The main focus of this master thesis is to encourage the development of sociable relations in junior level pupils towards schoolmates and other children. This intention also involves support of positive relation towards oneself and the environment. The teoretical section of the tesis defines basic terms and gives characteristics of juior school age with consideration to development of child´s drawing technique and the impact of media to its personality. The tesis furthermore deals with culture and aestetic taste, which is an integral part of upbringing and education, and it also involves treatise on using of fine arts on the field of education, benefits of visual creation and its potential in the sphere of comunication. The practical section presents a graphic project called ``Let´s be friends``, which is based upon cinematization of the book written by C. S. Lewis ``The Lion, the witch and the wardrobe`` (directed by Andrew Adamson USA, 2005). Its purpose is to draw children towards deliberation about friendship and revealing the secret of how this relationship works. The project is to give the children posibility to enter the storyline, perform it, which is meant for supporting as well as developing their creativity and imagination. In the conclusion, there is a reflexion caried out by the means of visual creation activity.

The theme of my diploma thesis is the engagement of the volunteers in the solution to the accidents in the South-Moravia region. In my diploma thesis I am involved in the issue of the engagement of the volunteers in the solution to the accidents in the South-Moravia region. I assume that the utilization of the potential of the volunteers is one of the possibilities of the acquisition of the forces, which could be used for the recovery of the consequences, post-traumatic care to struck persons and other activities within the solution to the accidents, all parallelly with the actions of the professional teams of the integrated rescue system bodies. The needs of the population in case of the accidents are rather differentiated, and the engagement of the volunteers completes the appointed forces and means of the integrated rescue system bodies. At present time, the adequate legal framework, modifying the engagement of the volunteers in the solution to the accidents, does not exist in the Czech Republic. Non-governmental non-profit organizations are united in the South-Moravia region into the Panel of the South-Moravia Region, which establishes the platform and enables the South-Moravia Region more effective engagement of the non-governmental non-profit organizations. The volunteers, organized in the Panel of the South-Moravia Region, are engaged in the solution to the accidents and the trainings organized in the level of the region, municipalities with widened competence and the integrated rescue system bodies.

Nesta tese, objetiva-se investigar o funcionamento sintático, semântico e pragmático das construções com se... verbo ser + porque sob uma perspectiva da teoria funcionalista da linguagem. Utilizam-se os postulados de Dik (1989), que propõe um modelo de interação verbal, segundo o qual, na construção dos enunciados linguísticos, o falante antecipa uma possível interpretação do ouvinte e este reconstrói a intenção comunicativa do falante. Assim, na análise dos enunciados, os fatores sintático e semântico são conjugados ao componente pragmático. Baseia-se, ainda, nas considerações de Taylor (2003) e Rosch (2004), que defendem que as fronteiras de uma categoria são flexíveis; tal ideia conduz à questão da fluidez semântica, presente na construção com se... ser porque. Em relação à metodologia, para a exemplificação da construção em estudo na parte teórica, usam-se textos jornalísticos contemporâneos de diversificados gêneros discursivos; para a análise semântica e pragmática, utilizam-se entrevistas jornalísticas (contemporâneas), pois estas trazem natureza interativa, compatível com a construção em pauta; para o exame da formação da estrutura com se... ser porque, adota-se, especialmente, o Corpus do Português, visto que esse material permite a visualização de dados em uma diacronia. No que concerne à natureza sintática das construções com se... ser porque, verifica-se que: i) elas constituem uma correlação entre duas hipotaxes; ii) elas são construções híbridas, e as orações condicional e causal não possuem oração matriz explícita. No que tange à questão semântica, aliada ao componente pragmático, observa-se que: i) a oração com se pode ser factual, demonstrando, por exemplo, concordância do locutor em relação à avaliação feita pelo interlocutor; ii) a oração com se pode ser hipotética, sentido que, na estrutura com se... ser porque, é compatível com a expressão da habitualidade, com a presença do matiz temporal; iii) há, muitas vezes, fluidez semântica em se... ser porque, com a manifestação dos valores de causa e de conclusão; iv) a leitura causal não se limita a uma relação entre causa e consequência, pois há casos em que se manifesta uma conexão entre motivação e ação; v) são expressos dois tipos de conclusão, a dedução e a abdução; e a determinação do tipo de conclusão envolve certa subjetividade, não se restringindo, assim, a uma questão lógica. Em relação à organização discursiva, constata-se que: i) a oração condicional atua como tópico, trazendo resumo, paráfrase, contraste ou exemplificação; ii) o verbo ser atua como focalizador, tomando como escopo a segunda oração da correlação e explicitando, muitas vezes, informação nova; iii) a oração com ser porque é utilizada para anular outras inferências possíveis, e o segmento focalizado indica, entre outros aspectos, informação solicitada pelo interlocutor, negação de ideia exposta anteriormente, confirmação. A partir dos resultados obtidos, é possível questionar conceitos tradicionalmente estabelecidos, como a atribuição apenas do sentido de hipótese à oração condicional e somente do valor semântico de causa à oração causal. Além disso, esta tese tem como objeto de estudo uma construção ainda pouco investigada em pesquisas linguísticas, podendo, assim, oferecer subsídios para novas reflexões sobre a estrutura com se... ser porque. / This research investigates the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic operation of constructions with \"if... verb to be + because\" under the perspective of the functionalist theory of language. The Dik\'s (1989) postulates are used. They propose a verbal interaction model, according to which, in the construction of linguistic utterances, the speaker anticipates a possible interpretation of the listener, who reconstructs the communicative intention of the speaker. Thus, in the analysis of the utterances, the syntactic and semantic factors are conjugated to the pragmatic component. It is also based on considerations of Taylor (2003) and Rosch (2004), who advocate that the boundaries of a category are flexible; such idea leads to the question of semantic fluidity, present in the construction with if... be because. Regarding the methodology for exemplification of the construction under study in theoretical part, contemporary journalistic texts of diverse genres are used; for semantic and pragmatic analysis, contemporary journalistic interviews are used, as these bring interactive nature, compatible with the construction in question; for examination of the formation of the structure if... be because, the \"Corpus of Portuguese \" is embraced, specially, as this material allows the visualization of data in a diachrony. Regarding the syntactic nature of constructions with if... be because, it can be noticed that: i) they constitute a correlation between two hypotaxis constructions; ii) they are hybrid constructions, and conditional and causal clauses have no matrix clause. Regarding the semantic issue, allied to pragmatic component, it is observed that: i) clauses with if may be factual, showing, for example, agreement of the speaker in relation to the assessment made by the interlocutor; ii) clauses with if may be hypothetical, a meaning that in the structure if... be because is compatible with the habitual expression, with presence of temporal nuance; iii) quite often, there is semantic fluidity in if... be because, due to manifestation of cause and conclusion values; iv) causal reading is not limited to a relation between cause and consequence, as there are cases in which a connection between motivation and action is manifested; v) two types of conclusion are expressed, deduction and abduction; and determining the type of conclusion involves some subjectivity, thus, it is not restricted to a logical issue. Regarding the discursive organization, it is confirmed that: i) conditional clauses act as a topic, bringing summary, paraphrase, contrast or exemplification; ii) the verb to be acts as a focusing event, taking the second correlation sentence as a scope and, quite often, clarifying new information; iii) clauses with be because are used to nullify other possible inferences, and the focused segment indicates, among other aspects, information requested by the interlocutor, denial of previously exposed idea, and confirmation. From the results obtained, it is possible to enquire traditionally established concepts, as the assignment of only hypothesis sense to conditional clauses and of only the cause semantic value to causal clauses. Moreover, this thesis has as object of study a construction still poorly investigated in linguistic research, thus, it can offer subsidies to new reflection about the structure if... be because.

Apesar de ser considerada há muito tempo e por inúmeras nações e organizações internacionais como um valor fundamental, a liberdade de expressão é, até hoje, objeto de muitas incertezas e indefinições, especialmente quanto à sua aplicação prática em um cenário em que outros direitos e valores constitucionais estão envolvidos. O presente estudo parte da análise da estrutura do ato comunicativo, especificamente da análise da identidade dos sujeitos da comunicação, do fator temporal e do conteúdo ou mensagem, para aferir se a valoração jurídica da expressão do pensamento é condicionada por esses elementos. A partir disso, o presente trabalho propõe critérios para que a interpretação e a aplicação da liberdade de expressão sejam imbuídas de segurança jurídica, de modo a garantir própria efetividade dessa liberdade que se configura como um valor tão caro às sociedades democráticas. / Despite being considered as a fundamental value for several centuries and by many nations and international organizations, freedom of speech is, until present time, the object of much uncertainty, especially regarding its practical application when other rights and constitutional values are involved. The present study analyses the structure of the communicative act, specifically the identity of interlocutors, the time factor and the content or message, to assess if the legal value of the expression of thought is conditioned by these elements. From that, the present work proposes criteria to a rational and secure interpretation and application of freedom of speech, so as to guarantee the effectiveness itself of this liberty, that is so dear to democratic societies.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-30T15:30:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Valeria Tatsch_Dissertacao.pdf: 1474536 bytes, checksum: 583ac07c5e92dfa2ade067e7bbe14c67 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T15:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Valeria Tatsch_Dissertacao.pdf: 1474536 bytes, checksum: 583ac07c5e92dfa2ade067e7bbe14c67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O objetivo central deste trabalho está pautado na análise da implementação da Política de Redução de Danos, através do estudo de caso do Programa “Crack; é possível vencer” no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de álcool e drogas - CAPs ad e no Centro de Redução de Danos no município de Pelotas. Para alcançar esse objetivo, identificou-se a capacitação, concepção e conhecimento dos policy makers e burocratas de rua responsáveis pela execução da Política de Redução de Danos em Pelotas/RS, bem como a capacidade dos espaços de decisão disponíveis aos atores sociais envolvidos nessa política. Analisamos os recursos (tempo, materiais e recursos humanos) para colocar essas ações em prática no Centro de Redução de Danos e no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial- álcool e outras drogas de Pelotas/RS. Para fazer a análise qualitativa, adotou-se o modelo de Ciclo de Política de Howlett et al. (2013), focando no estágio da implementação. A circunscrição ao “Programa Crack é Possível Vencer” no município de Pelotas permitiu discutir a ambiguidade presente nas políticas públicas de tratamento aos usuários de drogas, uma vez, que em sua formulação está prevista medidas que caracterizam a estratégia de Redução de Danos e que caracterizam as práticas proibicionistas e manicomiais herdadas de modelos anteriores de políticas públicas. Assim, a etapa de implementação deste programa é vista como crucial para definição de qual concepção está caracterizando a política pública de tratamento aos usuários de drogas. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a adesão dos policy-makers locais e dos burocratas de rua aos princípios e valores incutidos na política de redução de danos, o que lhes permite identificar a contradição da opção manicomial e de internação hospitalar. Pode-se afirmar que a capacitação é o grande diferencial dos profissionais que atuam na implementação da política, pois permite a clareza dos objetivos e consonância com seus princípios. Os espaços de decisão que permitem a autonomia desses decisores locais, também, é outro fator que se destaca como ponto forte, pois permite o replanejamento da política pública. Além disso, há um compromisso para com a implementação do Programa “Crack; é possível vencer” no município em decorrência da falta de capacidade institucional dos agentes implementadores. Para finalizar, chama atenção à responsabilidade que o poder de discricionariedade dos burocratas de rua tem sobre o sucesso ou fracasso da política pública de redução de danos. / The main objective of this work was guided by the analysis of the conformity of the Política de Redução de Danos (Harm Reduction Policy) and its implementation in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, through the program Crack: é Possível Vencer (Crack; you can win). To achieve this aim, it identified the training, design, and knowledge’s policy makers and the street bureaucrats, responsible for implementing harm reduction policy in Pelotas/RS, and the analyzing of decision-making spaces available to stakeholders involved in this policy. At the same time, was analyzed the resource (time, material and human’s resources) to put these actions into the practice in the Centro de Redução de Danos (Harm Reduction Center) and Centro de Atenção psicossocial – álcool e outras drógas (Psychosocial-alcohol and the other drugs Attention Center) of Pelotas, Brazil. The make the qualitative analysis, the policy was adopted cycle model’s Howlett et al. (2013). The approach to "Crack Can Be Win Program" in Pelotas allowed to discuss the ambiguity in public policy treatment to drug users, once its formulation is planned measures that characterize the strategy of Harm Reduction and characterizing prohibitionist and madhouse practices inherited from previous models of public policies. Therefore, the stage of implementation of this program is seen crucial to define which desing is featuring the public policy treatment to drug users. The results show the policy-makers local and street bureaucrats adhesion of principles and values instilled in harm reduction policy, which allows them to identify the contradiction of madhouse and hospitalization option. It can be said that training is the great differential of the professionals engaged in policy implementation because it allows the clarity of the objectives and compliance with its principles. The decision’s spaces that allow the autonomy of these decision-makers local, too is another factor that stands out as a strength view because it allows the redesign of public policy. In addition, there is a commitment with implementation of the "Crack Can Be Win Program" in the city due to the lack of institutional capacity of the implementing agents. Finally, draws attention to the responsibility that the power of discretion of street bureaucrats have on the success or failure of public policy of harm reduction.

Recently in Britain there has been an on-going discussion on the right of European citizens to move to, work and reside freely in any European Union member-state. British politicians and media, stepping on the significant number of Eastern Europeans who moved to the United Kingdom, articulated a securitising discourse representing them as ‘benefit tourists’ and criminals who threaten the integrity of the welfare system and social cohesion. However, this is only part of the securitisation story. This paper argues that the securitisation of mobile European citizens and, consequently of the right of free movement itself, is used as governmentality in order to allow in the country only those who are needed and keep the rest out, and at the same time to raise support for a renegotiation of the relationship between Britain and the European Union. It will be demonstrated that the securitisation process takes place through policies and everyday practices on the one hand, and through the securitising discourse articulated by politicians and media on the other. Moreover, the possibility of securitisation having a long-lasting effect by creating a security rationale in which all future policies would be embedded is assessed.

Ce manuscrit traite de la fiabilisation des CPL-BE dans le contexte smart grid avec l’application des techniques de codage correcteur d’erreurs et d’effacements. Après une introduction sur le concept de smart grid, le canal CPL-BE est caractérisé précisément et les modèles qui le décrivent sont présentés. Les performances des codes à métrique rang, simples ou concaténés avec des codes convolutifs, particulièrement intéressants pour combattre le bruit criss-cross sur les réseaux CPL-BE sont simulées et comparées aux performances des codes Reed-Solomon déjà présents dans plusieurs standards. Les codes fontaines qui s’adaptent à n’importe quelles statistiques d’effacements sur le canal CPL sont utilisés et les performances de schémas coopératifs basés sur ces codes fontaines sur des réseaux linéaires multi-sauts sont étudiés. Enfin des algorithmes permettant de combiner le codage réseau et le codage fontaine pour la topologie particulière des réseaux CPL pour les smart grid sont proposés et évalués. / This PhD dissertation deals with the mitigation of the impact of the Narrowband PowerLine communication (NB-PLC) channel impairments e.g., periodic impulsive noise and narrowband noise, by applying the error/erasure correction coding techniques. After an introduction to the concept of smart grid, the NB-PLC channels are characterized precisely and models that describe these channels are presented. The performance of rank metric codes, simple or concatenated with convolutional codes, that are particularly interesting to combat criss-cross errors on the NB-PLC networks are simulated and compared with Reed- Solomon (already present in several NB-PLC standards) codes performance. Fountain codes that can adapt to any channel erasures statistics are used for the NB-PLC networks and the performance of cooperative schemes based on these fountain codes on linear multi-hop networks are studied. Finally, algorithms to combine the network coding and fountain codes for the particular topology of PLC networks for the smart grid are proposed and evaluated.

La rénovation immobilière est un phénomène économique important, présent dans notre quotidien et nécessaire à la sauvegarde de notre patrimoine. Le Code Civil ne reconnaît pas son existence alors que, dans le domaine de la construction d’immeubles neufs, il prévoit des règles spécifiques en matière de responsabilité contractuelle du constructeur et de vente d’immeubles à construire. Pour combler ce vide juridique, la jurisprudence assimile les travaux de rénovation à des travaux de construction dès lors qu’ils sont « importants ». Notre étude a pour objectif de préciser les critères de qualification des travaux de rénovation qui déterminent les régimes juridiques qui leur sont applicables en matière de responsabilité contractuelle et de vente d’immeubles à rénover. Ces critères demeurant imprécis et incertains, il est nécessaire de clarifier les règles qui régissent la responsabilité contractuelle du constructeur et d’adapter les règles de la vente d’immeubles à rénover aux réalités économiques. / Renovation of existing buildings is an important economic activity in our society, and a necessary one for the preservation of our heritage. While the Civil Code lays out specific rules governing contractual liability of the constructor (builder or contractor) and the sale of new buildings to be constructed, it does not recognize the legal existence of renovators. To account for this legal void, the jurisprudence assimilates renovation with construction if the former is considered “significant”. The objective of our study is to specify the qualifying criteria which define renovation and determine the applicable legal framework in terms of contractual liability of the renovator and the sale of buildings to be renovated by the seller. These criteria are still imprecise and unclear and it is necessary to clarify the rules which govern contractual liability of the renovator and to adapt the rules of the sale of buildings to be renovated by the seller to the economic realities of today.

My dissertation critiques Western culture’s vertical command of “growing up” to adult completion (rational, heterosexual, married, wealthy, professionally successful) as a reductionist itinerary of human movement leading to subjective sedimentations. Rather, my project proposes ways of “moving rhizomatically” by which it advances a notion of a machinic identity that moves continuously, contingently, and waywardly along less vertical, less excruciating and more horizontal, life-affirmative trails. To this end, my thesis proposes a “rhizomatic semiosis” as extrapolated from the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari to put forward a notion of language and, by implication, subjectivity, as dynamic and metamorphic. Rather than trying to figure out who the child is or what it experiences consciously, my project wishes to embrace an elusiveness at the heart of subjectivity to argue for continued identity creation beyond the apparently confining parameters of adulthood. This dissertation, then, is about the need to re-examine our ways of growing beyond the lines of teleological progression. By turning to Deleuze’s child, an intangible one that “makes desperate attempts to carry out a performance that the psychoanalyst totally misconstrues” (A Thousand Plateaus 13), I wish to shift focus away from the hierarchical, binary, and ideal model of “growing up” and toward a notion of movement that makes way for plural identities in their becoming. This endeavour reveals itself in particular in the work of John Wray, Todd Field, Peter Cameron, Sara Prichard, Michael Cunningham, and Cormac McCarthy, whose work has received little or no attention at all—a lacuna in research that exists perhaps due to these artists’ innovative approach to a minor literature that promotes the notion of a machinic self and questions the dominant modes of Western culture’s literature for, around, and of children.

L'étranger a toujours eu un statut particulier en France. Déjà, sous l'Ancien Régime, celui-ci est soumis à une réglementation différente jusqu'à la Révolution française qui, malgré un vent nouveau ayant entraîné l'application d'un grand nombre d'idées novatrices et la création de droits importants, ne permet pourtant pas à ce dernier d'être considéré comme un citoyen. Il ne cesse alors de faire l'objet d'exclusion, tant au niveau social que politique. Cette situation se perpétuera jusque sous la III° République avant de s'accentuer sous le régime de Vichy. Après la guerre, le Préambule de la constitution du 27 octobre 1946 consacre de nouveaux droits constitutionnels économiques et sociaux. Pourtant, en dehors de l'alinéa 4 du Préambule sur le droit d'asile, aucun article ne vise spécifiquement l'étranger. Il en est, par exemple, ainsi du droit à la protection sociale qui n'est devenu effectif que bien après son affirmation, ce qui n'a pas manqué de poser quelques difficultés. Il faut, de plus, attendre l'adoption du Traité de Maastricht en 1992 pour voir émerger un statut supplémentaire de l'étranger, avec l'apparition de la notion de citoyenneté européenne. Ce nouveau statut confère aux ressortissants communautaires un droit de vote et d'éligibilité à certaines élections. Ainsi, une problématique principale se dégage du sujet. La question qui se pose est donc de savoir comment un droit historiquement contesté a finalement pu être progressivement affirmé. Cela soulève dès lors la question de savoir si, de la même manière, des droits actuellement contestés, comme le droit de vote local des étrangers, pourront un jour être affirmés. / The foreigner has always had a special status in France. Under the Old Regime, he is subject to different regulations, until the French Revolution which, despite having a wind driven implementation of many innovative ideas and the creation of important rights does not allow him to be considered as a citizen yet. He doesn't cease to be the subject of exclusion, at both social and political levels. This situation has been perpetuated under the Third Republic before being widened under the Vichy regime. After the World War, the Preamble of the 27 October 1946's Constitution dedicates new economic and social constitutional rights. Yet, except paragraph 4 of the Preamble on the political asylum, no article specifically targets the foreigner. If political rights are actually denied to him, it is the same for social rights, because of the economic and financial consequences. It is, for example, the right to social protection that has become effective after its statement, which caused some difficulties. Moreover, it is the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 that gives other status to the foreigner, with the emergence of the concept of European citizenship. This new status gives EU citizens the right to vote and stand in some elections. Thus, a main problem emerges from the subject. The question is how a historically disputed right was finally declared. This therefore raises the question of whether, in the same way, human rights now denied, as the foreigners' local voting rights, may one day be affirmed.