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1	A New Hope: The Role and Influence of Civil Society in the Return of the Environmental State Andraschko, Lukas January 2021 (has links) A trend has recently sprung up among several European countries, that have adopted climate laws as a way to deal with the current climate crisis. Comparing these laws, it seems as though there are vast differences between the levels of commitment to take climate action. Especially, one case seems to stand out significantly as it is much more ambitious in many regards: The Danish Climate Act of 2019. What makes this case even more unique is that Danish civil society was heavily involved in the creation of this policy outcome. Thus, with this thesis, I hoped to explore the role of non-state actors in normative shifts in the ways countries and civil society think about and react to CC. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to answer the following puzzle: What is the role and influence of the Danish climate movement – posing as norm entrepreneurs – in the adoption of Denmark’s Climate Act? Using qualitative semi-structured expert interviews, three major explanatory variables were discovered that are likely to have resulted in the adoption of Denmark’s climate law. The first variable concentrates on the strong social cohesion and close relations among various actor-groups in Denmark, while the second contends that various developments intertwined and overlapped in a manner that constituted the perfect timing for the climate movement to act. Together, the interplay between these two major variables facilitated the third major finding of this research project, which argues that the effective character of the social mobilization around the cause, triggered by the strategic agency of the Danish climate movement, has led to the adoption of Denmark’s Climate Act. Climate Change Environmental State Non-State Actors ENGOs Climate Law Political Science Statsvetenskap
2	Vägen från europeisk klimatlag till nationell lagstiftning och genomförandestrategier : En jämförelse av svensk och dansk lagstiftning i relation till byggsektorn / The Path From European Climate Law to National Legislation and Implementation Strategy : A comparison of Swedish and Danish legislation in relation to the construction sector Garhem, Malin, Grip, Cecilia January 2023 (has links) Växthusgasutsläpp är den främsta bidragande faktorn till dagens klimatförändringar och byggsektorn bidrar med nästan en tredjedel av dem. Att reducera utsläppen för att uppnå klimatmålen om klimatneutralitet 2050 är en utmaning för miljölagstiftningen. En viss skillnad i tolkning av EU-lagstiftning uppstår när länder implementerar den i nationell lagstiftning, till följd av att de gett upp en del av sin suveränitet då de är skyldiga att följa dessa krav. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur stor skillnad i tolkning som uppstår i övergången mellan EU-miljölagstiftning och nationell miljölagstiftning, i relation till byggsektorn, i Sverige och Danmark. Utöver detta syftade studien även till att få en förståelse för hur stor samverkan är för att minska växthusgasutsläppen inom byggsektorn i Öresundsregionen. Metoden utgick från grundad teori och en innehållsanalys av lagstiftnings- samt företagsdokument utfördes för att undersöka den skillnad som uppstår i lagstiftningen. Resultatet visade att det fanns en skillnad i tolkning från EU-lagstiftning till respektive nationell nivå. Tolkningen tyder på faktorer som skillnader i kulturella värderingar och normer av natur och miljö, samarbetsnivåer och strategiska åtgärder för att klara klimatmålen. Vidare framkom det att genomförandestrategierna för att reducera växthusgasutsläppen inom Öresundsregionen var likartade. Slutligen visade resultatet att de viktigaste faktorerna att undersöka i förhållande till studiens syfte rör regionala samarbeten. / Greenhouse gas emissions are the main contributing factor to today’s climate change and the construction sector contributes to almost a third of them. Reducing emissions in order to achieve the climate goals regarding climate neutrality in 2050, is a challenge for environmental legislation. A certain difference in interpretation from EU legislation arises when member states implement it into national legislation, due to giving up a part of their sovereignty in order to comply with these requirements. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in interpretation that arises in the transition between EU environmental legislation and national environmental legislation, in relation to the construction sector, in Sweden and Denmark. In addition, the study aimed to gain an understanding of how collaborative the construction sector in the Øresund region is, when it comes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The research method was based in grounded theory and a content analysis of legislative and corporate documents have been carried out to examine the difference in interpretation that arises in the legislation. The results showed that there was a difference in interpretation from EU legislation to each national legislation. The difference in interpretation signifies factors such as differences in cultural values and norms regarding nature and the environment, levels of cooperation and strategic measures to meet the climate goals. Furthermore, the results regarding the implementation strategies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emission in the Øresund region were similar. Finally, the result showed that the most important factors to examine in relation to the research question relates to collaboration within regions. Malmo Copenhagen Øresund Climate law Construction sector Implementation strategy Grounded theory Malmö Köpenhamn Öresund Klimatlag Byggsektorn Genomförandestrategi Grundad teori Environmental Sciences Miljövetenskap
3	[pt] DO ANTROPOCENO AO DECRESCIMENTO: DISCUTINDO JUSTIÇA CLIMÁTICA / [en] FROM THE ANTHROPOCENE TO DEGROWTH: DISCUSSING CLIMATE JUSTICE RAYSA SHTORACHE CABRAL 11 August 2022 (has links) [pt] Em 2021, o Dia da Sobrecarga da Terra ocorreu em 29 de julho e, desde então, a população passou a estar em débito com o planeta, já que aquilo que é consumido, não corresponde ao que ele é capaz de produzir no período de 12 meses. Trata-se de uma relação desarmônica que corrobora com o estado de emergência climática atual, onde a busca por recursos naturais mostra-se cada vez mais predatória. Neste estudo observamos, a partir de revisão bibliográfica, que alguns grupos sociais suportam os efeitos da emergência do clima de maneira desigual, e nos propusemos a observar o tema a partir da ótica da justiça climática. Foi o Acordo de Paris o responsável por introduzir, em 2015, este conceito nas discussões sobre o meio ambiente e o clima, ainda que sem determinar seu significado. O presente trabalho discute esses aspectos a partir da visão do Sul-Global e lê o Decrescimento como possível opositor ao Antropoceno. Concluímos que uma construção epistemológica unificada do termo justiça climática pode não ser tão factível quanto uma perspectiva que abrange múltiplas possibilidades. / [en] In 2021, Earth Overshoot Day took place on July 29 and, since then, the population has been in debt to the planet, as what is consumed does not correspond to what it is capable of producing in the period of 12 months. It is a disharmonious relationship that corroborates the current state of climate emergency, where the search for natural resources is increasingly predatory. In this study, we observed, based on a literature review, that some social groups bear the effects of the climate emergency in an unequal way, and we proposed to observe this from the perspective of climate justice. The Paris Agreement was responsible for introducing this concept in discussions on the environment and climate in 2015, although without determining its meaning. The present work discusses these aspects from the perspective of the Global South and reads Degrowth as a possible opposition to the Anthropocene. We conclude that a unified epistemological construction of the term climate justice may not be as feasible as a perspective that encompasses multiple possibilities. [pt] ANTROPOCENO [pt] INJUSTICA CLIMATICA [pt] EMERGENCIA CLIMATICA [pt] DECRESCIMENTO [pt] JUSTICA CLIMATICA [en] ANTHROPOCENE [en] CLIMATE INJUSTICE [en] CLIMATE EMERGENCY [en] DEGROWTH [en] CLIMATE LAW
4	[pt] LIMITES E POTENCIALIDADES DA LITIGÂNCIA CLIMÁTICA NO BRASIL COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE PROMOÇÃO DA JUSTIÇA CLIMÁTICA / [en] LIMITS AND POTENTIALITIES OF CLIMATE LITIGATION IN BRAZIL AS A STRATEGY FOR THE PROMOTION OF CLIMATE JUSTICE DANIELA MARQUES DE CARVALHO DE OLIVEIRA 25 January 2023 (has links) [pt] A sociedade de risco simboliza o momento civilizatório atual, em que os efeitos secundários não desejados de uma modernização exitosa (para os que com ela se beneficiam, frise-se) se tornaram incontroláveis. Mais do que isso. Vive-se atualmente em um mundo em metamorfose, no qual as certezas da sociedade moderna estão sendo solapadas diante de eventos globais significativos (Beck, 2017), como as mudanças climáticas e a pandemia do Covid-19. Dessa forma, não se pode prever, mesmo diante de todo o avanço do conhecimento técnico-científico, qual será o impacto dessa crise humanitária avassaladora que atinge a todos e ressalta a efemeridade do ser humano diante dos efeitos colaterais do mundo moderno. Embora os riscos climáticos apresentem uma tendência globalizante e um efeito equalizador, a distribuição de tais riscos costuma seguir a lógica da vulnerabilidade local, ocorrendo de forma socialmente desigual e injusta. A articulação da teoria do risco com o movimento da justiça ambiental e climática possibilita questionar a iniquidade na distribuição de riscos ambientais, em especial os climáticos, além de introduzir importantes ferramentas conceituais que problematizam a privatização de bônus e a socialização de ônus decorrentes da exploração de atividades poluentes. As instituições, como o Estado e o próprio Direito, que deveriam regulamentar e controlar a sua produção e externalidade, acabam produzindo uma espécie de normalização de riscos, de modo a legitimar os conflitos resultantes de situações de injustiça socioambiental, fenômeno que Ulrich Beck (1995) denomina de irresponsabilidade organizada. A insuficiência de respostas domésticas à produção de riscos globais e a ausência de coercitividade do direito internacional sinalizam o relevante papel que os Tribunais em todo o mundo – apesar das limitações e contradições inerentes ao próprio Poder Judiciário enquanto instituição estatal – estão sendo instados a atuar na governança climática, decidindo ações em que se discutem lacunas legislativas e regulatórias, descumprimento de metas de redução e compromissos climáticos, sob a releitura de direitos fundamentais no tratamento de conflitos climáticos, à luz do chamado constitucionalismo climático. Utiliza-se o método indutivo e a metodologia de pesquisa se baseia, além da análise da previsão normativa, na revisão bibliográfica nacional e internacional e no estudo dos precedentes judiciais brasileiros e estrangeiros de maior repercussão envolvendo matéria climática. Espera-se que a análise articulada da teoria da sociedade de risco e do movimento da justiça ambiental aliado à perspectiva climática forneça importantes subsídios teóricos para a confirmação da hipótese levantada nesta tese, a saber: se (e como) a litigância climática pode representar uma importante estratégia de promoção da justiça climática para contribuir para a redução das desigualdades socioambientais resultantes da produção e externalização injusta e desigual de riscos climáticos, mediante aplicação de ferramentas já existentes no sistema jurídico pátrio voltadas à prevenção e reparação de impactos e danos climáticos. / [en] The risk society symbolizes the current civilizational moment, in which the unwanted side effects of successful modernization (for those who benefit from it, it should be noted) have become uncontrollable. More than that. We currently live in a world in metamorphosis, in which the certainties of modern society are being undermined in the face of significant global events (Beck, 2017), such as climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic. In this way, it is not possible to predict, even in the face of all the advance of technical-scientific knowledge, what will be the impact of this overwhelming humanitarian crisis that affects everyone and highlights the ephemerality of the human being in the face of the side effects of the modern world. Although climate risks have a globalizing trend and an equalizing effect, the distribution of such risks usually follows the logic of local vulnerability, occurring in a socially unequal and unfair way. The articulation of risk society theory with the environmental and climate justice movement makes it possible to question the inequity in the distribution of environmental risks, especially climatic ones, in addition to introduce important conceptual tools that problematize the privatization of bonds and the socialization of burdens resulting from the exploitation of polluting activities. Institutions, such as the State and the legal system, which should regulate and control the production and the externality of these risks, end up producing a kind of risk normalization, in order to legitimize conflicts resulting from situations of socio-environmental injustice, a phenomenon that Ulrich Beck (1995) calls organized irresponsibility. The insufficiency of domestic responses to the production of global risks and the lack of coerciveness of international law signal the relevant role that Courts around the world - despite the limitations and contradictions inherent to the Judiciary itself as a state institution - are being urged to act in climate governance, deciding actions that discuss legislative and regulatory gaps, non-compliance with reduction targets and climate commitments, under the reinterpretation of fundamental rights in the treatment of climate conflicts, in the light of the so-called climate constitutionalism. The inductive method is used and the research methodology is based, in addition to the analysis of applied legislation, on the national and international bibliographic review and on the study of Brazilian end foreign judicial precedents of greater repercussion involving climate matters. It is expected that the articulated analysis of the risk society theory and the environmental justice movement allied to the climate perspective will provide important theoretical support to confirme the hypothesis raised in this thesis, namely: if (and how) climate litigation can represent a important strategy to promote climate justice to contribute to the reduction of socio-environmental inequalities resulting from the unjust and unequal production and externalization of climate risks, through the application of existing tools in the national legal system aimed at preventing and repairing climate impacts and damages. [pt] RISCO CLIMATICO [pt] LITIGANCIA CLIMATICA [pt] JUSTICA CLIMATICA [pt] CRISE CLIMATICA [pt] JUSTICA AMBIENTAL [en] WEATHER RISK [en] CLIMATE LITIGATION [en] CLIMATE LAW [en] CLIMATE CRISIS [en] ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
5	[pt] (IN)JUSTIÇA CLIMÁTICA E MULHERES: UM OLHAR INTERSECCIONAL / [en] CLIMATE (IN)JUSTICE AND WOMEN: AN INTERSECTIONAL VIEW LETICIA MARIA REGO TEIXEIRA LIMA 24 May 2022 (has links) [pt] A Dissertação de Mestrado (In)Justiça Climática e Mulheres: Um olhar interseccional se propõe a identificar se as razões pelas quais as mulheres são mais vulneráveis e sofrem com maior intensidade os impactos da crise climática têm a influência do gênero como mais um eixo de discriminação e marginalização. Para tanto, apresentamos o Antropoceno, nova época geológica na qual o ser humano é comparado a uma força geológica capaz de alterar o clima e a biosfera, como panorama de fundo para compreensão da crise climática, além de apresentar e discutir o histórico e as características desta. Em seguida, analisamos o conceito ainda novo de Justiça Climática, apresentando seu histórico e inspiração nos movimentos de Justiça Ambiental. Apresentamos a conceituação da Justiça Climática e questões ligadas à responsabilidade histórica entre países do norte e sul globais, além da distribuição desigual de ônus e bônus climáticos entre países, comunidades e até mesmo pessoas, como é o caso específico das mulheres. Ao final, abordamos o conceito da Interseccionalidade, oriundo do feminismo negro norte-americano, como ferramenta analítica que permite compreender as questões específicas das mulheres em diferentes cruzamentos identitários. A crise climática e os movimentos de Justiça Climática são analisados para que se compreenda as vulnerabilidades específicas do gênero feminino, com o olhar interseccional, e se investigue a existência da Interseccionalidade entre gênero e mudanças climáticas a partir de fatores ambientais como pobreza, segurança alimentar, educação, saúde etc. Pretende-se compreender, portanto, a relação entre gênero e mudanças climáticas como mais um fator de opressão e marginalização das mulheres. / [en] The Master s Dissertation Climate (In)Justice and Women: An intersectional View aims to identify whether the reasons why women are more vulnerable and suffer more intensely from the impacts of the climate crisis have the influence of gender as another layer of discrimination and marginalization. To this end, the Anthropocene is presented, a new geological epoch in which the human being is compared to a geological force capable of altering the climate and the biosphere, as a background for understanding the climate crisis, in addition to presenting and discussing its history and the characteristics. Then, the new concept of Climate Justice is analyzed, presenting its history and inspiration on the Environmental Justice movements. It presents the conceptualization of Climate Justice and issues related to historical responsibility between countries in the global north and south, in addition to the uneven distribution of climate burdens and bonuses among countries, communities and even people, as is the specific case of women. In the end, the concept of Intersectionality, from North American black feminism, is approached as an analytical tool that allows understanding the specific issues of women in different identity crossings. The climate crisis and the Climate Justice movements are analyzed in order to understand the specific vulnerabilities of the female gender, with an intersectional look, and to investigate the existence of the intersection between gender and climate change from environmental factors such as poverty, food security, education, health etc. It is intended, therefore, to understand the relationship between gender and climate change as another factor of oppression and marginalization of women. [pt] GENERO [pt] JUSTICA CLIMATICA [pt] CRISE CLIMATICA [pt] ANTROPOCENO [pt] DIREITO AMBIENTAL [pt] INTERSECCIONALIDADE [pt] MUDANCAS CLIMATICAS [pt] MULHERES [en] GENRE [en] CLIMATE LAW [en] CLIMATE CRISIS [en] ANTHROPOCENE [en] ENVIRONMENTAL LAW [en] INTERSECTIONALITY [en] CLIMATE CHANGES [en] WOMEN
6	[en] CLIMATE JUSTICE IN THE COURTS: TERRITORIES AND BRAZILIAN CLIMATE LITIGATION / [pt] JUSTIÇA CLIMÁTICA NOS TRIBUNAIS: TERRITÓRIOS E LITIGÂNCIA CLIMÁTICA BRASILEIRA JULIANA CHERMONT PESSOA LOPES 06 October 2023 (has links) [pt] A Dissertação de Mestrado Justiça Climática nos tribunais: territórios e litigância climática brasileira se propõe a realizar uma investigação sobre como a temática da Justiça Climática vem sendo abordada nos tribunais brasileiros. Buscou-se identificar como certos segmentos sociais, mais especificamente povos indígenas e quilombolas, têm se apropriado da pauta climática e levado suas demandas para os tribunais. A hipótese da pesquisa questiona se as ações de litigância climática brasileiras traduzem a importância que estas populações representam no debate acerca das mudanças climáticas no Brasil. Dessa maneira, o trabalho apresenta o histórico de conflitos territoriais no Brasil e sua conexão com a questão ambiental. Demonstra como as lutas oriundas de conflitos socioterritoriais evoluíram para direitos consagrados na Constituição Federal, notadamente os direitos socioambientias. Além disso, é apresentado o fenômeno de ambientalização das lutas sociais visando contextualizar as lutas por Justiça Ambiental no Brasil e a relação destas com as lutas territoriais. É apresentado o movimento por Justiça Climática e porque este deve levar em consideração as especificidades dos territórios. Em adição a isto, é apresentado o fenômeno de litigância climática no Brasil, a partir da análise de casos organizados na Plataforma de Litigância Climática no Brasil e classificados de acordo com a abordagem sobre Justiça Ambiental e Climática. A partir das ações analisadas, pode-se verificar que, apesar de protagonizarem algumas ações climáticas, as populações indígenas e quilombolas não figuram ações climáticas de maneira proporcional a sua importância no enfrentamento e mitigação desta crise. / [en] The Master s Dissertation Climate Justice in the courts: territories and Brazilian climate litigation aims to analyze climate litigation actions in Brazil that address the theme of Climate Justice. The objective is to identify how certain social segments, specifically indigenous peoples and quilombolas, have adopted the climate agenda and taken their demands to the courts. From this perspective, the dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents territorial conflicts in Brazil and their connection with the environmental issue. The Brazilian agrarian history is briefly presented, and how socio-territorial conflicts evolved into enshrined rights in the Federal Constitution, notably socio-environmental rights. In addition, the environmentalization of social struggles movement is presented to contextualize the struggles for Environmental Justice in Brazil and their relationship with territorial struggles. Finally, the movement for Climate Justice is presented and contextualized. It is argued that to effectively address climate change, it is necessary to consider the specificities of the territories in question. Moreover, climate litigation in Brazil is presented, based on the analysis of cases organized in the The Brazilian Climate Litigation Platform and classified according to the Environmental/Climate Justice approach. Finally, the cases analyzed were selected by the active participation of indigenous people or quilombolas. [pt] MUDANCAS CLIMATICAS [pt] QUILOMBOLA [pt] LITIGANCIA CLIMATICA [pt] JUSTICA CLIMATICA [pt] CRISE CLIMATICA [pt] JUSTICA AMBIENTAL [pt] INDIGENAS [en] CLIMATE CHANGES [en] CLIMATE LITIGATION [en] CLIMATE LAW [en] CLIMATE CRISIS [en] ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE [en] INDIGENOUS
7	Parisavtalets inverkan på utsläppsrättigheter : En undersökning av handeln med utsläppsrätter och dess förenlighet med Parisavtalets klimatmål / The impact of the Paris agreement on emission rights : An analysis of emissions trading and its compatibility with the Paris Agreement’s objective Ekstrand, Johan January 2022 (has links) Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka nyttjande- och överlåtelserätten av utsläppsrätter samt om dessa kan inskränkas under åberopande av Parisavtalet. Parisavtalet är ett internationellt klimatavtal som trädde i kraft år 2016. Avtalet innebär huvudsakligen att ingående parter ska uppnå målet att begränsa den globala temperaturökningen till 1,5 grader Celsius, genom att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. Avtalets målsättningar innebär inga skyldigheter för parterna, men trots det lades avtalet till grund för en nederländsk dom mot energikoncernen Shell år 2021. Domen innebär för Shell att minska utsläppen med 45 % fram till år 2030 i syfte att uppfylla Parisavtalet, vilket inskränker Shells utsläppsrättigheter. I artikel 3 utsläppshandelsdirektivet uttrycks att innehavaren av en utsläppsrätt har en rätt att släppa ut ett ton koldioxidekvivalenter. I artikel 12 utsläppshandelsdirektivet uttrycks att innehavaren har en rätt att överlåta utsläppsrätter till fysiska och juridiska personer inom unionen. När domen mot Shell inskränker nämnda artiklar, väcks intresset för dels hur exklusivt utsläppsrätter ägs, dels hur rätten att överlåta kan inskränkas. I Sverige regleras utsläppsrätter i lag (2020:1173) om vissa utsläpp av växthusgaser. Sverige har under lång tid framstått som en förebild i att visa resten av världen att man kan föra en offensiv klimat- och miljöpolitik och att fortsätta vara ett välfärdsland. Trots det, kommer Sverige under år 2022 inte lyckas uppfylla sin del av Parisavtalet om inte kraftigare minskningar genomförs, varför rättigheter om utsläpp kan komma att inskränkas även här. Kortfattat framgår följande av uppsatsen. Endast innehavandet av en utsläppsrätt innebär inte en juridisk rätt att släppa ut. För det erfordras tillstånd. Tillståndet är villkorat och utsläppsrätten måste nyttjas inom den tilldelade handelsperioden, vilket innebär att ett exklusivt ägande inte kan anses föreligga. Således uppfyller inte en utsläppsrätt Elgebrants villkor för begreppet egendom. Överlåtelserätten, som innebär en oinskränkt rätt att överlåta utsläppsrätter, faller emellertid under ett undantag vid tillämpning av Parisavtalet. Vidare har överlåtelserätten betydelse för statliga intäkter och företags överlevnad. En successiv minskning av växthusgaser är nödvändig för ett hållbart samhälle. Parisavtalet visar sig kunna inskränka nyttjande- och överlåtelserätten i Sverige under vissa förutsättningar. Försiktighetsprincipen, i 2 kap. 3 § miljöbalken, får även betydelse i frågan. paris agreement emission rights emissions miljöbalken trading objekt shell royal dutch shell cut judgement CO2 human rights climatepolicy reduce right of use transfer right COP26 lag om vissa utsläpp av växthusgaser the precautionary principle the reasonableness balance property Elgebrant Millqvist Hill price phase in phase out naturskyddsföreningen IPCC IPCC-report holder natural person legal person environmental law NDC climate goal WWF the glass work programme emissions trading system allocation kyoto protocol incitement european climate law criticism Rom II regulation law invoke sweden parisavtalet utsläppsrättigheter utsläpp miljöbalken handelsobjekt koldioxid utsläppshandelsdirektivet shell shellmålet shelldomen utsläppsstrategi mänskliga rättigheter klimatpolicy minskning nyttjanderätt överlåtelserätt COP26 lag om vissa utsläpp av växthusgaser försiktighetsprincipen rimlighetsavvägning egendom Elgebrant Millqvist Hill pris annullering naturskyddsföreningen utsläppsmål IPCC IPCC-rapport innehavare fysisk person juridisk person miljörätt NDC parisavtalets klimatmål WWF the glass work programme utsläppshandelssystem tilldelning kyotoprotokollet incitament europeiska klimatlagen kritik rom II förordning lag tillämpning åberopa sverige Law Juridik

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