<div>The purpose of this research was to develop and validate an instrument designed to assess programming of youth development organizations. The instrument can be used by leaders of youth development organizations to monitor the organization’s performance in developing productive and engaged citizens. This research viewed youth development organizations as a microsystem that youth interact with (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006). A complete review of the literature on youth development organizations was conducted to determine the components of positive youth development organizations. The resulting conceptual framework consisted of project, skills and knowledge, community contribution, high-density experiences, environment, non-parental adult, and near-peer role models.</div><div><br></div><div>An item pool was developed based on the literature available on youth development organization programming. This item pool was reviewed by experts in youth development organization programming and inclusion. Then the items were entered into two tools to assess grammar and concise language. Third, the items were administered to a small sample then analyzed for correlations and contributions to reliability. Items were eliminated if they correlated too highly with other items and if they did not contribute to the reliability of the scale. Fourth, the items were administered to a broader sample and correlations and reliability measures were analyzed again with more items removed. Finally, the items were administered to another sample and analyzed for multicollinearity and reliability. The final sample took the survey a second time and responses were compared based on paired t-tests to establish test-retest reliability.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The 15-item instrument exhibits appropriate measures of validity and reliability to recommend its usage by youth development organization leaders to evaluation programming. The instrument is parsimonious so leaders can add program-specific questions while avoiding participant fatigue. A complete version of the instrument is available in the appendices.</div>

Though Sylvia Plath’s poems and novel undergo frequent scholarly research, her short fiction is often overlooked. Plath’s journals influenced her short fiction writing, and her stories reflected Plath’s lived experiences. Plath’s short fiction, like her other works, explore themes of identity and detachment. Each of her protagonists exist in a personal limbo, and they strive to find their identities and to fit the roles in which they occupy. This thesis focuses on “Mary Ventura and the Ninth Kingdom,” stories from Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams, and additional research from scholarly journals and biographies, with comparisons to identity struggles shown in The Bell Jar and The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. I found the catalysts for their identity crises stem from observations surrounding femininity, societal roles, and psychological wellness. Furthermore, this research shows Plath’s subjective writing habits and highlights her protagonists’ commonalities throughout her writing career.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Boy-love (or BL) manga (comic book) is a subgenre of Japanese girl’s manga. It features the homoerotic relationships between beautiful young boys and is popular among young straight women. This thesis explores the transnational influence of BL manga on young women and examines how Chinese female readers perceive and interpret this cultural artifact. An online survey has been conducted to answer key questions including: Who consumes BL productions in Chinese-speaking communities, how is BL fandom formed and what are the patterns of such fandom. Outcomes indicate women enjoy the queer fantasy deriving from reading BL manga and such fantasy should not be stigmatized or pathologized.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo reler vida e obra de Gonzaguinha a partir da perspectiva do moleque, voltando se para o gesto político pedagógico que o artista faz ao colocar o seu guerreiro me nino na rua principal da vida e como protagonista de seu fazer artístico. Ao enaltecer a sua proposta musical de sempre começar tudo ou tra vez, analisamos como essa filosofia de vida reverbera em alguns de seus escritos , percorrendo por entrevistas, matéri as de jornais, biografia, produções acadêmicas, canções, rastros e vestígios. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa se debruça sobre a espontan eida de do Gonzaguinha moleque tão presente nas suas vivências da infância e adolescência no Morro de São Carlos. Em segui da, apresenta a postura de eterno aprendiz adotada pelo artista, bem como a importância das histórias, das lições diárias e dos ensinam ento s que aprende no encontro com as pessoas pela estrada a fora. Assim, ao se jogar na vida de viajante, Gonzaga Junior se coloca como sujeito da experiência, sempre disposto a dobrar novas esquinas e a recomeçar. Por fim, pensa se uma arte de recomeçar encarnada profundamente em vida e obra de Gonzaguinha, que só é possível pela sua postura de moleque. / [en] This work aims to reread life and work of Gonzaguinha from t he moleque s perspective that drives the artist s political pedagogical gesture by placing his guerreiro menino (warrior fighter/ labor kiddo in the main street of life and as protagonist of his artistic work. T o understand his life philosophy while praising his musical proposal of always start ing over, I choose to analy ze interviews, newspaper articles, biography, academic productions, songs, tracks and traces . In this search to perceive the knowledge delivered by the artist, I focus on the so present kid do s pontaneity learned from Gonzaguinha s boyhood experiences in the streets and alleys of Morro de São Carlos . Then I br ing out his position ing as an eternal apprentice as well the significance of his stories, daily lessons teachings, and learning s by en coun tering people down the road Thus, wishing to throw himself into a traveler s life , he faces multiple experiences , an d doubt s as the subject of experience always willing to take new turns and start all over again. Finally, I think of an art of starting aga in incarnated deeply in the life and work o Gonzaguinha , which is only possible because of his moleque s standing

El cerro San Cosme es el asentamiento humano más antiguo del Perú, con más de 74 años de fundación, está ubicado en el distrito limeño de La Victoria y según el INEI más del 12 por ciento de niños y adolescentes, que viven allí, están expuestos a la drogadicción y a la delincuencia. Ambos son problemas, entre otros, que afectan la convivencia en el asentamiento humano. El objetivo del presente trabajo es implementar un proyecto integral alternativo dirigido a este grupo etario vulnerable, focalizado en niños, niñas y adolescentes que, desde la comunicación para el desarrollo, involucren a todos los actores primarios y secundarios a fin de que proporcionen la sostenibilidad de este. Por ello, para la concepción del proyecto, se consideraron las opiniones y expectativas de los involucrados directos como son las dirigencias comunales, docentes, padres de familia, adolescentes, niñas y niños de San Cosme, a través de instrumentos de investigación cualitativa no probabilísticos por conveniencia como entrevistas, encuestas y grupos focales. De este modo se identificaron las necesidades para la implementación del proyecto, habida cuenta que ya existen actividades deportivas de la municipalidad de La Victoria dedicadas solo a la actividad física. Esta investigación ha identificado la necesidad de un desarrollo socio emocional que permita a los niños, niñas y adolescentes asumir su realidad de manera resiliente, más allá de la actividad física. La principal conclusión de la presente investigación muestra los beneficios de la participación activa de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en el movimiento scout para el refuerzo de sus valores desde etapas tempranas. / The mountain of San Cosme is the oldest human settlement of Peru, with over 74 years since its founding, is located in the district of La Victoria and, according to the INEI, over 12% of children and teenagers living there are exposed to crime and drug consumption. Both are described are issues, among others, that affect the residents’ coexistence in the settlement. The objective of the presented project is to implement an alternative integration project focused to the selected vulnerable age group, which is composed of boys, girls and teenagers. Through communication focused on their development, this project will include both primary and secondary factors with the purpose of promoting sustainability for them. Because of that, the elaboration of this project included both the opinions and expectations of the individuals involved, which included the community’s leaders, teachers, parents, teenagers, girls and boys of the settlement, through the use of tools of non-probabilistic for convenience qualitative research such as interviews, questionnaires and focal groups. Through this method, the needs for this project’s implementation were shown, by taking into account the already existing sport activities offered by the Municipality of La Victoria, dedicated only to physical activity. This investigation has identified the need for a socio emotional development that allows boys, girls and teenagers to assume their reality in a resilient manner, beyond mere physical activity. The main conclusion of the present investigation shows the benefits of active participation of boys, girls and teenagers in the Scout Movement in order to reinforce their values from early stages.

In recent years, circumcision of boys has sparked off debate in Sweden. Even though mostpoliticians do not consider the procedure as problematic, if the procedure is done beforepuberty as the rights are covered by the Swedish law on freedom of religion, the SwedishCentre Party are drafting a ban on religious circumcisions of boys. This essay aims to analyzethe current discourse surrounding the subject of circumcision.Circumcision of boys is a procedure of frequent occurrence in all parts of the world. Thecircumcision is most often performed when the boy is an infant, or of such a low age, that thechild is too young to understand and give consent for such a procedure. Therefore, it is mostoften the guardian who decides if a circumcision is to be performed. In the current discourse,many regard circumcision as a way for the child or guardian to express their religion, since itis the right of the guardians to pass on their religion onto their child. Consequently, a ban oncircumcision of boys would discriminate against people belonging to the Jewish and Muslimfaith who will not be able to perform their religious duties freely, which could result in theincrease of isolation and segregation in society. Many see the choice of religion as a right thatis to be taken by the child, and that is why a prohibition on circumcision of boys is advocatedby some groups in society.According to the ‘UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’, all the decisions involving achild are to be taken while considering the well-being and what is best for the child inquestion. There is concurrently legislation that allows circumcision of boys on the conditionthat both guardians give their consent. The ones advocating for a ban on circumcision of boysargue that the procedure is against the well-being of the child as it is a limitation of the child’sbest interest and bodily integrity. While the side arguing for circumcision of boys consider theprocedure as part of the religious identity and the group identity, and that the procedure alsohas medical benefits that are considered to be favorable for the child’s well-being. / Omskärelse av pojkar har väckt debatt i Sverige under de senaste åren. Även om de flestapolitiker inte anser att ingreppet är problematiskt om det sker innan puberteten och medhänvisning till lagen om religionsfrihet, arbetar Centerpartiet för ett förbud mot religiösomskärelse av pojkar. Uppsatsen syftar till att analysera nuvarande diskurser kring omskärelseav pojkar.Omskärelse av pojkar är ett ingrepp som är vanligt förekommande i hela världen, liksom iSverige. Omskärelsen sker oftast när pojken är ett spädbarn eller i för låg ålder för att kunnaförstå och samtycka till ingreppet. Därav är det i de flesta fallen vårdnadshavarna sombeslutar om att omskärelsen ska ske. I de rådande diskurser betraktar många omskärelser somett uttryck för barnets och vårdnadshavarnas religionsfrihet, eftersom vårdnadshavarna harrätt till att föra över sin tro på sitt barn. Därmed anses förbud mot omskärelse varadiskriminering mot muslimer och judar som inte kan utföra sin religion fritt, vilket kan ökasegregationen i samhället och känslan av utanförskap. Medan många tolkar barnets religionsom barnets rätt att fritt välja sin religion därmed hävdar dem ett förbud mot omskärelse avpojkar.Enligt FN:s barnkonvention ska alla beslut rörande barn fattas utifrån barnets bästa. Samtidigthar vi en lagstiftning som tillåter omskärelse av pojkar om både vårdnadshavarna uttryckersitt medgivande. De som förespråkar ett förbud mot omskärelse anser att ingreppet är motbarnets bästa eftersom det innebär inskränkning av barnets intresse och kroppsliga integritet.Medan de som är för ingreppet anser att ingreppet ingår i den religiösaidentiteten/gruppidentiteten och medför medicinska fördelar vilka anses vara för barnetsbästa.

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With each generation arrives at a new understanding and specifically creates a new representation of the ancient pharaoh Tutankhamun. My study analyzes the role of Tutankhamun in American media and popular culture, especially the changing depictions of the Pharaoh over time. My thesis discusses the historical Tutankhamμn and the how this differs from the "Golden Boy" Tut popularized in modem times since the discovering of the tomb by Howard Carter. His discovery launched an Egyptomania craze periodically resurged over the course of the century~ particularly in the years immediately following the find, 1978t and in 2005-2007. My analysis further explores why American society fashioned particular representations of Tutankbamun, and Egypt as a whole from his tomb that contained insufficient connections with the historical King Tutanlqiamun. The study concentrates on three time periods distinct by heightened fascination - the opening of the tomb and the first and second museum touring of the Tut exhibits in the United States. The created images are exploited for monetary gain by the media while driven by Western society as a measure of our own cultural self--definition. Each modification of the Pharaoh reflects the changing culture of American society.

This dissertation examines literary representations of the intersection between British imperialism and British and British-modeled public schools. I categorize British writers who have addressed this nexus in their literary works into two groups, idealists and realists, based on their views of British public schools, imperialism, and the effectiveness of the former in sustaining the latter. I present two examples of idealists, Henry Newbolt and the contributors to The Boy's Own Paper, followed by two examples of realists, Rudyard Kipling and E. M. Forster, who have often been viewed as opposites. I then provide an example of a South-Asian diasporic realist, Selvaduari, who builds upon the critiques of British realists by revealing the contemporary offspring of the marriage between British public schools and imperialism. By analyzing works by idealist and realist authors, I demonstrate the importance of public schools and school literature in promoting and sustaining as well as critiquing and condemning imperialism. / text