Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Halmeman.pdf: 1179833 bytes, checksum: 64bd1e15425a905c181f5233403e74a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this project was to verify the potential for the hydrogen production via water electrolysis by using the exceeding electrical energy resulting from the cogeneration process in alcohol and sugar plants. The studies were made from July to November/2007 in plants authorized by the ANEEL that use the sugar cane bagasse as fuel for the generation of thermal and electrical energy. The data were taken from each plant. The processing history of sugar cane for the last five years was verified and the calculations were made based on the values of the 2006/2007 harvest. The operation time of the plants was considered to be 202 days in average. The amount of sugar cane processed daily and the total of bagasse produced, electrical energy generated in a year and exceeding electrical energy were calculated for each plant. Along with the cost of the electrolysers, it was also obtained the energy consumption average value of 5.2 kWh to produce 1 Nm3 of hydrogen and a specific cost for the electrolysis plant that ranges from US$ 1,555 kW-1 to US$ 2,510 kW-1. The hydrogen production costs regarding the capacity of hydrogen production range from US$ 0.50 Nm-3 to US$ 0.75 Nm-3. The results show an increasing potential for the generation of exceeding electrical energy that can be used for the production of electrolytic hydrogen, since the costs for hydrogen production presented themselves to be similar to the ones found in other studies carried out, however, using other energy sources. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial de produção de hidrogênio via eletrólise da água, aproveitando a energia elétrica excedente, resultante do processo de cogeração nas usinas de açúcar e álcool. O estudo foi realizado no período de julho a novembro de 2007, em usinas autorizadas pela ANEEL que utilizam o bagaço da cana-de-açúcar como combustível, para gerar energia térmica e elétrica. Os dados foram obtidos em cada usina. Verificou-se o histórico do processamento da cana-açúcar nos últimos cinco anos, sendo que os cálculos foram realizados com base nos valores da safra de 2006/2007. Considerou-se que o tempo de operação das usinas é, em média, 202 dias e foram calculados para cada usina: a quantidade de cana processada diariamente e o total de bagaço gerado, a energia elétrica gerada no ano e energia elétrica excedente. Com o custo dos eletrolisadores, obteve-se o valor médio de consumo de energia de 5,2 kWh para produzir 1 Nm3 de hidrogênio e o custo específico da planta de eletrólise de US$ 1,555 kW a US$ 2,510 kW. Os custos de produção do hidrogênio em função da capacidade de produção de hidrogênio são de US$ 0,50 Nm-3 a US$ 0,75 Nm-3. Os resultados apontaram que há um crescente potencial de geração de energia elétrica excedente que pode ser usada para produção de hidrogênio eletrolítico, visto que os custos de produção do hidrogênio apresentaram-se próximos aos encontrados em outros estudos realizados, porém utilizando-se outras fontes de energia.

Atualmente, a bioprodução de etanol a partir de materiais lignocelulósicos como o bagaço de cana é de grande interesse nacional e cientifico. Para utilização destes materiais em processos biotecnológicos procedeu-se sua hidrólise em função de sua constituição complexa em celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Após hidrólise ácida branda obteve-se um hidrolisado hemicelulósico rico em xilose e outros açúcares juntamente com compostos tóxicos a atividade microbiana como ácido acético, furfural, hidroximetilfurfural e compostos fenólicos. Este trabalho avaliou a necessidade da suplementação nutricional bem como a concentração inicial de xilose e células no hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar sobre os parâmetros fermentativos de sua bioconversão a etanol pela levedura Pichia stipitis UFMG-IMH 43.2. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com um planejamento fatorial completo 23 com face centrada tendo como resposta o fator de conversão de açúcares em etanol (YP/S). Na suplementação do hidrolisado avaliou-se a adição dos seguintes nutrientes: MgSO4 (0 a 1,0 g/L), extrato de levedura (0 a 5,0 g/L) e uréia (0 a 5,0 g/L). Neste estudo observou-se que o extrato de levedura (5,0 g/L) exerceu maior influência sobre o processo fermentativo alcançando máximos valores de YP/S (0,13 g/L) e produtividade volumétrica em etanol (0,07 g/L.h) não necessitando da adição dos demais nutrientes. Ao se avaliar a concentração inicial de xilose (30; 52,5; 75 g/L) bem como a concentração celular inicial (0,5; 1,0; 2,0 g/L) no hidrolisado observou-se uma melhoria significativa no valor de YP/S (0,19 g/g) utilizando máxima concentração celular inicial (2 g/L) associada com menor concentração de xilose inicial (30 g/L). Estes resultados indicaram que a levedura Pichia stipitis UFMG-IMH 43.2 favoreceu a conversão em etanol YP/S (0,19 g/g), mostrando que a levedura teve melhor comportamento a baixas concentrações de xilose. Este estudo demonstrou que a levedura P. stipitis UFMG-IMH 43.2 mostrou-se como uma alternativa viável para a produção de bioetanol em hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. / Currently, ethanol bioproduction from lignocellulosic materials such as sugarcane bagasse is of great national and scientific interest. For utilization of these materials in biotechnological processes according mild acid hydrolysis is required to complex constitution of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. After mild acid hydrolysis, a hemicellulosic hydrolyzate rich in xylose and other sugars together with toxic compounds to microbial activity as acetic acid, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and phenolics was obtained. The studies on the hydrolysate supplementation evaluated the nutrients addition: MgSO4 (0 to 1.0 g/L), yeast extract (0 to 5.0 g/L) and urea (0 to 5.0 g/L) and effects of initial xylose and cell concentration for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis UFMG-IMH 43.2 yeast were evaluated. The experiments were performed according to factorial design central composite face centered 23 using YP/S as response factor. This study showed that only the addition of 5.0 g/L yeast extract was enough to obtained YP/S equal to 0.13 g/L and productivity of 0.07 g/L-h. The evaluation of initial xylose concentration (30; 52,5; 75 g/L) and initial cell concentration (0,5; 1,0; 2;0 g/L) showed a significant influence on fermentation parameter YP/S. The best conditions were achieved using initial cell concentration of 2.0 g/L and initial xylose concentration of 30 g/L with YP/S equal to 0.19 g/g, showing that this yeast strain had better performance at low xylose concentrations. This study demonstrated that P. stipitis UFMG-IMH 43.2 yeast was a promising alternative for bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate.

This work reports the results of a systematic study of the factors that affect the bridging behaviour of bagasse. It shows that traditional bulk solids theory is inappropriate for predicting bagasse flow mainly because of the impossibility of obtaining a reliable measure of internal friction. It demonstrates the significant influence of fibre length and moisture content on its handling charateristics. Correlations of pertinent bulk properties such as compactibility, tensile strength, surface friction and translation of vertical into horizontal pressure have been developed. These were derived as a result of measurements in equipment that was designed for the purpose. Finally, an empirical model utilising these correlations is proposed by which the likelihood of bridge formation in any piece of bagasse handling equipment can be determined. The validity of the model is assessed by comparison with bridging tests that were performed under controlled conditions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, 1996

This is an experimental study into the permeability and compressibility properties of bagasse pulp pads. Three experimental rigs were custom-built for this project. The experimental work is complemented by modelling work. Both the steady-state and dynamic behaviour of pulp pads are evaluated in the experimental and modelling components of this project. Bagasse, the fibrous residue that remains after sugar is extracted from sugarcane, is normally burnt in Australia to generate steam and electricity for the sugar factory. A study into bagasse pulp was motivated by the possibility of making highly value-added pulp products from bagasse for the financial benefit of sugarcane millers and growers. The bagasse pulp and paper industry is a multibillion dollar industry (1). Bagasse pulp could replace eucalypt pulp which is more widely used in the local production of paper products. An opportunity exists for replacing the large quantity of mainly generic paper products imported to Australia. This includes 949,000 tonnes of generic photocopier papers (2). The use of bagasse pulp for paper manufacture is the main application area of interest for this study. Bagasse contains a large quantity of short parenchyma cells called ‘pith’. Around 30% of the shortest fibres are removed from bagasse prior to pulping. Despite the ‘depithing’ operations in conventional bagasse pulp mills, a large amount of pith remains in the pulp. Amongst Australian paper producers there is a perception that the high quantity of short fibres in bagasse pulp leads to poor filtration behaviour at the wet-end of a paper machine. Bagasse pulp’s poor filtration behaviour reduces paper production rates and consequently revenue when compared to paper production using locally made eucalypt pulp. Pulp filtration can be characterised by two interacting factors; permeability and compressibility. Surprisingly, there has previously been very little rigorous investigation into neither bagasse pulp permeability nor compressibility. Only freeness testing of bagasse pulp has been published in the open literature. As a result, this study has focussed on a detailed investigation of the filtration properties of bagasse pulp pads. As part of this investigation, this study investigated three options for improving the permeability and compressibility properties of Australian bagasse pulp pads. Two options for further pre-treating depithed bagasse prior to pulping were considered. Firstly, bagasse was fractionated based on size. Two bagasse fractions were produced, ‘coarse’ and ‘medium’ bagasse fractions. Secondly, bagasse was collected after being processed on two types of juice extraction technology, i.e. from a sugar mill and from a sugar diffuser. Finally one method of post-treating the bagasse pulp was investigated. The effects of chemical additives, which are known to improve freeness, were also assessed for their effect on pulp pad permeability and compressibility. Pre-treated Australian bagasse pulp samples were compared with several benchmark pulp samples. A sample of commonly used kraft Eucalyptus globulus pulp was obtained. A sample of depithed Argentinean bagasse, which is used for commercial paper production, was also obtained. A sample of Australian bagasse which was depithed as per typical factory operations was also produced for benchmarking purposes. The steady-state pulp pad permeability and compressibility parameters were determined experimentally using two purpose-built experimental rigs. In reality, steady-state conditions do not exist on a paper machine. The permeability changes as the sheet compresses over time. Hence, a dynamic model was developed which uses the experimentally determined steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters as inputs. The filtration model was developed with a view to designing pulp processing equipment that is suitable specifically for bagasse pulp. The predicted results of the dynamic model were compared to experimental data. The effectiveness of a polymeric and microparticle chemical additives for improving the retention of short fibres and increasing the drainage rate of a bagasse pulp slurry was determined in a third purpose-built rig; a modified Dynamic Drainage Jar (DDJ). These chemical additives were then used in the making of a pulp pad, and their effect on the steady-state and dynamic permeability and compressibility of bagasse pulp pads was determined. The most important finding from this investigation was that Australian bagasse pulp was produced with higher permeability than eucalypt pulp, despite a higher overall content of short fibres. It is thought this research outcome could enable Australian paper producers to switch from eucalypt pulp to bagasse pulp without sacrificing paper machine productivity. It is thought that two factors contributed to the high permeability of the bagasse pulp pad. Firstly, thicker cell walls of the bagasse pulp fibres resulted in high fibre stiffness. Secondly, the bagasse pulp had a large proportion of fibres longer than 1.3 mm. These attributes helped to reinforce the pulp pad matrix. The steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters for the eucalypt pulp were consistent with those found by previous workers. It was also found that Australian pulp derived from the ‘coarse’ bagasse fraction had higher steady-state permeability than the ‘medium’ fraction. However, there was no difference between bagasse pulp originating from a diffuser or a mill. The bagasse pre-treatment options investigated in this study were not found to affect the steady-state compressibility parameters of a pulp pad. The dynamic filtration model was found to give predictions that were in good agreement with experimental data for pads made from samples of pretreated bagasse pulp, provided at least some pith was removed prior to pulping. Applying vacuum to a pulp slurry in the modified DDJ dramatically reduced the drainage time. At any level of vacuum, bagasse pulp benefitted from chemical additives as quantified by reduced drainage time and increased retention of short fibres. Using the modified DDJ, it was observed that under specific conditions, a benchmark depithed bagasse pulp drained more rapidly than the ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp. In steady-state permeability and compressibility experiments, the addition of chemical additives improved the pad permeability and compressibility of a benchmark bagasse pulp with a high quantity of short fibres. Importantly, this effect was not observed for the ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp. However, dynamic filtration experiments showed that there was also a small observable improvement in filtration for the ‘medium’ bagasse pulp. The mechanism of bagasse pulp pad consolidation appears to be by fibre realignment. Chemical additives assist to lubricate the consolidation process. This study was complemented by pulp physical and chemical property testing and a microscopy study. In addition to its high pulp pad permeability, ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp often (but not always) had superior physical properties than a benchmark depithed bagasse pulp.

Eight strains of bacteria (L1-L8) were isolated from the mud of a decantation lake (A) from the Station of Effluent Treatment (SET) of the S. A. Usina Coruripe Açúcar e Álcool , in the harvest season of 2004/05. Three of these bacteria were considered facultative anaerobes (L3, L7 and L8). The isolates were identified as species of the genus Achromobacter (L1 and L5), Acinetobacter (L2 and L6), Proteus (L3), Flavobacterium (L4), and Serratia (L7 and L8), with different enzymatic activities that are of environmental interest. On the other hand, 19 microorganisms were isolated from the wastewater samples of the same lake and of the sugarcane bagasse stored in that company, it means,8 from the effluent and 11 from the bagasse, being 14 bacteria G+ and G- (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, BC1, BC2, BC3, BC6, BC7 and BC11), and 5 were fungi - 3 yeast (BC4, BC5 and BC9) and 2 moulds (BC8 and BC10). All the isolates were mesophylic. The bacteria from the studied effluent were identified as Klebsiella sp (A1), Corynebacterium sp (A2 and A7), Arthrobacter sp (A3), Streptomyces sp (A4); Staphylococcus sp (A5), Acinetobacter sp (A6); Serratia sp (A8). The isolates from the sugarcane bagasse were species from the genus Bacillus (BC1),Clostridium. (BC2), Acinetobacter (BC3 and BC6); Corynebacterium (BC7) and Lactobacillus (BC11). Because of their high potential in degrading polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and phenolic compounds such as tannin, the mud bacteria L1 (Achromobacter sp) and L3 (Proteus sp) were screened according to their kinetic of growth and degradation of tannic acid. Although the concentration of tannic acid at 0,8 % still allows the growth of Proteus sp, the concentration of the same substrate at 1% in solid medium inhibited its growth, suggesting that the microorganism do not tolerate high concentrations of this compound. Furthermore, even if Achromobacter sp from the mud had not grown in solid medium containing 0.8-1.0% of tannic acid, it was able to developed very well in medium with gallic acid, and also hydrolysed ester linkages of the tannic acid molecule in liquid medium, releasing gallic acid. The species of Proteus and Achromobacter sp, isolated from the mud from the decantation lake of the studied sugar-alcohol industry (harvest season 2004/05) appear promising for studies of co-metabolism and bioaugmentation for treatment of this type of wastewater containing phenolic compounds and other substances. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foram isoladas 8 linhagens bacterianas (L1-L8) de lodo da lagoa de decantação A da Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE) da S. A. Usina Coruripe Açúcar e Álcool, na safra de 2004/05, sendo 3 deles anaeróbios facultativos com metabolismo fermentativo (L3, L7 e L8). Os isolados foram identificados como espécies de Achromobacter (L1 e L5), Acinetobacter (L2 e L6), Proteus (L3), Flavobacterium (L4), e Serratia (L7 e L8), apresentando diversas atividades enzimáticas de interesse ambiental. Quanto às amostras do efluente da mesma lagoa de decantação da ETE estudada, e do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar acumulado na empresa, foram isolados 19 microrganismos (8 do efluente e 11 do bagaço), sendo que 14 são bactérias G+ e G- (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, BC1, BC2, BC3, BC6, BC7 e BC11) e 5 são fungos, isto é, 3 leveduriformes (BC4, BC5 e BC9) e 2 filamentosos (BC8 e BC10). Todos os microrganismos obtidos são mesofílicos. As bactérias dos efluentes da ETE estudada foram identificadas como pertencentes aos gêneros Klebsiella (A1), Corynebacterium (A2 e A7), Arthrobacter (A3), Streptomyces (A4); Staphylococcus (A5), Acinetobacter (A6); Serratia (A8). Os isolados de bagaço-de-cana pertencem ao gêneros: Bacillus sp (BC1), Clostridium. Sp (BC2), Acinetobacter (BC3 e BC6); Corynebacterium (BC7) e Lactobacillus (BC11). Por terem apresentado um alto potencial em degradar polissacarídeos, lipídeos, proteínas e compostos fenólicos (tanino), os isolados de lodo L1 (Achromobacter sp) e L3 (Proteus sp) foram selecionados para testes de cinética de crescimento/degradação de ácido tânico. Embora concentrações de 0,8 % de ácido tânico ainda favoreçam o crescimento de Proteus sp, a concentração de 1 % desse substrato em meio sólido inibiu seu crescimento, sugerindo que o microrganismo não tolera altas concentrações desse composto. Apesar de não ter sido observado o crescimento do isolado de lodo Achromobacter sp. em meio sólido contendo 0,8-1,0% de ácido tânico, o mesmo foi capaz de degradar fenóis pelo seu desenvolvimento em meio contendo ácido gálico, ou por ter hidrolisado as ligações éster da molécula de ácido tânico em meio líquido, liberando ácido gálico. As espécies de Proteus sp e Achromobacter sp, isoladas de lodo da lagoa de decantação da ETE da indústria sucroalcooleira estudada (safra 2004/05), são promissoras para estudos de cometabolismo de microrganismos e bioaumentação de águas residuárias contendo compostos fenólicos e outras substâncias.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A matriz energética mundial é baseada em fontes fósseis e renováveis. No Brasil, o bioetanol é gerado principalmente a partir da cana-de-açúcar. Resíduos agroindustriais (fontes celulósicas ou amiláceas) despontam como biomassas alternativas à cana-de-açúcar, para aumentar a competitividade deste combustível renovável frente aos de origem fóssil e também favorecer a sustentabilidade e a segurança alimentar e energética, pois são ricos em polissacarídeos não diretamente fermentescíveis, abundantes (problema ambiental) e apresentam baixo valor comercial. O farelo de mandioca é um exemplo de resíduo sólido gerado na produção de fécula (amido) e farinha de mandioca que ainda contém, em média, 75% de amido. Consequentemente, deve ser previamente hidrolisado e posteriormente fermentado por leveduras do gênero Saccharomyces para gerar etanol. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir bioetanol a partir de hidrolisados enzimáticos de farelo de mandioca, usando levedura álcool resistente (AR). Primeiramente, a concentração de açúcares obtida a partir da hidrólise enzimática foi verificada através de um planejamento fatorial completo (24), com triplicata no ponto central, a fim de investigar a influência dos seguintes fatores na hidrólise: concentração de α-amilase (Termamyl 2X), tempo de liquefação, concentração de glucoamilase (AMG 300L) e o tempo sacarificação. A condição de hidrólise mais favorável foi a do ensaio com 0,517 mL de AMG/g amido, 0,270 mL de Termamyl/g amido, 1h de tempo de liquefação e 2h de tempo de sacarificação. O caldo resultante da condição escolhida alcançou altas concentrações de glicose (160 g/L). Os ensaios de fermentação alcoólica foram realizados em duplicata em biorreator de 3L, em regime de batelada, a 30C, 100 rpm e pH 5,5. Cerca de 3 g/L (massa seca) de uma linhagem de levedura álcool tolerante, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, crescida por 12h em meio YEDP (2% de glicose) foram usados como inóculo. O mosto consistiu de um litro de hidrolisado (160 g/L de glicose) fortificado com extrato de levedura (1%) e peptona de carne (1%), além da adição de um antiespumante (Tween 80) na concentração de 0,05% (m/v). Em 30 horas de fermentação, a média da concentração de etanol obtida foi de 65 g/L. A eficiência foi de 87,6% e o rendimento e a produtividade foram 0,448 e 2,16 g/L.h, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram a aplicabilidade do farelo de mandioca como matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol / The world energy matrix is based on fossil and renewable sources. In Brazil, bioethanol is generated mainly from sugarcane. Agro-industrial wastes (cellulosic or starchy sources) emerge as an alternative to sugarcane biomass, in order to increase this renewable fuel competitiveness against fossil ones, and also promote sustainability, food security and energy security, because they are rich in polysaccharides (not directly fermentable), abundant (environmental problem), and have low commercial value. The cassava bagasse is an example of a solid waste originated from starch and cassava flour industries, which still contains on average 75% of starch. Consequently, it should be hydrolyzed and then fermented by Saccharomyces yeasts in order to generate ethanol. This study aimed to produce bioethanol from enzymatic hydrolysate of cassava bagasse, using alcohol resistant (AR) yeast. At first, the concentration of sugars obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was verified using a full factorial design (24) with triplicate at the center point to investigate the influence of α-amylase concentration (Termamyl 2X), liquefaction time, glucoamylase concentration (AMG 300L), and saccharification time. The best condition of hydrolysis was 0,270 mL of Termamyl/g starch, 1h of liquefaction, 0,517 mL of AMG/g starch, and 2h of saccharification. The resultant syrup of the chosen condition achieves high levels of glucose (160 g/L). Alcoholic fermentation assays were performed in duplicate in a 3L bioreactor under batch regime at 30C, 100 rpm and pH 5.5. About 3 g/L (dry weight) of an alcohol tolerant yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, grown for 12 h in YEDP medium (2% glucose), were used as inoculum. The fermentation broth consisted of one liter of hydrolysate (160 g/L of glucose) supplemented with yeast extract (1%) and meat peptone (1%), plus the addition of an antifoam (Tween 80) in a concentration of 0.05% (w/v). At 30 hours of fermentation, the average ethanol concentration obtained was 65 g/L. The efficiency was 87.6% and the yield and the productivity were, respectively, 0.448 and 2.16 g/L.h. The results indicated the applicability of cassava bagasse as raw material for bioethanol production

Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-04-08T19:43:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_8940_Lorena Coelho Benevides verso final.pdf: 1351644 bytes, checksum: 36811571a6fc31c4766e3cc2e0db0ce7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-05-13T13:34:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_8940_Lorena Coelho Benevides verso final.pdf: 1351644 bytes, checksum: 36811571a6fc31c4766e3cc2e0db0ce7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T13:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) tese_8940_Lorena Coelho Benevides verso final.pdf: 1351644 bytes, checksum: 36811571a6fc31c4766e3cc2e0db0ce7 (MD5) / CAPES / O Brasil produz 1,4 milhões de toneladas de suco de laranja, sendo responsável por 50% da produção mundial. Estima-se que 40-60% do volume processado seja considerado rejeito. Uma alternativa de aproveitamento da biomassa residual é a sua utilização para a obtenção de energia a partir do processo de pirólise. A compreensão desse processo envolve o estudo da cinética de degradação da biomassa residual, dos fenômenos de transporte, bem como do tipo, configuração e condições ótimas de operação do reator. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o estudo cinético da pirólise de bagaço de laranja. Com relação à análise termogravimétrica, esta foi avaliada em dois estágios: o primeiro referente à perda de água livre até 373 K (secagem) e o segundo referente às reações de pirólise (devolatilização). Para a fase de secagem, modelos semi-empíricos de secagem foram usados em suas formas não isotérmicas. Já para a fase de devolatilização, utilizaram-se os modelos isoconversionais e o das reações paralelas independentes (RPI) reparametrizado. Para o primeiro estágio, o modelo que melhor descreveu a etapa de secagem dinâmica foi o de Overhutz, obtendo-se energia de ativação média de 11,24 kJ/mol. Já para o segundo estágio, os modelos isoconversionais apresentaram energia de ativação entre 104,94 e 417,27 kJ/mol. O modelo de Reações Paralelas Independentes Reparametrizado apresentou energia de ativação entre 130,32 e 153,62 kJ/mol, 144,00 e 194,65 kJ/mol, 59,23 e 85,41 kJ/mol, 74,16 e 148,89 kJ/mol, e 163,95 e 184,23 k/mol para hemicelulose, celulose, lignina, pectina e componente não conhecido, respectivamente. As frações dos subcomponentes do bagaço de laranja também foram estimados e obtiveram-se valores aproximados de 21, 31, 17, 25 e 6% de hemicelulose, celulose, lignina, pectina e componente x, respectivamente. Além disso, avaliou-se a cinética de secagem convectiva do bagaço, visto que o mesmo possui uma alta umidade inicial, empregando-se as equações semi-empíricas de cinética de secagem. A energia de ativação para a cinética convectiva do bagaço de laranja foi de 20,99 kJ/mol e o modelo de Overhultz foi o que melhor se adequou aos dados experimentais. / Brazil produces 1.4 million tons of orange juice, accounting for 50% of world production. It is estimated that 40-60% of the volume processed is considered tailings. An alternative use of residual biomass is their use for obtaining energy from the pyrolysis process. Understanding this process involves the study of the residual biomass degradation kinetics, transport phenomena, and the type, configuration, and optimal conditions of reactor operation. The aim of this work is the kinetic study of orange bagasse pyrolysis. With respect to thermogravimetric analysis, this was assessed in two stages: the first refers to the free water loss to 373 K (drying) and the second referring to the pyrolysis reactions (devolatilization). For the drying step, the semi-empirical models of drying were used in their non-isothermal forms. As for the devolatilization phase, they used the isoconversionais models and independent parallel reactions (RPI) reparametrized. For the first stage, the model that best describes the dynamic drying step was to Overhutz, obtaining average activation energy of 11,24 kJ/mol. As for the second stage, isoconversionais models showed activation energy between 104,94 and 417,27 kJ/mol. The reparametrized Independent Parallel Reactions model presented activation energy between 130,32 and 153,62 kJ/mol, 144,00 and 194,65 kJ/mol, 59,23 and 85,41 kJ/mol, 74,16 and 148,89 kJ/mol, and 163,95 and 184,23 kJ/mol for hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, pectin, and component not known respectively. Fractions of subcomponents of orange bagasse were also estimated and is obtained approximate values of 21, 31, 17, 25 and 6% hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, pectin and component x, respectively. In addition, it evaluated the convective drying kinetics bagasse, since it has a high initial moisture content, using the semi-empirical equations drying kinetics. The activation energy for convective kinetics of orange bagasse was 20,99 kJ/mol and the Overhultz model was the one best suited to the experimental data.

Orientador: Maurício Boscolo / Banca: Sandra Helena da Cruz / Banca: Roberto da Silva / Resumo: No presente trabalho foi avaliada a utilização de pré-tratamentos com micro-ondas e ultrassom, associados ou não a agentes químicos, sobre o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para posterior sacarificação enzimática para produção de açúcares fermentescíveis. Os sobrenadantes dos pré-tratamentos foram analisados por HPLC-RI para quantificação de açúcares e HPLC-UV para determinação de compostos fenólicos, provenientes da degradação da lignina e inibidores da sacarificação. Os bagaços pré-tratados foram hidrolisados com dois complexos enzimáticos fornecidos pela Novozymes, o complexo NS50012 contendo diversas enzimas como celulases, xilanases e hemicelulases e o complexo NS50013 mais específico, contendo maior atividade de -glicosidase. Verificou-se que as amostras controle tratadas com micro-ondas e ultrassom sofreram perda de massa de 3% e 1,6% respectivamente, porém, variações consideráveis ocorreram com as amostras tratadas com ácidos minerais, chegando a 55,8 % de perda de massa com ácido clorídrico, seguido do ácido nítrico, com perda de 51,5%, ambas com liberação de açúcares, como glicose e xilose. Em meio alcalino, a maior perda foi com o tratamento de NaOH , com 17,3%. O uso de peróxido de hidrogênio seguido de hidróxido de sódio mostrou-se eficiente na deslignificação, com perdas de massa na ordem de 22 e 17%, com o uso de micro-ondas e ultrassom, respectivamente. O uso de CaO proporcionou perda de massa de 45,7 % e o tratamento realizado com sais cujos cátions são ácidos de Lewis como o CaCl2 e o FeCl2 resultaram em redução de 30-35% na massa do bagaço. No tratamento ultrassônico destacam-se valores entre 11-29% para os ácidos, mas, de modo geral, os tratamentos com uso de ultrassom demonstraram serem menos efetivos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work it was tested the utilization of microwave and ultrasound as pretreatments of the sugarcane bagasse associated or not with chemical agents, for later enzymatic saccharification for the production of fermentable sugars. The supernatants of the pretreatments was analyze by HPLC-RI for sugars quantification and HPLC-UV for determination of fenolic compounds, from the lignin degradation and fermentation inhibitors. The treated bagasse was hydrolyzed with two different enzymatic complexes provided by Novozymes, the NS50012 complex that content some different enzymes like cellulases, xylanases and hemicellulases, and the NS50013 complex that is more specific, with larger values of -glucosidase. It was checked that the control samples treated with microwave and ultrasound suffered weight loss of 3% and 1,6% respectively, and considerable variations occurred with the samples treated with mineral acids, reaching to 55,8% of weight loss with chloridric acid, followed of nitric acid, with loss of 51,5%, both with sugar liberation, as such as glucose and xylose. In alkaline medium, the larger weight loss was with the treatment with NaOH, com 17,3%. The utilization of hydrogen peroxide followed by NaOH showed efficiency in the delignification, with weight losses in the order of 22% and 17%, with microwave and ultrasound, respectively. The utilization of CaO provided weight loss of 45,7% and the treatment realized with salts that the cation are Lewis acids like CaCl2 and FeCl2 resulting in reductions of 30-35% in bagasse weight. In the ultrasound treatment stand out values between 29-11% for the acids, but, in overall, the ultrasound treatments showed be fewer effective in weight loss when compared with microwave utilization. Was detect liberation of sugars like glucose, xylose and cellobiose, after treatments... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvaneto_hf_me_jabo.pdf: 3620885 bytes, checksum: 84e91fefdefb9746d97ad6bd396c68a5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Usina São Martinho / Para comparar as características agrotecnológicas dos cultivares de cana foram desenvolvidos estudos relacionados ao florescimento, isoporização, produção de bagaço e produtividade agroindustrial. Além disso, objetivou-se identificar o efeito de cada impureza vegetal na qualidade do caldo de cana. As coletas dos colmos ocorreram em área experimental da FCAV/UNESP ao longo da safra 2008/2009. As análises químicas e tecnológicas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Tecnologia do Açúcar e Etanol da mesma Universidade. Os cultivares RB855536 (precoce) e IAC94-2101 (tardio) não floresceram, e apresentaram baixa intensidade e volume de isoporização. Houve diminuição da pol em colmos em processo de indução floral e maior diâmetro isoporizado nos colmos florescidos. Os cultivares apresentaram os maiores valores de bagaço coincidindo com sua época indicada para o corte. Os cultivares precoces (CTC 16 e IACSP93-3046) e os tardios (RB867515, CTC 2 e CTC 8) se destacaram como exemplares de elevado potencial energético, devido à sua maior produtividade de bagaço, durante a maior parte da safra. Os cultivares precoces, obtiveram maior produção e produtividade de bagaço quando comparadas aos tardios. Os cultivares precoces (CTC 9 e CTC 7) e o tardio CTC 6 se destacaram pelo elevado potencial produtivo e maior contribuição financeira, sendo observado a superioridade dos tardios sobre os precoces. O ponteiro exerceu maior influência nas variáveis estudadas. Não houve influência negativa da bainha sobre a qualidade da matéria prima. A palha proporcionou incremento no teor de fibra e menores níveis de AR e acidez do caldo / To compare the agricultural and technological characteristics of sugarcane cultivars have been conducted studies related to flowering, pith (juice content reduction), bagasse production and stalks productivity. So, the objective was to identify the vegetable trash effects on the sugarcane juice quality. The stalks sampling were made in the experimental area (São Paulo State University – Unesp, Jaboticabal County, Brazil) over the 2008/2009 crop season. Chemical and technological analyses were performed in the Sugar and Ethanol Technology Laboratory, at the same university. The cultivars RB855536 (early) and IAC94-2101 (late) did not flower, and had low intensity and volume of pith. There was a decrease in the cane sucrose contents (Pol % cane), when stalks with floral induction process were analyzed and larger diameter of spongeous areas in flowering stalks. The studied cultivars showed the highest potential production bagasse coinciding with his the best cut moment. The precocious cultivars (16 and IACSP93 CTC-3046) and late cultivars (RB867515, CTC, and CTC 2 8) stood out as exemplars of high potential energy production due to its higher bagasse productivity, for most of the crop season. The early cultivars had higher production and productivity of sugarcane bagasse as compared to late cultivars. The early cultivars (CTC 9 and CEC 7) and late (CTC 6) stood out for the high yield potential and greater financial contribution, being observed the superiority of late over precocious sugarcane cultivars. The stalk tips had greater influence on the variables studied. There was no negative influence of the sheath on the quality of raw material. The straw provided an increase in cane fiber content and lower sugarcane juice contents of Reducing Sugars and acidity

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5512.pdf: 1675884 bytes, checksum: 47d8b8c6a94d1de848c43c964a5f3257 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Bioethanol is an alternative low cost fuel, which is conventionally obtained in Brazil from the fermentation of sugarcane juice, molasses, or a mixture of these. However, alternatively, ethanol could be obtained from lignocellulosic materials, wastes or agroindustrial byproducts composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, such as sugarcane bagasse. For each ton of cane processed, 250 kg of bagasse are obtained on average, which is usually burned for power generation industry. The microbial cultivation using these materials depend on the availability of substrates, accordingly, acid hydrolysis has been considered one of the most widely used process for the depolymerization of the hemicellulose fraction of lignocellulosic materials, due to their low cost and high efficiency. However, under conditions of high temperature and pressure, glucose and xylose released are degraded to 5- hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural, respectively. These compounds are characterized by inhibiting the yeast used in the fermentation step, which influences the microbial metabolism and the conversion of hexoses and pentoses obtained in ethanol. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of a yeast strain, from the species Dekkera bruxellensis (CCA155) in producing ethanol from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates, since it has shown to be a yeast tolerant to adverse conditions found in industrial fermentation processes. The results indicated that D. bruxellensis was capable of producing ethanol in a synthetic medium containing xylose or arabinose, and xylose or glucose as sole carbon sources, and when grown in concentrations of 50 or 100% sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate, maximum specific speeds growth was similar, about 0.009 h-1, with cell productivity of about 0.035 gL-1h-1. In the bioreactor tests, the yeast displayed low specific growth rate during the first five days, 0.003 h-1, caused by a slow consumption of glucose. But in a second phase of growth, with a lower rate 0.001 h-1, there was an increase in xylose consumption, a period in that an increase in ethanol concentration with maximum yield of approximately 3.25 mg/L.h was observed. Therefore even with lower growth when compared to yeast fermentation conventionally used in ethanol industries, these results suggest the feasibility of the cultivation of D. bruxellensis in hydrolysates of sugarcane bagasse. / O bioetanol é um combustível alternativo, de baixo custo o qual convencionalmente é obtido no Brasil a partir da fermentação de caldo de cana-de-açúcar, melaço ou a mistura destes. Entretanto, alternativamente, o etanol poderia ser obtido a partir de materiais lignocelulósicos, resíduos ou subprodutos agroindustriais compostos por celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, tais como o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para cada tonelada de cana processada, são obtidos, em média, 250 kg de bagaço, o qual é geralmente queimado para geração de energia na indústria. Os cultivos microbianos a partir destas matérias-primas dependem da disponibilização dos substratos, nesse sentido, a hidrólise ácida tem sido referida como um dos processos mais utilizados para a despolimerização da fração hemicelulósica dos materiais lignocelulósicos, devido ao seu baixo custo e alta eficiência. No entanto, em condições de alta pressão e temperatura, glicose e xilose liberadas são degradadas a 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) e furfural, respectivamente. Estes compostos são caracterizados por inibirem as leveduras utilizadas na etapa de fermentação, o que influencia o metabolismo microbiano e a conversão das hexoses e pentoses obtidas em etanol. Neste contexto, o trabalho consistiu em avaliar a capacidade de uma linhagem da levedura Dekkera bruxellensis em produzir etanol a partir de pré-hidrolisados de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, já que a mesma tem mostrado ser uma levedura tolerante a condições adversas encontradas em processos fermentativos industriais. Os resultados indicaram que D. bruxellensis foi capaz de produzir etanol em meio sintético contendo xilose ou arabinose, ou ainda xilose e glicose como únicas fontes de carbono, e quando cultivadas em concentrações de 50 ou 100% de pré-hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, as velocidades específicas de crescimento máximas foram semelhantes, em torno de 0,009 h-1, com produtividade celular de aproximadamente 0,035 g.L-1 h-1. Os ensaios em biorreator demonstraram baixas velocidades específicas de crescimento nos primeiros cinco dias, 0,003 h-1, ocasionado por um lento consumo de glicose. Porém em uma segunda fase de crescimento, com velocidade específica menor 0,001 h-1, ocorreu um aumento no consumo de xilose, período que também se observou aumento na concentração de etanol com produtividade máxima de aproximadamente 3,25 mg/L.h. Portanto apesar de crescimento inferior quando comparado às leveduras convencionalmente usadas na fermentação etanólica industrial, estes resultados sugerem a viabilidade de cultivo da D. bruxellensis CCA155 em pré-hidrolisados de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar.