à partir de la répétition que la temporalité peutseulement être dévoilée. En ce sens, la répétition est déjà répétition de la question de l'être (Sein undZeit) mais aussi répétition de Kant (Kant et le problème de la métaphysique). Or, la détermination de latemporalité comme auto-affection pure, dans la répétition heideggerienne de Kant, n'est elle-mêmepossible que d'après la compréhension essentielle de la temporalité phénoménologique à partir duconcept de Husserl d'impression originaire. En ce sens, comme déconstruction de l'auto-affection pure,la répétition – en-deçà de toute identité constituée – doit aussi se trouver déjà à la racine de touteimpression originaire. / If deconstruction begins somewhere, if its starting point is not already the original multiplication ofprinciple and origin, then it is necessary to say that it begins first as the deconstruction of pure selfaffection.The interrogation of the concept of pure self-affection is the interrogation of probably the lastattempt to think about subjectivity in the terms of a principle (which are of course the terms of“subjectivity”). The pure self-affection concept widely refers to the 1929 book by Heidegger on Kanttitled Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. In this context, the concept of pure self-affection refersalready to repetition as the essential “device” for its production. The question of repetition is in factinseparable from pure self-affection deconstruction. If pure self-affection can work as another name fortemporality, then we have to show the reason for a well established fact : it is just through repetitionthat temporality can be disclosed. In this sense, repetition is already the repetition of the question onbeing (Sein und Zeit), but also the repetition of Kant (Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics). Now, thedetermination of temporality as pure self-affection, through Heidegger's repetition of Kant, supposesthe essential understanding of phenomenological temporality on the basis of Husserl's concept oforiginary impression. In this sense, as leading pure self-affection deconstruction, repetition – before theconstitution of identity – is to be found on the grounds of the originary impression itself.

Couple distress is common and associated with mental and physical health difficulties. Adult attachment insecurity has been associated with couple distress, but the mechanisms of this association need further investigation. This study investigated whether self-compassion and partner compassion mediated this association. 342 individuals and 75 couples completed an online questionnaire assessing attachment anxiety and avoidance, self- and partner compassion, and relationship quality and satisfaction. Partner compassion mediated the association between attachment avoidance and relationship quality and satisfaction. Self-compassion did not emerge as a direct mediator, but mediated between attachment insecurity and relationship measures through partner compassion. Self-compassion and partner compassion might play a role in relationship functioning. Interventions aiming to enhance compassion might be helpful in reducing couple distress.

Nesta pesquisa foi desenvolvido um modelo de ensino considerando a dimensão afetiva integrada numa estratégia de aprendizagem para fortalecer o desempenho dos estudantes do curso de Ciências Contábeis durante à formação profissional. Para realizar o estudo, foi criado um curso a distância em ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, aplicando a teoria da autoeficácia como estratégia de realização das atividades no curso. A Autoeficácia é um construto teórico da psicologia que condiz com os aspectos da responsabilidade social de contadores. A escolha de experimentar esse construto na modalidade de ensino a distância se deve à motivação de aliar aspectos afetivos à realidade tecnológica no modo virtual, participante do mundo acadêmico e do mercado profissional. A pesquisa está sedimentada no programa de governo Universidade Aberta do Brasil – UAB, executado em instituições de ensino superior como facilitador da formação profissional. A abordagem do desenvolvimento da pesquisa configura-se no modo qualitativo e utiliza a técnica de estudo de caso único comum com unidades incorporadas A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no laboratório de informática do Programa de Pós Graduação em Informática na Educação, no Centro Interdisciplinar de Novas Tecnologias de Educação (CINTED), na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, com alunos do curso de graduação em Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal do Maranhão –UFMA. A coleta de dados foi constituída por um questionário geral de Autoeficácia, escala de Autoestima e por observações das repostas e expressões dos alunos nas atividades. Para análise de dados, foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que o construto da Autoeficácia serve de apoio para docentes estruturarem e incorporarem a experiência vicária em suas práticas, a distância ou presencial, quando são oferecidas experiências de aprendizagem adequadas aos alunos. Todavia, o construto da autoeficácia pode ser associado a outros construtos, razão pela qual se insere na coleta de dados a escala de autoestima para melhor percepção sobre o desempenho dos alunos. / In this research, we developed an educational model considering the affective dimension, integrated into a learning strategy with the goal to strengthen the performance of students in the course of Accounting Sciences during vocational training. In order to conduct the study, we created a distance learning course in virtual learning environment, applying the theory of self-efficacy as a strategy for the execution of activities in the course. Self-efficacy is a broad theoretical construct that conforms to the social responsibility aspects of accountants. The choice to experience this construct in the modality of distance education is due to the motivation to combine emotional aspects and the technological reality in virtual mode, which is part of the academic world and the professional market. The research is sedimented on the government program Open University of Brazil – UAB, run on institutions of higher education as a facilitator of vocational training. The approach to the development of the research is qualitative and makes uses of the technique of single common case study with incorporated units The research was developed in the computer laboratory of the Postgraduate Program in Computing on Education, in the Interdisciplinary Center of New Technologies in Education (CINTED), at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, with students of the undergraduate course in Accounting Sciences of the Federal University of Maranhão –UFMA. Data collection was constituted by a general self-efficacy questionnaire, the self-esteem scale and by observations of the answers and of the pupils' expressions during the activities. For data analysis, the content analysis method was used. The results suggest that the self-efficacy construct serves as support for teachers to structure and incorporate the vicarious experience in their practices, either in the classroom or by distance, when appropriate learning experiences are offered to students. However, the construct of self-efficacy can be associated to other constructs, reason why the self-esteem is inserted in data collection, for a better perception on the performance of the students.