Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-19T16:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valéria Nicolau Paschoal.pdf: 3718463 bytes, checksum: a110ca5d0455634bc6a1de611f2ad18a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T16:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valéria Nicolau Paschoal.pdf: 3718463 bytes, checksum: a110ca5d0455634bc6a1de611f2ad18a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / This study is characterized as a research-action, resulting from the claim of a school interested in providing the possibilities of perception wideness and a characterization that the teachers have from their students, which many times they are marked by negative and depreciative denotations. It was developed through collaborative and dialogic practices, which were brought to create a space that would enable the improvement of relationships in the scholar environment. According to UNESCO (2016), education must be integrated and humanist through the development of competencies to reach the living in society, becoming a viable way to enable people to respond to the transformations and challenges of present times. The four pillars of education for the 21st century – learn to know, learn to make, learn to be and to live together – they need to be incorporated in the implementation of the educational programs of the schools. The search for a construction of a conversational context organized for the promotion of new types and qualities of connections between teachers-students and students-students evidencing two pillars that represent the social function of a school: which are learning to be and learning to live together, started from the four pillars concept and was based on the social constructionism ideas and on the narrative and collaborative practices. Since this is a research-action, the research made use of procedures which were adapted to each of its four phases including: a free meetings and an interview with the curator; meetings with the teachers; meetings with the parents or with those responsible for the student; workshops of selfknowledge and reflective processes with students and teachers; feedbacks from all participants; and assessment meetings with teachers. The parts who took part of this research are: the curator, six teachers from the 1st to the 5th teaching course, one teacher assistant, ten children (from the age of seven to ten), their parents/or those responsible for them and the school group. The intervention made didn’t intend to find out a new problem and to resolve it, but it did have the proposition of building together with the participants new ways to be and to live together, re-affirming the social function of the school and its commitments with the transformation of the current reality. The narratives generated from this experience, were analyzed according to the social poetics and they were organized, being considered as arresting moments, around four categories: the effects of the collaborative and dialogic practices in the scholar context; considerations about the function of the school and their teachers in the 21st century; the collaborative posture in the implementation of such practices; and the development of the research through the planning of new actions. The application of this model to the scholar context was proved to be viable and useful for the construction of a more agreeable environment encouraging people to be together, mainly for the fact that it talks about values and because it triggers thoughts and attitudes to be reviewed, giving visibility to aspects of the participants’ life that weren’t noticed by them before the application of this experience / Este trabalho caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa-ação, resultante da demanda de uma escola interessada em fornecer possibilidades de ampliação da percepção e descrição que professores têm de seus alunos, muitas vezes marcada por denotações negativas e depreciativas. Desenvolveu-se por meio de práticas colaborativas e dialógicas, desenhadas para criar um espaço que facilitasse a melhoria das relações no ambiente escolar. Segundo a UNESCO (2016), a educação deve ser integrada e humanista pelo desenvolvimento de competências para o viver em sociedade, tornando-se um caminho viável para a formação de pessoas capazes de responderem às transformações e desafios da atualidade. Os quatro pilares da educação para o século XXI – aprender a conhecer, a fazer, a viver juntos e a ser – precisam ser incorporados na implementação dos programas das escolas. A partir desta proposta e baseada nas ideias construcionistas sociais e nas práticas colaborativas e narrativas, buscou-se a construção de um contexto conversacional organizado para a promoção de novos tipos e qualidades de conexões entre professores-alunos e alunos-alunos, evidenciando dois pilares: aprender a viver juntos e aprender a ser. Tratando-se de uma pesquisa-ação, utilizou-se de procedimentos adequados a cada uma das quatro fases que a compõem, incluindo: reunião livre e entrevista com a mantenedora; encontros com professores; reunião com pais e/ou responsáveis; oficinas de autoconhecimento e processos reflexivos com alunos e professores; feedbacks de todos os participantes; e encontros avaliativos com professores. Participaram da pesquisa: a mantenedora, seis professoras do Ensino Fundamental I (1o ao 5o ano), uma auxiliar de sala, dez crianças (de sete a dez anos de idade), seus pais e/ou responsáveis, e a equipe escolar. A intervenção realizada não teve o propósito de descobrir um problema e solucioná-lo, mas de construir juntamente com os participantes, novas possibilidades de ser e de conviver, reafirmando a função social da escola e seu compromisso com a transformação da realidade. As narrativas geradas a partir desta experiência, foram analisadas de acordo com a poética social e organizadas em momentos marcantes em torno de quatro categorias: efeitos da prática colaborativa e dialógica no contexto escolar; considerações sobre a função da escola e dos professores no século XXI; postura colaborativa na implementação de tais práticas; e desdobramentos da pesquisa pelo planejamento de novas ações. A aplicação desse modelo ao contexto escolar mostrou-se viável e útil na construção de um ambiente de convivência mais harmonioso, principalmente por abordar valores e encorajar a revisão de pensamentos e atitudes, dando visibilidade a aspectos de vida dos participantes que não eram percebidos por eles antes desta experiência

A ideia do País de Gales como uma nação que detém sua identidade própria foi-se diluindo aos poucos, na medida em que se incorporou à história geral e à cultura do Reino Unido, as quais por sua vez são determinadas pela Inglaterra e pelos valores ingleses. A identidade galesa, como qualquer outra identidade nacional, é uma construção feita a partir de muitos fatores determinantes, entre eles os eventos históricos. Nesta tese, apresento minha leitura do romance histórico Here Be Dragons, da autora estadunidense Sharon Kay Penman, para explorar e analisar a questão da identidade nacional galesa e para examinar como o conceito de Identidade Galesa se configura naquele universo ficcional. Este trabalho representa também uma busca pessoal e uma investigação sobre minha identidade e memória galesa, já que fui criado e educado numa Gales gerida pelo sistema educacional inglês, que excluía dos currículos quase todas as referências à história, ao idioma e aos valores do País de Gales. O romance estudado se passa em um período da Baixa Idade Média em que Gales luta por manter sua cultura e sua identidade, ao ser confrontada com um poder maior, o dos reis e barões anglo-normandos que buscam construir seu império. Como se trata de um romance histórico, considero importante explorar as relações entre narrativa histórica e narrativa histórica ficcional. Para tanto, apresento um esboço historiográfico e certas considerações sobre o romance histórico como gênero literário. Mais ainda, acredito ser necessário apresentar um pouco da história do País de Gales, não apenas para termos uma ideia do que seja a identidade galesa, mas também para colocar o romance analisado no seu contexto histórico apropriado. Esta tese está construída em três partes. Na primeira, examino os conceitos de identidade e memória cultural e nacional e aspectos históricos formadores da identidade galesa. Para tanto, me apoio em obras escritas por Anthony D. Smith, professor de Etnia e Nacionalismo da Escola de Economia de Londres, como embasamento teórico para os conceitos de nacionalismo e identidade cultural. A segunda parte, que trata sobre História, é dividida em três subseções. Na primeira apresento um esboço sobre historiografia, com considerações sobre como a História é apreendida e estudada. A segunda trata sobre o romance histórico, comentando como se tornou um gênero literário e como se relaciona com a narrativa histórica. A última subseção apresenta traços da história do País de Gales, para estabelecer as ligações com as questões de identidade nacional. A terceira seção da tese apresenta a minha leitura de Here Be Dragons, na qual examino como é construída na narrativa a questão da identidade galesa através das personagens principais e nas descrições das paisagens e de estruturas medievais como castelos e mansões. Na conclusão, apresento as últimas considerações sobre os processos que levaram ao apagamento e à consequente busca de resgate da identidade nacional galesa. Acredito assim estar cumprindo minha parte neste processo que é tão bem representado no romance Here Be Dragons de Sharon Kay Penman. / Wales, as a nation in itself, has to some extent been forgotten and absorbed into the general history and culture of the United Kingdom, which for the most part, is dominated by England and “English” values. Welsh identity, or indeed any national identity, is a construct of many determining factors, not the least of which are historical events. In this dissertation, I present my reading of the historical novel, Here Be Dragons by American author Sharon Kay Penman, in order to explore and analyze the question of Welsh national identity and to examine how the concept of Welshness is configured in this fictional universe. This work is also a personal search and exploration into Welsh identity and memory, as I was brought up and educated through an English educational system – in Wales – which excluded a greater part of Welsh history, language and values from the curriculum. The novel covers a late medieval period of between 1183 and 1234, during which Wales struggles to maintain its unique identity and culture against the greater power of the empire-building Anglo-Norman kings and barons. As this dissertation concerns a historical novel, in order to better understand the relationship between a history narrative and a historical-novel fictional narrative, an outline of historiography and a background to the genre of the historical novel are important. Furthermore, a description of the historical background of Wales is necessary, not only to give us an idea of the formation of the Welsh identity, but also to place the novel into its correct historical context. The dissertation is divided into three parts. In part one, I examine the concepts of national and cultural identity and memory and the cultural and historical aspects which form the identity of Wales. I have used the works of Anthony D. Smith, professor of Ethnicity and Nationalism at the London School of Economics as a theoretical basis for the concepts of national and cultural identity. Part two, which deals with history, is divided into three sub-sections. In the first sub-section I examine and briefly outline historiography, how history is studied and presented. The second sub-section deals with the historical novel, how it developed as a literary genre and its relationship with the history narrative. The final sub-section is a historical background to Wales in order to have a better understanding of Welsh identity. Part three of the dissertation is my reading of Here Be Dragons, in which I examine the construction of Welsh identity in the narrative in the principal characters and the symbols that represent Wales in the descriptions of landscapes and medieval structures such as castles and manor houses. To conclude, I present my final considerations of the processes which have led to the eradication and the consequent search to restore a Welsh national identity. Thus, I believe I am fulfilling my part in this process that is so well represented in Sharon Kay Penman’s novel Here Be Dragons.

Apesar de ser considerada há muito tempo e por inúmeras nações e organizações internacionais como um valor fundamental, a liberdade de expressão é, até hoje, objeto de muitas incertezas e indefinições, especialmente quanto à sua aplicação prática em um cenário em que outros direitos e valores constitucionais estão envolvidos. O presente estudo parte da análise da estrutura do ato comunicativo, especificamente da análise da identidade dos sujeitos da comunicação, do fator temporal e do conteúdo ou mensagem, para aferir se a valoração jurídica da expressão do pensamento é condicionada por esses elementos. A partir disso, o presente trabalho propõe critérios para que a interpretação e a aplicação da liberdade de expressão sejam imbuídas de segurança jurídica, de modo a garantir própria efetividade dessa liberdade que se configura como um valor tão caro às sociedades democráticas. / Despite being considered as a fundamental value for several centuries and by many nations and international organizations, freedom of speech is, until present time, the object of much uncertainty, especially regarding its practical application when other rights and constitutional values are involved. The present study analyses the structure of the communicative act, specifically the identity of interlocutors, the time factor and the content or message, to assess if the legal value of the expression of thought is conditioned by these elements. From that, the present work proposes criteria to a rational and secure interpretation and application of freedom of speech, so as to guarantee the effectiveness itself of this liberty, that is so dear to democratic societies.

Les mécanismes de transport et d'érosion en domaine fluvial sont les facteurs dominants qui contrôlent la morphologie des continents et des flux sédimentaires. La quantification de ces processus à grande échelle est de ce fait nécessaire à la compréhension des interactions qui existent entre la tectonique et l'évolution des reliefs sur le long terme. La présente étude s'intéresse au développement des profils longitudinaux et des plaines de divagation de rivières situées dans les Alpes du Dauphiné, sur des échelles de temps variables (103-105 ans). Les taux d'incisions et les paléo-profils sont reconstitués grâce à la datation des terrasses fluviatiles par âge d'exposition (10-Be). Les glaciers quaternaires ont soumis ces rivières à des perturbations d'importance variable. L'évolution du profil longitudinal du Drac est contrôlée par des fluctuations de son niveau de base de l'ordre du kilomètre, provoquées par l'obturation de sa vallée par d'importants glaciers. L'évolution post-glaciaire de son profil en long est caractérisée par une érosion régressive extrêmement rapide. La durée totale de la réponse et de la relaxation du système fluvial est de 15-20 ka. Dans le bassin contigu du Buëch, l'influence glaciaire est plus limitée. Les taux d'incision à court terme (103-104 ans) reflètent les effets du forçage climatique. Les taux d'incision à long terme (104-105 ans) sont réguliers (0,8 mm a-1) et proches des taux de dénudation régionaux, suggérant un certain équilibre entre l'incision et la surrection. Une analyse de la morphologie directement produite par les rivières est réalisée à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique sur des rivières situées à proximité des sites de datation. Il apparaît qu'au-delà d'une certaine valeur du rapport entre la puissance érosive des rivières et la résistance du substrat rocheux, le profil longitudinal reste régulièrement concave, les forçages lithologiques et tectoniques se répercutant sur la largeur de la bande de divagation. La complexité de ce signal nécessite néanmoins des étalonnages supplémentaires pour que la surrection puisse être déduite de la seule analyses des formes du relief.

Vikten av utbildning och livslångt lärande är betydelsefulla faktorer för att den ekonomiska tillväxten i vårt land ska stimuleras, för att välfärden ska kunna tryggas och för att motverka ytterligare samhällsklyftor. Statistik från Skolverket visar på en konstant andel, ca 10 % de senaste fem åren, av elever i årskurs 9 som inte är behöriga att söka till gymnasiet. Det beror på att de inte har uppnått kursplanemålen för att få godkänt i kärnämnena svenska, matematik och engelska. Detta är bakgrunden till att vi har valt att redogöra för och belysa lärares utsagor och resonemang kring hinder och förutsättningar för elevers måluppfyllelse i kärnämnena. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi använt oss av intervjuer som teknik. Vi har intervjuat sex lärare, på fem olika skolor i en mellanstor kommun i sydvästra Sverige. Studien är uppdelad på tre nivåer, organisations-, grupp- och individnivå. På organisationsnivå handlar det bland annat om skolpolitik, skolans ledning och skolans styrdokument. På gruppnivå handlar det om klassen/gruppen och arbetslaget och på individnivå handlar det om den enskilde eleven och den enskilde läraren. Resultatet indikerar på att lärarnas resonemang till stor del kom att kretsa kring lärarens egen roll för elevers måluppfyllelse. Ytterligare framkom det att styrdokumenten spelar en betydande roll, på grund av att de lämnar stort tolkningsutrymme. Andra faktorer som resultatet visar på är att elever inte är tillräckligt motiverade för skolarbete och därigenom måluppfyllelse. Det finns elever som har låg begåvning och det finns elever med utländsk bakgrund som kommer in sent i det svenska skolsystemet. De kan därför få svårigheter att uppnå målen. Vår slutsats är därför; nej skolans mål är inte möjliga att nå för alla elever! / The importance of education and lifelong learning are essential factors to ensure and stimulate economic growth in our country, to secure welfare and counteract polarisation of social classes. During the last five years statistics from the Swedish Board of Education shows a constant number of approximately 10 % of the students in year 9 who have not qualified for upper secondary education. This is because they have not attained the goals of the syllabus which require a pass in the core subjects of Swedish, mathematics and English. This fact is the reason for our investigation in which we illustrate teachers’ assertions and lines of arguments concerning impediments and preconditions for attaining the goals of the core subjects. In this qualitative study we have used interviews as our main approach. We have interviewed six teachers at five different schools in a medium size municipality in the south-west of Sweden. The study is divided into three levels, organization, group and individual level. On the organization level the key issues are school policy, school administration and the steering documents of the school. On the group level the key issues are the class/group and the working team and on the individual level the study focuses on the individual pupil/student and the individual teacher. The result indicates that the teachers’ lines of arguments were focused on his/her own role of importance for the pupils’/students’ attainments of the goals. Furthermore it appeared that the steering documents play an important part because they can be interpreted in many ways. Other factors shown in the study are that pupils/students are not motivated enough to do schoolwork and thereby reach the goals. There are pupils/students who are less talented and others who have a different cultural background and get enrolled in the Swedish school system late. They might therefore have difficulties attaining the goals. Thus our conclusion is; no it is not possible for every pupil/student to attain the goals of school! We use both the words pupil and student because we sometimes mean the younger children (pupils) but also the older ones (students).

My dissertation critiques Western culture’s vertical command of “growing up” to adult completion (rational, heterosexual, married, wealthy, professionally successful) as a reductionist itinerary of human movement leading to subjective sedimentations. Rather, my project proposes ways of “moving rhizomatically” by which it advances a notion of a machinic identity that moves continuously, contingently, and waywardly along less vertical, less excruciating and more horizontal, life-affirmative trails. To this end, my thesis proposes a “rhizomatic semiosis” as extrapolated from the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari to put forward a notion of language and, by implication, subjectivity, as dynamic and metamorphic. Rather than trying to figure out who the child is or what it experiences consciously, my project wishes to embrace an elusiveness at the heart of subjectivity to argue for continued identity creation beyond the apparently confining parameters of adulthood. This dissertation, then, is about the need to re-examine our ways of growing beyond the lines of teleological progression. By turning to Deleuze’s child, an intangible one that “makes desperate attempts to carry out a performance that the psychoanalyst totally misconstrues” (A Thousand Plateaus 13), I wish to shift focus away from the hierarchical, binary, and ideal model of “growing up” and toward a notion of movement that makes way for plural identities in their becoming. This endeavour reveals itself in particular in the work of John Wray, Todd Field, Peter Cameron, Sara Prichard, Michael Cunningham, and Cormac McCarthy, whose work has received little or no attention at all—a lacuna in research that exists perhaps due to these artists’ innovative approach to a minor literature that promotes the notion of a machinic self and questions the dominant modes of Western culture’s literature for, around, and of children.

In this essay I analyze the way my collection of poetry relates to the concept cyclic. What is cyclic and what different interpretations are there concerning the concept? Which other related concepts are there regarding things that seem to reoccur regularly? How does the cyclical, the circular, relate to the linear in regard, for example, to the perception of time? Life often creates the sense that different phenomena and experiences repeat themselves. Different processes are conducted according to regular or irregular cyclical phases, situations seem familiar and events can be relived.          Starting from my writing project Sinnligt kviller, a collection of poems, I discuss these questions in themselves and the impact they have had on my collection. I describe the phenomenon cyclic as a result of the emotions and moods this term creates in a more or less decisive way.          The intention with this paper is to show how Sinnligt kviller offers different perspectives of and reflections upon the various feelings provoked by the cyclic in our lives, feelings that are given my own voice in the literary text under study.

Acknowledging the necessity of a detailed understanding of the dynamics and contributions of wetlands in decision making processes, this research aims to identify the trade-offs between human interventions and human well-being in wetlands. Being one of the thirteen Ramsar Sites of Turkey and providing various ecosystem functions, Kizilirmak Delta was determined as the case study area of the research. Following the literature review on wetlands and their valuation, an assessment framework was developed for analyzing the trade-offs in the Kizilirmak Delta. Following this framework, first the importance, values and functions of the delta were defined by evaluation of its ecological, socio-cultural and economic structures and function analysis. Then, the pressures on the delta and their impacts were analyzed through DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses) Framework by action analysis. Finally, the trade-offs in the delta were calculated in monetary terms through valuation of the functions of the delta. Because of time and data constraints only a small portion of the functions of the delta was quantified in monetary terms. Calculated functions of the delta provide 753.531.772 TL worth of services that constitutes the 34 % of total GDP of the delta. This value was accepted as the cost of trade-offs in the delta, because the pressures on the delta would result in the loss of this value.

<p>Vikten av utbildning och livslångt lärande är betydelsefulla faktorer för att den ekonomiska tillväxten i vårt land ska stimuleras, för att välfärden ska kunna tryggas och för att motverka ytterligare samhällsklyftor. Statistik från Skolverket visar på en konstant andel, ca 10 % de senaste fem åren, av elever i årskurs 9 som inte är behöriga att söka till gymnasiet. Det beror på att de inte har uppnått kursplanemålen för att få godkänt i kärnämnena svenska, matematik och engelska. Detta är bakgrunden till att vi har valt att redogöra för och belysa lärares utsagor och resonemang kring hinder och förutsättningar för elevers måluppfyllelse i kärnämnena.</p><p>I denna kvalitativa studie har vi använt oss av intervjuer som teknik. Vi har intervjuat sex lärare, på fem olika skolor i en mellanstor kommun i sydvästra Sverige. Studien är uppdelad på tre nivåer, organisations-, grupp- och individnivå. På organisationsnivå handlar det bland annat om skolpolitik, skolans ledning och skolans styrdokument. På gruppnivå handlar det om klassen/gruppen och arbetslaget och på individnivå handlar det om den enskilde eleven och den enskilde läraren.</p><p>Resultatet indikerar på att lärarnas resonemang till stor del kom att kretsa kring lärarens egen roll för elevers måluppfyllelse. Ytterligare framkom det att styrdokumenten spelar en betydande roll, på grund av att de lämnar stort tolkningsutrymme. Andra faktorer som resultatet visar på är att elever inte är tillräckligt motiverade för skolarbete och därigenom måluppfyllelse. Det finns elever som har låg begåvning och det finns elever med utländsk bakgrund som kommer in sent i det svenska skolsystemet. De kan därför få svårigheter att uppnå målen. Vår slutsats är därför; nej skolans mål är inte möjliga att nå för alla elever!</p> / <p>The importance of education and lifelong learning are essential factors to ensure and stimulate economic growth in our country, to secure welfare and counteract polarisation of social classes. During the last five years statistics from the Swedish Board of Education shows a constant number of approximately 10 % of the students in year 9 who have not qualified for upper secondary education. This is because they have not attained the goals of the syllabus which require a pass in the core subjects of Swedish, mathematics and English. This fact is the reason for our investigation in which we illustrate teachers’ assertions and lines of arguments concerning impediments and preconditions for attaining the goals of the core subjects.</p><p>In this qualitative study we have used interviews as our main approach. We have interviewed six teachers at five different schools in a medium size municipality in the south-west of Sweden. The study is divided into three levels, organization, group and individual level. On the organization level the key issues are school policy, school administration and the steering documents of the school. On the group level the key issues are the class/group and the working team and on the individual level the study focuses on the individual pupil/student and the individual teacher.</p><p>The result indicates that the teachers’ lines of arguments were focused on his/her own role of importance for the pupils’/students’ attainments of the goals. Furthermore it appeared that the steering documents play an important part because they can be interpreted in many ways. Other factors shown in the study are that pupils/students are not motivated enough to do schoolwork and thereby reach the goals. There are pupils/students who are less talented and others who have a different cultural background and get enrolled in the Swedish school system late. They might therefore have difficulties attaining the goals. Thus our conclusion is; no it is not possible for every pupil/student to attain the goals of school!</p><p>We use both the words pupil and student because we sometimes mean the younger children (pupils) but also the older ones (students).</p>

We describe the large-time moment asymptotics for the parabolic Anderson model where the speed of the diffusion is coupled with time, inducing an acceleration or deceleration. We find a lower critical scale, below which the mass flow gets stuck. On this scale, a new interesting variational problem arises in the description of the asymptotics. Furthermore, we find an upper critical scale above which the potential enters the asymptotics only via some average, but not via its extreme values. We make out altogether five phases, three of which can be described by results that are qualitatively similar to those from the constant-speed parabolic Anderson model in earlier work by various authors. Our proofs consist of adaptations and refinements of their methods, as well as a variational convergence method borrowed from finite elements theory.