Si dans la Voie Lactée les populations d'étoiles B et Be sont relativement bien connues, il n'en est pas de même pour celles des Nuages de Magellan. Les Grand et Petit Nuages de Magellan sont des galaxies satellites de notre Galaxie et sont connus pour être déficientes en métaux. Nous avons alors observé de grands échantillons d'étoiles chaudes des Nuages de Magellan avec le spectrographe multi-objets GIRAFFE du VLT afin d'étudier les effets de la sous-abondance en métaux sur ce type d'étoile. Nous retraçons dans cette thèse la création des catalogues astrométriques et photométriques et les processus de sélection des étoiles B et Be. Puis nous traitons de la détermination de leurs paramètres fondamentaux et nous examinons les conséquences de la métallicité sur les vitesses de rotation. Nous montrons les premières déterminations des distributions des vitesses sur la ZAMS des étoiles Be et leurs implications sur les proportions et le comportement de ces étoiles. Puis, nous comparons les statuts évolutifs des étoiles Be des Nuages de Magellan et de la Voie Lactée et nous donnons des éléments de réponses aux différences constatées. Enfin, nous donnons une estimation des abondances en surface du carbone et montrons que celles-ci diffèrent que les étoiles soient des rotateurs lents (étoiles B) ou des rotateurs rapides (étoiles Be).<br />Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous exposons diverses études complémentaires telles que la cartographie d'objets à émission dans les Nuages de Magellan avec la caméra grand champ de l'ESO en mode spectroscopique ou encore l'étude d'étoiles chaudes de jeunes amas ouverts de la Voie Lactée. La découverte de variabilité photométrique à court-terme dans les étoiles Be et de binaires dans les Nuages de Magellan ainsi qu'une étude des raies nébulaires sont aussi présentées dans cette partie.

Les architectures de calcul haute performance de nos jours sont des architectures hiérarchiques et hétérogènes: hiérarchiques car elles sont composées d'une hiérarchie de mémoire, une mémoire distribuée entre les noeuds et une mémoire partagée entre les coeurs d'un même noeud. Hétérogènes due à l'utilisation des processeurs spécifiques appelés Accélérateurs tel que le processeur CellBE d'IBM et les CPUs de NVIDIA. La complexité de maîtrise de ces architectures est double. D'une part, le problème de programmabilité: la programmation doit rester simple, la plus proche possible de la programmation séquentielle classique et indépendante de l'architecture cible. D'autre part, le problème d'efficacité: les performances doivent êtres proches de celles qu'obtiendrait un expert en écrivant le code à la main en utilisant des outils de bas niveau. Dans cette thèse, nous avons proposé une plateforme de développement pour répondre à ces problèmes. Pour cela, nous proposons deux outils : BSP++ est une bibliothèque générique utilisant des templates C++ et BSPGen est un framework permettant la génération automatique de code hybride à plusieurs niveaux de la hiérarchie (MPI+OpenMP ou MPI + Cell BE). Basée sur un modèle hiérarchique, la bibliothèque BSP++ prend les architectures hybrides comme cibles natives. Utilisant un ensemble réduit de primitives et de concepts intuitifs, BSP++ offre une simplicité d'utilisation et un haut niveau d' abstraction de la machine cible. Utilisant le modèle de coût de BSP++, BSPGen estime et génère le code hybride hiérarchique adéquat pour une application donnée sur une architecture cible. BSPGen génère un code hybride à partir d'une liste de fonctions séquentielles et d'une description de l'algorithme parallèle. Nos outils ont été validés sur différentes applications de différents domaines allant de la vérification et du calcul scientifique au traitement d'images en passant par la bioinformatique. En utilisant une large sélection d'architecture cible allant de simple machines à mémoire partagée au machines Petascale en passant par les architectures hétérogènes équipées d'accélérateurs de type Cell BE.

<p>Reklam försöker fånga intresset hos likgiltiga och stressade mottagare. Den försöker få oss att stanna till, men vill även bli ihågkommen efter att vi har lämnat den. I den här c-uppsatsen Are you smart enough to be stupid? är syftet att få ökad förståelse för hur Diesels - ett modeföretags - image framställs i dessa annonser. Vi besvarar frågor om vilket budskap annonserna förmedlar till dess mottagare och hur orden smart och stupid tolkas. Vårt material är ett urval på fyra annonser av kampanjens totalt 40 annonser samt fyra personer ur Diesels målgrupp – i detta fall mellan 20 och 25 år. Diesel säljer kläder och accessoarer och anses som ett väletablerat företag. För sådana företag räcker det ofta med att placera sin logotyp i annonsen tillsammans med en illustration för att nå sin målgrupp. Vi har i uppsatsen även använt oss av teorier om företags märkesbild, varumärkesbyggande, varumärkesidentitet, livsstil och kampanjer. I besvarandet av våra frågeställningar har vi använt oss av metoderna semiotik och retorik kombinerade i vår egen modell Retorsemiomodellen samt kvalitativa intervjuer och receptionsanalys. Efter att ha gjort analyser utifrån dessa metoder kom vi fram till att respondenterna överlag var mycket överrens i sin tolkning av annonserna. Utifrån vår modell ser vi att annonserna kan tolkas på ett sätt som får mottagare att reagera, dock inte särskilt kraftigt. På många frågor uttrycker våra respondenter en osäkerhet i förståelsen av annonserna. Men en sak är säker; samtliga vill vara stupid efter att ha tagit del av de fyra annonserna.</p>

Les Alliages à Mémoire de Forme sont utilisés dans un grand nombre d'applications. Or celles-ci imposent généralement un chargement cyclique qui fait évoluer leur comportement. Nous avons donc étudié ce comportement en réalisant une base d'essais en super-élasticité et en effet mémoire assisté montrant l'apparition d'une déformation résiduelle au cours du cyclage. À la fin de ces essais l'application d'un flash thermique a permis de déterminer que l'origine de cette déformation résiduelle provient majoritairement de martensite résiduelle pour l'alliage utilisé. Un modèle macroscopique a ensuite été développé afin de prendre en compte cet aspect du comportement des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme. C'est un modèle à seuil permettant de prendre en compte les différentes propriétés des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme telles que la dissymétrie traction-compression, l'effet point-mémoire, la réorientation de la martensite lors de chargements multiaxiaux non-proportionnels ainsi que l'apparition de martensite bloquée lors de chargements cycliques. Le modèle a été implanté dans un code de calcul par éléments finis afin de simuler le comportement de structures sous chargement cyclique. L'utilisation du modèle pour la validation de comportement ou l'aide à la conception a été montrée sur deux applications courantes utilisant des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme.

Reklam försöker fånga intresset hos likgiltiga och stressade mottagare. Den försöker få oss att stanna till, men vill även bli ihågkommen efter att vi har lämnat den. I den här c-uppsatsen Are you smart enough to be stupid? är syftet att få ökad förståelse för hur Diesels - ett modeföretags - image framställs i dessa annonser. Vi besvarar frågor om vilket budskap annonserna förmedlar till dess mottagare och hur orden smart och stupid tolkas. Vårt material är ett urval på fyra annonser av kampanjens totalt 40 annonser samt fyra personer ur Diesels målgrupp – i detta fall mellan 20 och 25 år. Diesel säljer kläder och accessoarer och anses som ett väletablerat företag. För sådana företag räcker det ofta med att placera sin logotyp i annonsen tillsammans med en illustration för att nå sin målgrupp. Vi har i uppsatsen även använt oss av teorier om företags märkesbild, varumärkesbyggande, varumärkesidentitet, livsstil och kampanjer. I besvarandet av våra frågeställningar har vi använt oss av metoderna semiotik och retorik kombinerade i vår egen modell Retorsemiomodellen samt kvalitativa intervjuer och receptionsanalys. Efter att ha gjort analyser utifrån dessa metoder kom vi fram till att respondenterna överlag var mycket överrens i sin tolkning av annonserna. Utifrån vår modell ser vi att annonserna kan tolkas på ett sätt som får mottagare att reagera, dock inte särskilt kraftigt. På många frågor uttrycker våra respondenter en osäkerhet i förståelsen av annonserna. Men en sak är säker; samtliga vill vara stupid efter att ha tagit del av de fyra annonserna.

The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the development and prediction of disturbed eating attitudes in girls aged 7–20 years. The four studies are part of a seven-year longitudinal project including 1279 girls in several age groups (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 years at inclusion) and their parents. Study I showed that among girls aged 11 and 13 years, in addition to a positive relation between disturbed eating attitudes and age, eating attitudes, higher BMI than peers, a less healthy relation to family, and fathers’ eating attitudes, predicted disturbed eating attitudes two years later. Study II demonstrated that girls aged 9–15 years, who wished to be thinner dieted more often, thought that they would be more popular if they were thinner, were skipping meals more often and had a higher BMI, over five years, compared with the girls without such a wish. Study III demonstrated an increasing trend in the wish to be thinner and dieting attempts between the ages of 9 and 18 years. Motives for wishing to be thinner were, e.g., “to feel better about yourself” and “to correspond to the societal ideal”. A majority of the girls adopted healthy weight control practices, but unhealthy and extreme methods were also used. In Study IV, among girls aged 9 and 13 years, a wish to be thinner, fathers’ eating attitudes and mothers’ perfectionism contributed most to the prediction of disturbed eating attitudes seven years later. Protective factors were low BMI and more healthy eating attitudes moderated by high self-esteem, and low-to-medium degree of perfectionism. In conclusion a wish to be thinner, higher BMI than peers, girls’ and fathers’ disturbed eating attitudes, mothers’ perfectionism and a less healthy relation to family predict the development of disturbed eating attitudes in girls. Low BMI and more healthy eating attitudes especially influenced by high self-esteem, and a low-to-medium degree of perfectionism protect against it. The “thin-ideal” is internalized early in girls and it is important to take a critical stand against the thinness ideal in our society, especially in families, and schools. / The IDA-Project

Leadership in an egalitarian society is a contradiction in terms. Still, a collective has to be vocal in order to gain a bargaining position, and to have its identity reflected and accepted. This is not the least true for a marginalised society like När socken, on the Swedish island of Gotland. In this farming community of some 550 inhabitants - as on Gotland in general - there are, in the conventional sense of the word, no leaders to perform this presentation. However, the concept of spokesperson is well established. They are locally defined by the use of labels, which in turn are based on descriptions or adjectives like "firebrand", "nay-sayer", "good", "balanced" etc. I propose that this way of defining spokespersons is founded on a strong egalitarian notion and is best described as a semantic field, rather than in hierarchical terms. Throughout the centuries the geographical and social base for the individual spokesperson has been the farm or ensamgård, i.e. a group of economically, jurally, ritually, as well as spatially linked homesteads. Thus, the socken of När may be described as an example of a house-based society. Successively these ensamgård have given place to more individual farms and these in turn have become linked directly with the socken as such. Presently the socken itself has ceased to exist, at least as a formal unit within the administrative set-up of Sweden. Nevertheless, locally När socken continues to act as the prime key organising symbol. As such, När socken forms the prime focus for the processes of identity formation and the most important forum for passing information, decision-making and implementation. On the one hand, the individual farms, with links of kinship, neighbourhood, co-operation, and co-ownership, constitute the basis for the formation of social ties within the socken. On the other, such ties are also established by popular participation in an astounding amount of voluntary associations as well as quite a few projects benefiting the community as a whole. These are undertakings that mobilise the absolute majority of the population. These processes have here been summarised as När’s socken-democracy. To the outsider the projects are the most obvious result of localised popular participation. From a local point of view these projects are, apart from being socially and economically significant, primarily regarded as sources of enjoyment - the satisfaction of which is considered in itself the single most important reason to participate in any collective social action. När socken is successfully represented as a thoroughly dynamic "modern" industrious and thriving community. At the same time it is regionally regarded as one of the most traditional Gotlandic farming socken with all the connotations of a warm-embracing but also somewhat backward, marginalised community. These rather contradictory rhetoric tools are successfully employed by the spokespersons as they, in unison, represent the community. However, the spokespersons of När socken are not a homogenous group with a single goal. Local solidarity obscures the fact that the presentation is based on a complex process. One can find strong urges among farmers/farms not only to be good enough (duga) but to excel at the cost of one’s neighbours, there is also a continuos competition to define what is to be the dominant local paradigm. This way of consciously devising rhetorics and keep a firm line between the community and the outside may be interpreted as a result of an expressed need to come to terms with political and economic, as well as moral marginalisation of the individual and community. Still, these rhetorics do not directly determine the ways in which the community members interact on När or vice versa. Everyday practices, be they socialising or engaging in a project, answer to a felt need to smoothen out everyday community life. The duality of a symbolically constructed rhetoric identity and local practice may be regarded as complementary ways to construct a viable collective identity in an increasingly individualised and globalised world. The combination of rhetoric and practice can be seen as answers to the expressed local concern as how to make life in the margin a feasible proposition.

This thesis undertakes to explore silence as it functions in relation to intimacy in Clarice Lispector’s last narrative. It asks how silence, when perceived as a generative force, may cultivate intimacy between men and women, opening up a horizon of equality and exchange between the sexes. Using Lispector’s work as a symbolic location for asking larger questions about the role of Eros in contemporary literature, the first chapter is dedicated to introducing her work as it relates to the critical canon. After examining silence and intimacy as each have been conceptualized by thinkers from various philosophical traditions, I incorporate the recent work of Luce Irigaray, which has integrated Western discourse and Eastern mystical concepts of the intimate to articulate a new kind of male/female reciprocity. I apply Irigarayan theory to Lispector’s text as a way of enriching the academic scholarship regarding Lispector.

This thesis proposes that moral development, specifically teaching students to be caring and compassionate, should be a goal of high school education. The research sought evidence of moral education taught explicitly within the public high school system of Canada’s English-speaking provinces using four indicators: graduation requirements, provincial governments’ purposes of education, high school curricula and school division mission statements. Findings reveal that although departments of education and school boards express concern for students’ moral development in educational goals and supplementary programming, there is very little follow-through to the classroom and students. No graduation requirements or courses were found pertaining to moral education. Using key search terms it was also determined that any related curriculum content, embedded in other subjects, constitutes only minor portions of courses. Recommended is an increase in mandatory moral education at the high school level, focusing on interpersonal relations and the ethic of care. / May 2009

The oil and gas industry defines ultra-deep-water regions as areas in which water depths are greater than 1500 m. It is now well established that there are hydrocarbons in these regions. The reservoirs in these areas are generally located below basalt rocks or below salts. The focus of this thesis is to understand reflections, refractions, diffractions and scattering for acoustic lenses located below basalt rocks. The results of this study can potentially be used to understand the effect of tube waves on borehole seismic data in ultra-deep waters. Finite-difference modeling technique was used for this study. Finite-difference modeling allowed us to model refractions, reflections, diffractions and scattering; actually all events in surface seismic data, as well as borehole seismic data can be modeled. However, because of limited computational resources, this study will be based on a 2D finite difference instead of a 3D finite difference. This limitation implies that laterally infinite lenses were used to describe cylindrical boreholes. The four main characteristics of the geological constructs used here in simulating the ultra-deep-water regions were the size of the water column, the topography of the sea floor, the interfaces of basalt layers with the surroundings rocks, and the structure of heterogeneities inside the basalt layers. The average wavelength of wave propagation below the basalt layer is 125 m, which is very large compared to the size of a typical borehole (0.1 m). A lens with a thickness of 2.5 m, which corresponds to a dimension 50 times smaller than the average wavelength, sub-basalt was constructed. Also included were some lateral extensions in the construction of the lens to simulate wash-out zones. This study investigates the wave propagation below the basalt rocks and the effect of tube waves on borehole seismic data below the basalt layer by using these lenses instead of a cylindrical borehole. As the borehole geometry is different from that of the lens, the results are considered preliminary. Results suggest that tube waves are negligible in ultra-deep waters below basalt rocks because the wavelength of the seismic waves is large in comparison to the wash-out zone (192 times larger).