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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Showing 1 to 7 of 7 (0.046 seconds)| 1 |
Zavedení NDC systému v České republice / NDC systen in Czech RepublicRusovová, Ivana January 2010 (has links)
The subject of this thesis is application of Notional Defined Contribution system in Czech Republic. In this pension system everybody has his own individual pension account on which he or she saves money. Interest is accredited to this account. When this person retires, the pension is calculated based on pension account balance. Contributions do not really stay in pension system, but they are paid to current pensioners (resemblance to PAYG system). In first chapter I deal with pension systems in general, in second chapter I deal with theoretical NDC system. In third chapter I analyze practical application of NDC system in Sweden. Fourth part of this thesis analyses the possibility of introducing NDC pension system in Czech republic.
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Benefit Design, Retirement Decisions and Welfare Within and Across Generations in Defined Contribution Pension SchemesZhao de Gosson de Varennes, Yuwei January 2016 (has links)
Essay 1 (with Juha Alho and Edward Palmer): All around the world, public pension schemes are moving in the direction of non-financial (NDC) and financial defined contribution (DC) schemes. Both rely on accurate projections of life expectancy in the creation of annuities. Accurate projections are critical for system stability, individual utility and inter-generational welfare. This paper suggests a path-breaking innovation that changes the perspective from the Lee-carter (LC) family of trend models which assume a constant rate of change in mortality over time. Our approach is to project the cohort life expectancy on basis of the specific cohort rate of change in mortality. This relaxes the strong trend assumption underlying the LC model, which is the reason why LC model does not work well in the phase of accelerating or decelerating mortality. We use unisex mortality data for $8$ countries to test the performance of our approach both ex-post and ex-ante. The ex-post experiment shows that our approach generally performs better when the rate of change in mortality is accelerating and performs as well as LC model when the rate of change is time-invariant. The ex-ante experiment, on the other hand, shows that our model almost always delivers higher projection of remaining life expectancy than the LC model for the more recent cohorts, which is consistent with the ex-post experimental results. / Essay 2: Due to the systematic underestimation of cohort life expectancy, NDC pension schemes face a financial risk that can leads to inter-generational unfairness, given the current practice. This paper proposes an alternative method of computing annuity to address this problem. The proposal is to adjust the annuity based on re-estimations of the remaining life expectancy at intervals after retirement, but only up to a ceiling age. The scheme is assessed using 208 cohort annuity pools from eight sample countries. This experiment shows that the proposed scheme succeeds in reducing the inter-generational unfairness for 60-80% of the cohort annuity pools, compared to current practice of fixing the annuity at age 65. Because the adjustment is borne by the relatively large group of younger persons, the per capita change in utility is rather small assuming risk neutrality. / Essay 3: This paper studies how the incentive to retire in a DC (NDC) scheme is influenced by engaging private information on life expectancy. This is an important question since the decisions made under the two scenarios, optimizing using the private life expectancy or the cohort average made available by the pension provider, create different welfare and financial outcomes. The analytical framework is a standard life-cycle model, accounting for monetary gain from work and non-monetary gain from leisure. The unique feature here is that the individual life expectancy is an explicit driver of disutility of work. The theoretical result is that prevailing private information of a longer-than-average life expectancy can lead to both advancing and delaying retirement, depending on other factors determining utility. The numerical example using Swedish data proves the theoretical results and suggests a rather small average impact on the choice of retirement by engaging private information of life expectancy. / Essay 4: Pensions in the increasingly popular Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) Pay-as-You-Go Schemes are granted based on cohort-specific life expectancy, regardless socioeconomic differences. This risks perverse intra-generational and unintended inter-generational transfers. This paper introduces an alternative with separate annuity pools for different socioeconomic classes. Using unique Swedish data and the Swedish NDC pension system as an example, the analysis shows a significant gap in life expectancy between socioeconomic classes defined by occupation. In the Swedish context, this implies a perverse transfer of 5% of the pension capital from the manual workers to the non-manual workers, which can be abolished by using the group plan. In addition, the group plan also lessens the risk of inter-generational transfers resulting from the gap in life expectancy.
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Problémy financování důchodového zabezpečení / The problems of financing of the old age pension schemeVopátek, Jiří Ing. January 2007 (has links)
Cílem předkládané disertační práce je popsat problémy financování současného systému důchodového zabezpečení a na základě analýzy možných řešení, v rámci navrhovaných důchodových reforem, propočítat dopad jejich realizace na zvolený typ pojištěnce - představitele tranzitivní generace obyvatelstva.
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Influence des conditions d'interfaces d'un milieu poreux saturé sur la propagation des ondes ultrasonores : analyses acoustique et diélectrique / Influence of the interface conditions of a saturated porous medium on the propagation of ultrasonic waves : acoustic and dielectric analysisGraja, Fatma 16 October 2017 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse rentre dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre l'université de Sfax et l'université du Maine. La thèse intitulée "Influence des conditions d’interfaces d’un milieu poreux saturé sur la propagation des ondes ultrasonores : analyse acoustique et diélectrique". Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse étudie les mécanismes pouvant se reproduire dans un milieu poreux saturé par un fluide incompressible, lorsqu'il est soumis à un gradient de pression pour l'étude acoustique, et un gradient de champs électromagnétique pour l'analyse diélectrique.De ce fait le présent mémoire s'intéresse à présenter deux techniques de caractérisation :i) La caractérisation acoustique où la théorie de Biot a été adoptée pour comprendre les mécanismes de la propagation des ondes ultrasonores dans les matériaux poreux saturés et étudier l'influence de changement des conditions d'interfaces sur les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission. Le cas de présence d'un défaut plan dans le volume du matériau a été traité. Dans le même objectif, l'étude de l'influence de la présence de plusieurs inclusions sphériques sur lamodification des lignes de champs de vitesses a été présentée en proposant un modèle de tortuosité adapté selon la nature de l'inclusion et le milieu poreux hôte (homogénéité et l'anisotropie).ii) L'analyse diélectrique qui permet de décrire la structure interne et l'interaction entre le solide et le fluide saturant. Des mesures diélectriques ont été effectuées sur des céramiques de silice poreuse identiques à celle utilisée lors de la caractérisation ultrasonore, afin d’étudier l'influence de l'état des surfaces latérales de l'échantillon sur l'interaction entre le fluide saturant et les surfaces intérieures de la structure poreuse.Les résultats permettent de mettre en évidence une analogie entre les comportements de l'inclusion dans le champ de vitesse du fluide et celui d'une sphère diélectrique dans un champs électrique uniforme. Des expériences acoustiques et des mesures diélectriques (spectroscopie) ont été réalisées et comparées aux simulations numériques et aux modèles théoriques dans les deux parties d'étude. / This work is part of a collaboration between the University of Sfax and the University of Maine. The thesis entitled "Influence of the interface conditions of a saturated porous medium on the propagation of ultrasonic waves: acoustic and dielectric analysis". The work presented in this dissertation examines theme chanisms that can be reproduced in a porous medium saturated by an incompressible fluid when subjected to a pressure gradient for the acoustic studyand an electromagnetic field gradient for the dielectricstudy. Consequently, the present paper is interested in presenting two techniques of characterization:i) Acoustic characterization where Biot's theory was adopted to understand the mechanisms of propagation of ultrasonic waves in saturated porous materials and to study the influence of changing interface conditions onreflection and transmission coefficients. The presence of a flat defect in the volume of the material has be entreated. The study of the influence of the presence of several spherical inclusions on the modification of the lines of velocity fields was presented by proposing a model of tortuosity adapted according to the nature of the inclusion and the porous medium host (homogeneityand anisotropy).ii) The dielectric analysis which allows to describe the internal structure and the interaction between the solidand the saturating fluid. Dielectric measurements were carried out on porous silica ceramics identical to thoseused in ultrasonic characterization in order to study the influence of the state of the lateral surfaces of the sample on the interaction between the saturating fluid and the surfaces of the porous structure.The results make it possible to demonstrate an analogy between the behavior of the inclusion in the velocity field of the fluid and that of a dielectric sphere in a uniformelectric field. Acoustic experiments and dielectric measurements (spectroscopy) were carried out and compared with numerical simulations and theoretical models in both parts of the study.
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Non-duality in Ken Wilber's integral philosophy : a critical appaisal and alternative physicalyst perspective of mystical consciousnessJacobs, Jeremy John 02 1900 (has links)
Since the advent of human consciousness all manner of theoreticians from mystics to philosophers, and linguists to scientists have considered why and how it is that an individuated self seems to occupy or indwell a physical body. There is a common experiential sense, in other words, in which personal consciousness and our bodies are felt to be two different things. Two broad areas of opinion attempting to explain this apparent bifurcation are defined for the purpose of addressing this problem: Essentialists who variously maintain that there are non-physical properties inherent to all forms and functions of physicality; and Physicalists who claim that the extant universe as a multiplicity of complex material processes is the only reality. The respective natures of body and mind and the ways in which they relate has yielded an extraordinary variety of hypotheses within and between these two broad categories. In this thesis the dilemma is called the Hard Problem and it focuses particularly on the relationship between consciousness and the brain. Recently, Ken Wilber has constructed an Integral Philosophy which attempts a synergistic gradation of all possible genres of experience and knowledge into one cohesive scheme representing the total Reality. The culminating point of Wilber’s theory claims resolution of the Hard Problem, indeed of all appearances of duality, in the realisation of consummate emptiness in mystical consciousness. Wilber’s proposal therefore tenders a version of Essentialism since it implies that an Absolute principle is inherent to all existence. The problem explored in this study considers whether the epistemological architecture of Wilber’s Philosophy is coherent and consistent. Following a critical appraisal of Wilber’s system it is proposed that epistemological coherence is more likely to be achieved by retaining the ontology of consciousness and matter to only one kind. In this way the scientific protocols which Wilber imports to validate his truth-claims are protected from ontological confusion. Whether this non-dual Physicalism is adequate as a means of explaining consciousness, and particularly mystical consciousness, is moot. Perhaps there remains an inalienable quality in mysticism which will always elude our ability to apprehend it. / Christian Sprituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Christian Spirituality)
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Non-duality in Ken Wilber's integral philosophy : a critical appaisal and alternative physicalyst perspective of mystical consciousnessJacobs, Jeremy John 02 1900 (has links)
Since the advent of human consciousness all manner of theoreticians from mystics to philosophers, and linguists to scientists have considered why and how it is that an individuated self seems to occupy or indwell a physical body. There is a common experiential sense, in other words, in which personal consciousness and our bodies are felt to be two different things. Two broad areas of opinion attempting to explain this apparent bifurcation are defined for the purpose of addressing this problem: Essentialists who variously maintain that there are non-physical properties inherent to all forms and functions of physicality; and Physicalists who claim that the extant universe as a multiplicity of complex material processes is the only reality. The respective natures of body and mind and the ways in which they relate has yielded an extraordinary variety of hypotheses within and between these two broad categories. In this thesis the dilemma is called the Hard Problem and it focuses particularly on the relationship between consciousness and the brain. Recently, Ken Wilber has constructed an Integral Philosophy which attempts a synergistic gradation of all possible genres of experience and knowledge into one cohesive scheme representing the total Reality. The culminating point of Wilber’s theory claims resolution of the Hard Problem, indeed of all appearances of duality, in the realisation of consummate emptiness in mystical consciousness. Wilber’s proposal therefore tenders a version of Essentialism since it implies that an Absolute principle is inherent to all existence. The problem explored in this study considers whether the epistemological architecture of Wilber’s Philosophy is coherent and consistent. Following a critical appraisal of Wilber’s system it is proposed that epistemological coherence is more likely to be achieved by retaining the ontology of consciousness and matter to only one kind. In this way the scientific protocols which Wilber imports to validate his truth-claims are protected from ontological confusion. Whether this non-dual Physicalism is adequate as a means of explaining consciousness, and particularly mystical consciousness, is moot. Perhaps there remains an inalienable quality in mysticism which will always elude our ability to apprehend it. / Christian Sprituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Christian Spirituality)
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Parisavtalets inverkan på utsläppsrättigheter : En undersökning av handeln med utsläppsrätter och dess förenlighet med Parisavtalets klimatmål / The impact of the Paris agreement on emission rights : An analysis of emissions trading and its compatibility with the Paris Agreement’s objectiveEkstrand, Johan January 2022 (has links)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka nyttjande- och överlåtelserätten av utsläppsrätter samt om dessa kan inskränkas under åberopande av Parisavtalet. Parisavtalet är ett internationellt klimatavtal som trädde i kraft år 2016. Avtalet innebär huvudsakligen att ingående parter ska uppnå målet att begränsa den globala temperaturökningen till 1,5 grader Celsius, genom att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. Avtalets målsättningar innebär inga skyldigheter för parterna, men trots det lades avtalet till grund för en nederländsk dom mot energikoncernen Shell år 2021. Domen innebär för Shell att minska utsläppen med 45 % fram till år 2030 i syfte att uppfylla Parisavtalet, vilket inskränker Shells utsläppsrättigheter. I artikel 3 utsläppshandelsdirektivet uttrycks att innehavaren av en utsläppsrätt har en rätt att släppa ut ett ton koldioxidekvivalenter. I artikel 12 utsläppshandelsdirektivet uttrycks att innehavaren har en rätt att överlåta utsläppsrätter till fysiska och juridiska personer inom unionen. När domen mot Shell inskränker nämnda artiklar, väcks intresset för dels hur exklusivt utsläppsrätter ägs, dels hur rätten att överlåta kan inskränkas. I Sverige regleras utsläppsrätter i lag (2020:1173) om vissa utsläpp av växthusgaser. Sverige har under lång tid framstått som en förebild i att visa resten av världen att man kan föra en offensiv klimat- och miljöpolitik och att fortsätta vara ett välfärdsland. Trots det, kommer Sverige under år 2022 inte lyckas uppfylla sin del av Parisavtalet om inte kraftigare minskningar genomförs, varför rättigheter om utsläpp kan komma att inskränkas även här. Kortfattat framgår följande av uppsatsen. Endast innehavandet av en utsläppsrätt innebär inte en juridisk rätt att släppa ut. För det erfordras tillstånd. Tillståndet är villkorat och utsläppsrätten måste nyttjas inom den tilldelade handelsperioden, vilket innebär att ett exklusivt ägande inte kan anses föreligga. Således uppfyller inte en utsläppsrätt Elgebrants villkor för begreppet egendom. Överlåtelserätten, som innebär en oinskränkt rätt att överlåta utsläppsrätter, faller emellertid under ett undantag vid tillämpning av Parisavtalet. Vidare har överlåtelserätten betydelse för statliga intäkter och företags överlevnad. En successiv minskning av växthusgaser är nödvändig för ett hållbart samhälle. Parisavtalet visar sig kunna inskränka nyttjande- och överlåtelserätten i Sverige under vissa förutsättningar. Försiktighetsprincipen, i 2 kap. 3 § miljöbalken, får även betydelse i frågan.
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