University: Charles University in Prague Faculty: First Faculty of Medicine Psychiatric clinic, Center for Addictology School Year…….2012/2013…… ABSTRACT DIPLOMA WORK Name …………………Bc. Kristýna Piskáčková....………………………………….… Branch of study: Addictology Matriculation Year: …………2006….………… Thesis supervisor: Mgr. Jaroslav Vacek The number of pages:……80…………… Diploma Thesis Title: Obtaining cannabis drugs by adolescents: the comparison of the wards experience from facilities for foreigners with the selected facilities for wards with Czech nationality The goal of the diploma thesis is to determine the ways and circumstances of obtaining hemp drugs by adolescent users - wards of selected facilities for juveniles. Theoretical part mainly deals with issues such as cannabis drugs, usage patterns, cannabis distribution patterns, drug market and school facilities system for the performance of residential care and protective upbringing. The research part first deals with research questions, methods of data creation, then with the help of data analysis are given the answers to research questions. The used method of obtaining data is semi-structured interview. The survey was conducted with 16 participants. The sample only consists of one gender - male. Their age is from 15 to 18. Participant's statements are kept and...

INTRODUÇÃO: O instrumento escolhido para coleta de informações em uma investigação científica tem de ser capaz de traduzir, com boa precisão, a realidade estudada. Neste estudo, foi analisado o desempenho de um questionário para avaliar o consumo de drogas na prisão confrontando o relato dos entrevistados com a análise toxicológica de urina. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal em setembro de 2007, numa unidade prisional masculina, localizada no estado de São Paulo. Os detentos foram entrevistados e submetidos à coleta de urina para detecção qualitativa de canabinóides e de cocaína, utilizando análise por imunoensaio enzimático. Foram selecionadas duas questões; a primeira sobre uso de drogas e, a segunda, mais específica, que identifica o padrão de uso da maconha e da cocaína na prisão. Para avaliar a capacidade destas questões em identificar corretamente os indivíduos que usam drogas na prisão, foram comparadas as respostas com os resultados de exame de urina (padrão ouro) e calculadas a sensibilidade e a especificidade. Entrevistador, período em que foi realizada a entrevista, faixa etária dos entrevistados, tempo de presídio, situação prisional, relação existente entre o delito cometido e as drogas, duração da pena atual e o resultado das análises toxicológicas da urina foram escolhidos como fatores com potencial para interferir nos resultados. RESULTADOS: Participaram da pesquisa 337 detentos, com idade média de 30,4 anos, cumprindo pena média de 10,1 anos, que estão em média há 16,7 meses no presídio e que, em sua maioria não cometeram delitos relacionados a drogas (73,3%). A prevalência obtida pela análise toxicológica da urina foi de 61,4% para maconha e 7,7% para cocaína. Combinar as questões melhorou o desempenho do questionário. Dos 260 entrevistados identificados, pelo questionário, como usuários de drogas na prisão, 191 tiveram resultado positivo na análise toxicológica da urina e 69, resultado negativo. Dos 76 entrevistados identificados como não usuários de droga na prisão, 21 tiveram resultado positivo na análise toxicológica da urina e 55, resultado negativo (Sensibilidade=90,1% e Especificidade=44,1%). A prevalência para o uso de maconha na prisão, obtida a partir das entrevistas, foi de 77,4% e, para o de cocaína, de 8,8%. Os detentos que não cometeram crimes relacionados a drogas (p=0,011) e os com resultado positivo para a análise da urina para canabinóides (p=0,028) tiveram um desempenho melhor ao responder as questões relacionadas ao uso de cocaína. Os detentos mais novos consomem mais maconha na prisão (80,6%, p=0,000). Já os reincidentes (11,4%, p=0,017) e os que estão há mais tempo no presídio (17,3%, p=0,038) destacaram-se como os que consumem mais cocaína. Os detentos primários (11,3%, p=0,028) e os com resultado positivo na análise da urina para canabinóides (10,2%, p=0,009) apresentaram frequência maior de respostas dissociadas. Apresentaram frequência menor, os que cumprem pena entre 6,33 e 14,62 anos (3,4%, p=0,025). CONCLUSÕES: A concordância entre o relato de consumo de maconha e cocaína na prisão obtida pelo questionário e o resultado do exame toxicológico foi boa para as duas drogas. Combinar as respostas apareceu como uma forma de melhorar a sensibilidade do questionário. / INTRODUCTION: The instrument used for collection of information in scientific research must be able to translate with accuracy the reality under investigation. In this study, we investigated the performance of a questionnaire in assessing drug use in prison compared with toxicological analysis of urine. METHODS: A cross sectional observational study was conducted in September 2007, in a male inmate placed in the state of Sao Paulo. The prisoners were interviewed and underwent urine collection for the detection of cannabinoids and cocaine metabolites trough toxicological analysis (enzyme immunoassay). Two questions were selected, one about drug use in general, and a second one, which was more specific and used to identify the drug consumption pattern in prison. To assess the ability of these questions to correctly identify individuals who currently use drugs in prison, the responses were compared with the urine test (gold standard) and sensitivity and specificity rates were calculated. Interviewer characteristics, total period of interview, age of respondents, time in jail, penalties conditions, relationship between the offense and drug use, total penalty time and urinalysis were considered factors with the potential to affect the results. RESULTS: 337 prisoners completed the questionnaire and provided urine samples for the study. These subjects presented a mean age of 30.4 years, an average time spent in prison of 1 year and 16.7 months, 10.1 years of total penalty time and the majority of them have not committed crimes related to drugs (73.3%). The prevalence based on urine toxicological analysis was 61.4% for marijuana and 7.7% for cocaine. When the answers to the questions were combined to the toxicological results, the assessment for drug consumption trough the questionnaire was improved. Of the 260 respondents identified by the questionnaire as a drug user in prison, 191 presented positive results for toxicological analysis and 69 negative results. Of the 76 respondents identified as non-drug user in prison, 21 presented positive results for toxicological analysis and 55 negative (sensitivity=90.1% and specificity =44.1%). The prevalence of cannabis use in prison taking into account only the interviews was 77.4% and 8.8%, for marijuana and cocaine, respectively. Prisoners who have committed crimes related to drugs (p=0,011) and those with positive urinalysis for cannabinoids (p=0,028) performed better in answering questions related to cocaine use. The younger prisoners consumed more marijuana in prison (80.6%, p=0,000) than their older counterparts. Repeat offenders (11.4%, p=0,017) and those who are in prison for longer (17.3%, p=0,038) time stood out as those who consume more cocaine. First offenders (11.3%, p=0,028) and those with positive urinalysis for cannabinoids (10,2%, p=0,009) showed higher frequency of misleading answers and, less often, those who were serving time between 6.33 and 14.62 years (3.4%, p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between the reporting of marijuana and cocaine consumption in prison obtained by questionnaire with toxicological essay was adequate for both use in general and recent use. Combining responses appeared as a way to improve the sensitivity of the questionnaire.

No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e validados dois métodos com o objetivo de determinar os herbicidas paraquat e glifosato, bem como o AMPA, principal metabólito do glifosato, em amostras de maconha apreendidas pela polícia de Campinas, São Paulo. A detecção e quantificação de herbicidas na maconha são necessárias e importantes para alertar o real risco que a droga pode oferecer aos usuários. Existem várias razões que explicam a presença de herbicidas na maconha em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. A eletroforese capilar foi utilizada para determinação dos herbicidas. Um método de detecção direta foi usado para determinar o paraquat e outro, com detecção indireta, para determinar o glifosato e AMPA. Os métodos desenvolvidos mostraram boa linearidade, precisão, exatidão e recuperação. Os dados da validação atestam que os métodos podem ser utilizados em laboratórios Forense no Brasil. Cento e trinta amostras foram analisadas, sendo que em doze amostras foram detectadas a presença de paraquat em várias concentrações e ainda três amostras forneceram resultados positivos apenas para o glifosato sendo uma delas, detectado a presença concomitante do AMPA. Os valores dos contaminantes encontrados podem representar um risco ao usuário, fazendo-se necessário novos estudos para delineamento sobre os reais efeitos que esses contaminantes podem apresentar aos usuários de Cannabis. / In the present work, two methods were developed and validate, aiming to determinate the herbicides paraquat and glyphosate and his major metabolite AMPA in seizured marijuana samples by the police in Campinas, São Paulo. The determination of herbicides in confiscated samples is necessary and important to alert the real risk of marijuana can offer to the users. There are many reasons that explain the presence of herbicides in marijuana in several countries, including Brazil. Capillary electrophoresis was used to determinate the studied herbicides. A method with direct detection was used to determinate paraquat and indirect detection to determinate glyphosate and AMPA. The developed methods showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Therefore, it can be applied in Forensics labs in Brazil. One hundred and thirty samples were analyzed, and twelve of them result positive for paraquat in several concentrations and three samples showed positive to glyphosate and one of them, detected the presence of AMPA. The values of the contaminants found, can offer a risk to the users, making it necessary new studies to know the real effects that such contaminants can offer to the Cannabis users.

No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e validados dois métodos com o objetivo de determinar os herbicidas paraquat e glifosato, bem como o AMPA, principal metabólito do glifosato, em amostras de maconha apreendidas pela polícia de Campinas, São Paulo. A detecção e quantificação de herbicidas na maconha são necessárias e importantes para alertar o real risco que a droga pode oferecer aos usuários. Existem várias razões que explicam a presença de herbicidas na maconha em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. A eletroforese capilar foi utilizada para determinação dos herbicidas. Um método de detecção direta foi usado para determinar o paraquat e outro, com detecção indireta, para determinar o glifosato e AMPA. Os métodos desenvolvidos mostraram boa linearidade, precisão, exatidão e recuperação. Os dados da validação atestam que os métodos podem ser utilizados em laboratórios Forense no Brasil. Cento e trinta amostras foram analisadas, sendo que em doze amostras foram detectadas a presença de paraquat em várias concentrações e ainda três amostras forneceram resultados positivos apenas para o glifosato sendo uma delas, detectado a presença concomitante do AMPA. Os valores dos contaminantes encontrados podem representar um risco ao usuário, fazendo-se necessário novos estudos para delineamento sobre os reais efeitos que esses contaminantes podem apresentar aos usuários de Cannabis. / In the present work, two methods were developed and validate, aiming to determinate the herbicides paraquat and glyphosate and his major metabolite AMPA in seizured marijuana samples by the police in Campinas, São Paulo. The determination of herbicides in confiscated samples is necessary and important to alert the real risk of marijuana can offer to the users. There are many reasons that explain the presence of herbicides in marijuana in several countries, including Brazil. Capillary electrophoresis was used to determinate the studied herbicides. A method with direct detection was used to determinate paraquat and indirect detection to determinate glyphosate and AMPA. The developed methods showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Therefore, it can be applied in Forensics labs in Brazil. One hundred and thirty samples were analyzed, and twelve of them result positive for paraquat in several concentrations and three samples showed positive to glyphosate and one of them, detected the presence of AMPA. The values of the contaminants found, can offer a risk to the users, making it necessary new studies to know the real effects that such contaminants can offer to the Cannabis users.

Drug use and misuse by young people is a problem and concern in the Australian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) communities. There are concerns regarding illicit and licit drugs but licit drug use has been identified as the major area of concern. Young people in the ACT reflect the drug use/misuse patterns and trends of other states. Commonly used drugs by young people are alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and analgesics. Strategies to address the problem of drug use/misuse by young people include intervention and community drug education programs. Peer drug education (as an example of community drug education), trains young people as peer educators to implement drug education programs with younger age groups. A case study analysis based on qualitative, naturalistic and new paradigm research is the research method used in this thesis. An eclectic model of drug education including key components from a variety of drug education models provides a comprehensive overview of peer drug education. The literature review showed the complexity of influences on drug use/misuse. These influences relate to individual, peer, parental and family, community and societal factors. Peer drug education is generally recognised as an effective drug education strategy. Peer drug education programs (Triple T: Teenagers Teaching Teenagers) were conducted in the ACT from 1988-1990. Reports documenting these programs (including evaluation data) and a literative review are the main data analysed for the case study. The case study analysis of five ACT peer drug education programs and one interstate program showed the key planning issues for effective peer drug education were: collaborative decision making as a central concept; detailed planning and liaison with target groups; established structures within schools and communities to support the trained peer educators; team work and small group work as intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the program; clarification of responsibilities and roles of all personnel involved in the program; and facilitators/leaders with attributes and qualities that encourage peer drug educators as social change agents. Analysis of data from the case study reports showed young people can be effective peer drug educators. Residential programs are preferred over non-residential programs. Peer drug education programs are effective in both school and community agencies. The literature review and analysis of reports also indicated that peer drug education needs to focus on establishing positive norms in groups of young people. Collaborative decision making and positive role modelling assist in the establishment of these norms. Peer drug education links to the wider changes occurring in education and health settings. Peer drug education is about collaborative decision making, social justice, development of key competencies and social change. This thesis confirmed the complexity and dynamic nature of peer drug education and there were many questions raised for further research from the literature review and analysis of program reports.

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a highly productive crop that is well suited to cultivation in Canada. To better understand the development of bast (phloem) fiber secondary walls and to facilitate reverse genetics screening for improved germplasm, I undertook two sets of microarray experiments. The first compared transcript expression in stem peels at three positions along the length of the stem. The second set of microarray experiments compared transcript expression in adjacent tissue layers along the radial axis of the stem. The transcripts that were enriched in fiber-producing tissues in both studies were consistent with a dynamic program of cell wall deposition. Detailed qRT-PCR analysis of specific lignification genes identified the best targets for reverse genetics. Finally, as a first step towards establishing a virally induced gene silencing (VIGS) system, I identified viruses that produced visual symptoms of infection, although qRT-PCR failed to confirm the infection / Plant Biology

Anhand einer prospektiven epidemiologischen Verlaufsstudie an einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichprobe von ursprünglich 14- bis 17jährigen Jugendlichen (N=1395) werden die Häufigkeit und die Verlaufsmuster des Konsums, des Mißbrauchs und der Abhängigkeit von Cannabis untersucht. Die Jugendlichen wurden persönlich mit Hilfe eines Interviews befragt, wobei als diagnostisches Instrument das M-CIDI mit seinen DSM-IV Algorithmen verwendet wurde. Die Ergebnisse aus der Basiserhebung ergaben, daß 1995 etwa 20% aller 14- bis 17jährigen - in der Mehrzahl wiederholt - Cannabis probiert hatten und 6% der Population einen regelmäßigen Gebrauch aufweisen. Die Einjahres-Inzidenz (= Auftreten neuer Fälle) für den Cannabisgebrauch der nun 15- bis 19jährigen betrug zum Zeitpunkt der Nachuntersuchung 20,1% für die Männer und 16,3% für die Frauen. Für den regelmäßigen Gebrauch wurden Inzidenzraen von 12% (Männer) und 8,4% (Frauen) ermittelt. Die Stabilität des Konsumverhaltens zwischen der Basis- und der Nachuntersuchung war relativ hoch un stieg mit höherem Initialkonsum an. Angesichts der hohen Gebrauchsrate von 32,4% bei den 15- bis 19jährigen bei der Nachuntersuchung ergab sich im Vergleich zu anderen psychotropen Substanzen eine relativ niedrige Prävalenz für Mißbrauch und Abhängigkeit (4%). Das Vorliegen einer Diagnose bei der Erstuntersuchung weist allerdings eine relativ hohe Stabilität über die Nachuntersuchungskette auf. / The paper examines the prevalence, incidence and stability patterns of cannabis use and dependence in a prospective epidemiological study of a random community sample of adolescents, aged 14 to 17 years (N=1395) at time 1. Assesments are based on personal interviews by trained clinical psychologists using the computerized DSM-IV lifetime and 12-month change version of the M-CIDI. Results indicate that in 1995 every fifth person aged 14 to 17 years had used cannabis at least once and 6% reported regular use. The 12-month incidence rates (i.e. proportion of the sample reporting first cannabis use in the last year) among subjects, 15 to 19 years of age at time 2, was high, with 20,1% of males and 16,3% of females reporting first use. The incidence of regular use was 12,0% (males) and 8,4% (females). The stability of consumption patterns from time 1 to time 2 was high. Increasing with higher initial consumption. Given the reexamined samples overall high cannabis consumption rates of 32,4%, the prevalence of clinically manifest DSM-IV abuse and dependence was low in comparison to other psychologic drugs (4%). However there was remarkable diagnostic stability over time in this age group of those with an initial diagnosis at time 1 receiving a diagnosis again at time 2.

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Cannabis är den vanligaste illegala drogen bland unga vuxna i Sverige. Det är en omdebatterad drog, debatterna handlar ofta om huruvida cannabis effekter är negativa eller inte. Detta examensarbete undersöker om det finns skillnader i problemnivå inom olika livsområden beroende på grad av cannabisbruk. Examensarbetet är en kvantitativstudie som genom ett antal statistiska analyser jämför tre grupper av unga vuxna samt predicerar sannolikheten för vilka som löper störst risk att vara regelbundna cannabisanvändare. Resultatet tyder på att problemnivån ökar inom flera livsområden beroende på grad av cannabisbruk. Högre involvering i cannabisbruk är förknippat med högre problemnivå i psykisk hälsa, narkotikabruk, narkotikabrott samt hereditet för narkotika. Vidare visar resultatet att faktorer som att vara man, bo i storstad och hereditet för narkotika är riskfaktorer som kan predicera ett regelbundet cannabisbruk. Examensarbetets slutsatser ger stöd för att ökad cannabisinvolvering tycks medverka till missbruk av andra illegala droger och tycks ha negativ påverkanseffekt på psykisk hälsa samt att benägenhet till brottslighet snarare har att göra med selektion än med involvering i cannabisbruk. / Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug among young adults in Sweden. It is a controversial drug, the debates about cannabis are often about whether cannabis effects are negative or not. This thesis examines whether there are differences in the level of problems in different areas of life depending on the extent of cannabis use. The thesis is a quantitative study by a number of statistical analyzes comparing three groups of young adults, and predicts the probability of which ones are most likely to be regular cannabis users. The results suggest that in many areas of life the problem level is increasing, depending on the extent of cannabis use. Higher involvement in cannabis use is associated with problems of higher levels in mental health, drug use, drug and family history of narcotics. Furthermore, the results show that factors such as being male, living in a big city and family history of illicit drugs are risk factors that can predict a regular cannabis use. The findings of the thesis provide support for that increased cannabis involvement seems to contribute to the abuse of other illicit drugs and seem to have a negative impact on mental health, and at last that the tendency to commit crime has rather to do with personality factors than cannabis use.

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