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Judicial Protection of a Right to the Protection of Health and Favourable Environment with focus on the Region of Ostrava Abstract This diploma thesis deals with legal means of legal protection of the right to the protection of health and favourable environment with focus on the Ostrava region. The aim of this work is to map out judicial means of protection and analyze whether these means are in accordance with their purpose of ensuring the protection of persons against interference with their rights and the public interest in protection of health and the environment. The main methods used in this diploma thesis were the research of legal literature, case law of Czech and foreign courts and legal regulations. Subsequent use of synthesis and the analysis of the acquired information and the use of linguistic, systematic, logical and theological interpretative methods led to the generalization of the main and partial conclusions. This diploma thesis is divided into an introduction and a conclusion and six main chapters, some of which are further divided into subchapters and individual points. The first chapter deals with on the constitutional basis of health protection and a favourable environment. The second chapter focuses on the current condition of the environment in the Ostrava region, its causes and...

The progression of climate change has brought the issue of intergenerational justice further into focus. At the same time, there has been a global increase in climate litigation. Activists increasingly use litigation and fundamental and human rights as instruments to enforce their demands for intergenerational justice. This thesis, therefore, focuses on the question of whether climate litigation can transform intergenerational justice from a political norm into a human rights-based, justiciable right.  Previous studies identified a human-rights turn in climate litigation. In addition, other studies revealed that climate activists are increasingly using intergenerational framing. However, the relationship between intergenerational justice and human rights is understudied.  This thesis addresses the existing research gap. Utilizing a mechanism-based account, the legal framing and the legal interpretation of the Neubauer case, decided by the German Federal Constitutional Court are analyzed to show the transformation of intergenerational justice into a matter of human rights. Moreover, climate litigation cases at the ECtHR are analyzed whether they contain references to Neubauer to identify indicators for a precedent-setting effect upon the supranational human rights framework of ECHR. This thesis demonstrates the importance of climate litigation as a policy tool in national and international climate governance.

[pt] A sociedade de risco simboliza o momento civilizatório atual, em que os efeitos secundários não desejados de uma modernização exitosa (para os que com ela se beneficiam, frise-se) se tornaram incontroláveis. Mais do que isso. Vive-se atualmente em um mundo em metamorfose, no qual as certezas da sociedade moderna estão sendo solapadas diante de eventos globais significativos (Beck, 2017), como as mudanças climáticas e a pandemia do Covid-19. Dessa forma, não se pode prever, mesmo diante de todo o avanço do conhecimento técnico-científico, qual será o impacto dessa crise humanitária avassaladora que atinge a todos e ressalta a efemeridade do ser humano diante dos efeitos colaterais do mundo moderno. Embora os riscos climáticos apresentem uma tendência globalizante e um efeito equalizador, a distribuição de tais riscos costuma seguir a lógica da vulnerabilidade local, ocorrendo de forma socialmente desigual e injusta. A articulação da teoria do risco com o movimento da justiça ambiental e climática possibilita questionar a iniquidade na distribuição de riscos ambientais, em especial os climáticos, além de introduzir importantes ferramentas conceituais que problematizam a privatização de bônus e a socialização de ônus decorrentes da exploração de atividades poluentes. As instituições, como o Estado e o próprio Direito, que deveriam regulamentar e controlar a sua produção e externalidade, acabam produzindo uma espécie de normalização de riscos, de modo a legitimar os conflitos resultantes de situações de injustiça socioambiental, fenômeno que Ulrich Beck (1995) denomina de irresponsabilidade organizada. A insuficiência de respostas domésticas à produção de riscos globais e a ausência de coercitividade do direito internacional sinalizam o relevante papel que os Tribunais em todo o mundo – apesar das limitações e contradições inerentes ao próprio Poder Judiciário enquanto instituição estatal – estão sendo instados a atuar na governança climática, decidindo ações em que se discutem lacunas legislativas e regulatórias, descumprimento de metas de redução e compromissos climáticos, sob a releitura de direitos fundamentais no tratamento de conflitos climáticos, à luz do chamado constitucionalismo climático. Utiliza-se o método indutivo e a metodologia de pesquisa se baseia, além da análise da previsão normativa, na revisão bibliográfica nacional e internacional e no estudo dos precedentes judiciais brasileiros e estrangeiros de maior repercussão envolvendo matéria climática. Espera-se que a análise articulada da teoria da sociedade de risco e do movimento da justiça ambiental aliado à perspectiva climática forneça importantes subsídios teóricos para a confirmação da hipótese levantada nesta tese, a saber: se (e como) a litigância climática pode representar uma importante estratégia de promoção da justiça climática para contribuir para a redução das desigualdades socioambientais resultantes da produção e externalização injusta e desigual de riscos climáticos, mediante aplicação de ferramentas já existentes no sistema jurídico pátrio voltadas à prevenção e reparação de impactos e danos climáticos. / [en] The risk society symbolizes the current civilizational moment, in which the unwanted side effects of successful modernization (for those who benefit from it, it should be noted) have become uncontrollable. More than that. We currently live in a world in metamorphosis, in which the certainties of modern society are being undermined in the face of significant global events (Beck, 2017), such as climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic. In this way, it is not possible to predict, even in the face of all the advance of technical-scientific knowledge, what will be the impact of this overwhelming humanitarian crisis that affects everyone and highlights the ephemerality of the human being in the face of the side effects of the modern world. Although climate risks have a globalizing trend and an equalizing effect, the distribution of such risks usually follows the logic of local vulnerability, occurring in a socially unequal and unfair way. The articulation of risk society theory with the environmental and climate justice movement makes it possible to question the inequity in the distribution of environmental risks, especially climatic ones, in addition to introduce important conceptual tools that problematize the privatization of bonds and the socialization of burdens resulting from the exploitation of polluting activities. Institutions, such as the State and the legal system, which should regulate and control the production and the externality of these risks, end up producing a kind of risk normalization, in order to legitimize conflicts resulting from situations of socio-environmental injustice, a phenomenon that Ulrich Beck (1995) calls organized irresponsibility. The insufficiency of domestic responses to the production of global risks and the lack of coerciveness of international law signal the relevant role that Courts around the world - despite the limitations and contradictions inherent to the Judiciary itself as a state institution - are being urged to act in climate governance, deciding actions that discuss legislative and regulatory gaps, non-compliance with reduction targets and climate commitments, under the reinterpretation of fundamental rights in the treatment of climate conflicts, in the light of the so-called climate constitutionalism. The inductive method is used and the research methodology is based, in addition to the analysis of applied legislation, on the national and international bibliographic review and on the study of Brazilian end foreign judicial precedents of greater repercussion involving climate matters. It is expected that the articulated analysis of the risk society theory and the environmental justice movement allied to the climate perspective will provide important theoretical support to confirme the hypothesis raised in this thesis, namely: if (and how) climate litigation can represent a important strategy to promote climate justice to contribute to the reduction of socio-environmental inequalities resulting from the unjust and unequal production and externalization of climate risks, through the application of existing tools in the national legal system aimed at preventing and repairing climate impacts and damages.

Yes / This chapter provides a background on the roles of international arbitration as an important mechanism for dispute resolution in Africa’s dynamic and evolving energy and mining sectors. Given its abundant endowment with renewable and non-renewable energy sources, Africa has for several decades provided significant opportunities for international energy companies to spearhead energy production activities and investments in the production, distribution, and sale of energy. Despite these investment opportunities, entrants into energy markets in Africa often face legal risks that pose monumental threats to the economic viability of investments. If not properly mitigated and addressed, such risks may result in complex and protracted legal disputes. Over the last decade, arbitration has emerged as a key mechanism for dispute resolution in Africa’s growing energy industry. After providing an overview of the history, nature, and scope of energy arbitration in Africa, this chapter examines the drivers and sources of energy disputes in Africa’s energy and mining sectors and how the rise in arbitration provisions in energy contracts is shaping legal responses to such risk drivers. It analyzes how the full value of arbitration can be maximized as a tool for achieving fair, timely, efficient, and effective dispute resolution in Africa’s energy sector, especially in light of ongoing energy transitions.

[pt] A Dissertação de Mestrado Justiça Climática nos tribunais: territórios e litigância climática brasileira se propõe a realizar uma investigação sobre como a temática da Justiça Climática vem sendo abordada nos tribunais brasileiros. Buscou-se identificar como certos segmentos sociais, mais especificamente povos indígenas e quilombolas, têm se apropriado da pauta climática e levado suas demandas para os tribunais. A hipótese da pesquisa questiona se as ações de litigância climática brasileiras traduzem a importância que estas populações representam no debate acerca das mudanças climáticas no Brasil. Dessa maneira, o trabalho apresenta o histórico de conflitos territoriais no Brasil e sua conexão com a questão ambiental. Demonstra como as lutas oriundas de conflitos socioterritoriais evoluíram para direitos consagrados na Constituição Federal, notadamente os direitos socioambientias. Além disso, é apresentado o fenômeno de ambientalização das lutas sociais visando contextualizar as lutas por Justiça Ambiental no Brasil e a relação destas com as lutas territoriais. É apresentado o movimento por Justiça Climática e porque este deve levar em consideração as especificidades dos territórios. Em adição a isto, é apresentado o fenômeno de litigância climática no Brasil, a partir da análise de casos organizados na Plataforma de Litigância Climática no Brasil e classificados de acordo com a abordagem sobre Justiça Ambiental e Climática. A partir das ações analisadas, pode-se verificar que, apesar de protagonizarem algumas ações climáticas, as populações indígenas e quilombolas não figuram ações climáticas de maneira proporcional a sua importância no enfrentamento e mitigação desta crise. / [en] The Master s Dissertation Climate Justice in the courts: territories and Brazilian climate litigation aims to analyze climate litigation actions in Brazil that address the theme of Climate Justice. The objective is to identify how certain social segments, specifically indigenous peoples and quilombolas, have adopted the climate agenda and taken their demands to the courts. From this perspective, the dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents territorial conflicts in Brazil and their connection with the environmental issue. The Brazilian agrarian history is briefly presented, and how socio-territorial conflicts evolved into enshrined rights in the Federal Constitution, notably socio-environmental rights. In addition, the environmentalization of social struggles movement is presented to contextualize the struggles for Environmental Justice in Brazil and their relationship with territorial struggles. Finally, the movement for Climate Justice is presented and contextualized. It is argued that to effectively address climate change, it is necessary to consider the specificities of the territories in question. Moreover, climate litigation in Brazil is presented, based on the analysis of cases organized in the The Brazilian Climate Litigation Platform and classified according to the Environmental/Climate Justice approach. Finally, the cases analyzed were selected by the active participation of indigenous people or quilombolas.