O organismo apresenta diversas reações integradas em resposta à injúria, com o objetivo de restaurar a homeostase. Dentre esses mecanismos, destaca-se a resposta inflamatória, já que sem ela a injúria que acometeu o organismo dificilmente seria resolvida. Todo procedimento cirúrgico representa uma injúria para o organismo. As técnicas cirúrgicas minimamente invasivas tendem a gerar respostas deletérias mais brandas aos animais; as cirurgias torácicas envolvem, porém, um trauma adicional caracterizado pelo colapso pulmonar, que se faz necessário mesmo nas técnicas minimamente invasivas. Foram realizados em humanos diversos estudos que avaliam as vantagens desta técnica em relação à toracotomia; na espécie eqüina, a toracoscopia vem sendo aplicada na rotina hospitalar desde a década de 80 e relatos afirmam ser um procedimento cirúrgico seguro. No entanto, não foram descritos dados referentes à resposta inflamatória decorrente deste procedimento. Desta forma, este estudo visou avaliar a resposta inflamatória sistêmica e local decorrente da técnica, na qual a indução e redução do colapso pulmonar foram feitas de maneira controlada. Foram utilizados 12 eqüinos hígidos, de raça e idade variadas, de ambos os sexos. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, submetidos à toracoscopia com duração de 30 e 60 minutos (grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente). As pressões intratorácicas foram controladas em todos os procedimentos, permitindo controle da indução e redução do colapso pulmonar, diminuindo assim a ocorrência de pneumotórax residual. Amostras de sangue, líquido pleural e lavado bronco alveolar foram coletadas antes do procedimento (M1), e duas (M6), seis (M7) e 24 horas (M8) após o início do colapso pulmonar. Estas foram usadas para avaliação da resposta inflamatória por meio de mensuração da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) pelas células presentes em cada tipo de amostra, utilizando-se como metodologia a citometria de fluxo, e para a quantificação de citocinas por ELISA (IL-1β) ou por ensaio biológico (TNF-α e IL-6). Para análise dos resultados foi considerada a possível influência dos fatores grupo e momento experimental em cada uma das variáveis estudadas. Os valores de burst oxidativo apresentados pelas células das amostras em questão não sofreram influência dos fatores avaliados. Não foi possível avaliar a variação dos níveis de IL-1β pela metodologia aplicada. Os níveis de TNF-α sofreram influência estatisticamente significativa do fator momento experimental nas amostras de lavado broncoalveolar e líquido pleural, sendo que M6 apresentou maiores níveis desta citocina; não foi observada influência desses fatores nos níveis plasmáticos da mesma. Em relação a IL-6, foi observada influência do fator momento experimental nas amostras de plasma e lavado broncoalveolar, e de ambos os fatores nas amostras de líquido pleural, sendo que os níveis dessa citocina apresentaram um padrão de aumento mais tardio que o apresentado pelo TNF-α. Concluímos que o colapso pulmonar induzido por infusão de gás CO2 em eqüinos hígidos provocou uma reação inflamatória localizada na cavidade torácica, em que não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos experimentais. Assim, a cirurgia torácica videoassistida em eqüinos com até 60 minutos de duração pode ser indicado sem que fatores oriundos da técnica cirúrgica agravem a enfermidade. Uma vez que não foi observada influência dos fatores estudados nos valores de pressão intratorácica, acreditamos que a metodologia aplicada foi adequada para a realização da técnica, provendo adequado controle e redução da ocorrência de pneumotórax residual, que somente foi observado nos casos onde ocorreu pneumotórax bilateral durante o procedimento cirúrgico. / Organisms present several integrative reactions to injury, aiming at the reestablishment of homeostasis. Among these mechanisms is the inflammatory reaction, for without it the initial injury would hardly be solved. Every surgical procedure represents an injury for living organisms. Minimally invasive surgical techniques tend to induce milder negative reactions in animals; nonetheless, thoracic surgery leads to an additional trauma characterized by lung collapse, required even in minimally invasive surgical techniques. Several human studies have assessed the advantages of this technique compared to thoracotomy; in horses, the use of thoracoscopy has increased in routine procedures since the 1980s, and reports point to the safety of its usage. Nevertheless, no data regarding the inflammatory reaction induced by this procedure has been reported. In this matter, our study aimed at the evaluation the local and systemic inflammatory response associated with this technique, in which the induction and reduction of lung collapse were carefully controlled. 12 healthy horses of varied breeds, age, and of both genders were used. Animals were divided in two groups, and submitted to thoracoscopy for 30 or 60 minutes (groups 1 and 2, respectively). Intrathoracic pressure was controlled in every procedure, allowing the induction and reduction of lung collapse, reducing the chance of residual pneumothorax. Samples of blood, pleural fluid, and bronchoalveolar fluid were harvested before the procedure (M1), and two (M6), six (M7) and twenty-four hours (M8) after the onset of lung collapse. These samples were employed for the evaluation of the inflammatory reaction through measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by cells present in each sample, using flow cytometry, and for cytokine quantification by ELISA (IL-1β) or bioassay (TNF-α and IL-6). For the analysis of our results the factors group and experimental timepoint were considered for every variable studied. Values of oxidative burst displayed by cells in each sample did not depend on the factors analyzed. Variation of IL-1β levels could not be detected by the methods employed here. Levels of TNF-α were statistically influenced by the factor experimental timepoint in pleural fluid and bronchoalvolar fluid, and the highest levels of this cytokine were observed in M6; no influence of these factors on its plasmatic levels was observed. Regarding IL-6, we found an influence of the factor timepoint in samples of plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid, and an influence of both factors in samples of pleural fluid, being the highest levels of this cytokine found later than the TNF-α peak. We conclude that the lung collapse induced by CO2 in healthy horses caused an inflammatory reaction restricted to the thoracic cavity, without significant differences between groups 1 and 2. Thus, video-assisted thoracic surgery in horses lasting up to 60 minutes can be recommended leads to no signs of direct negative effects of the technique that could worsen the patient condition. Since we found no influence of either factor studied on values of thoracic pressure, we conclude that the methods employed for the surgery were adequate, supplying sufficient control over the occurrence of residual pneumothorax, observed only in cases of bilateral pneumothorax during the procedure.

[pt] Restrições econômicas e ecológicas têm limitado o investimento em novas usinas e linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Com os sistemas de potência trabalhando bastante carregados, o risco da ocorrência da instabilidade de tensão se acentua. Neste trabalho estabeleceram-se as características operacionais do fenômeno do colapso de tensão, e sua similaridade e diferença em relação ao problema da estabilidade angular. Forma desenvolvidos métodos para avaliar um ponto de operação do sistema quanto à proximidade da ocorrência do fenômeno. Os resultados foram comparados. Finalmente, foi abordado o problema da prevenção do colapso / [en] Investiments on new generators and transmission lines for electrical power systems have been limited due to economical and environmental constraints. This dissertation established the operational characteristics of the voltage collapse phenomenon, as well as pointed out similarities and differences in relation to the angular stability problem. Voltage collapse assessment methods were developed and results compared. Finallu, the collapse prevention problem was mentioned.

The collapse of residual Archaen granitic soils in South Africa is a geotechnical hazard that was identified in the 1950’s. Collapse has led to hazardous building conditions in the rapidly expanding northern parts of Johannesburg, and in areas stretching across the eastern parts of South Africa, encompassing KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces. Since the development of the oedometer test in the 1960’s and the research of Jennings and Knight in the 1970’s very little further research has been done on the topic of collapse, despite the development of a number of new testing procedures that can give insight into the properties of these soils. Due to the large surface area of South Africa prone to collapse, and the lack of knowledge and testing methods to identify and quantify this hazard the author felt, that further insight into the collapse of residual Archaen granitic soils was required. This research serves to evaluate the properties of Archaen residual granitic soils that may be indicative of collapsible soils. The research also compares various test methods and apparatus used to identify and quantify collapse potential, namely the oedometer collapse potential test and the triaxial collapse potential test, and evaluates the effect of soil properties on these methods. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

[pt] São apresentados os conceitos da análise limite de estruturas, constituídas de material elasto-plástico ideal, objetivando o cálculo da carga de colapso em pórticos planos. As equações cinemáticas, de equilíbrio e constitutivas são estabelecidas em variáveis generalizadas. Ao se definir as condições de admissibilidade plástica é considerada a opção de ter a superfície limite dependendo apenas dos momentos fletores ou da interação entre momentos fletores e esforços normais. São desenvolvidas as equações que definem a superfície limite de perfis retangulares, em I, circulares, tubulares e vigas sandwiche. O fenômeno do colapso plástico é caracterizado matematicamente e identificado como um problema de otimização, mediante a consideração dos teoremas estático e cinemático de carga limite proporcional, que são enunciados como princípios de máximo e mínimo, respectivamente. Sendo a análise limite um problema de otimização, os métodos de resolução utilizados são os da programação matemática, em particular a programação linear dos resultados leva em conta os fundamentos dessa teoria matemática. Como aplicação, são apresentados modelos de pórticos planos, arco e treliças. / [en] This work presents the concepts of limit analysis of structures which are constituted by Elastic perfectly plastic material, aiming at the calculus of collapse load in plane frames. The kinematic, equilibrium, and constitutive equations have been established with the use of generalized variables. In order to define the conditions of plastic admissbility, we have considered the option of limit surfaces depending exclusively on bending moments, or else taking account of interaction between bending moments and axial forces. Equations defining the limit surface of I rectangular sections, circular, and hollow sections, and sandwich beams, have been developed. The phenomenon of plastic collpse has been mathematically characterized, and identified as an optimization problem, through consideration of the static and kinematic theorems of proportional limit load, which have been enunciated respecttively as principles of maximum and minimum. Since the limit analysis is an optimization problem, the solution methods utilized are those of mathematic programming theory specially that of linear programming, and the abalysis of the results shall take into account the fundaments of this mathematic theory. As application models, the work presents examples of plane frames, arches, and trusses.

Partially saturated soils are often dense with a high bearing capacity and will subsequently only suffer small amounts of compression under normal foundation loads. However, when wetted under load many such soils undergo a marked and sudden increase in settlement, the phenomenon which is known as collapse settlement. Prodigious development have taken place on potentially collapsible soils in South Africa, especially on the Berea Red Sands, the granitic soils of the Highveld, residual Basement Granite soils in the Lowveld (markedly the Witrivier, Tzaneen and Bushbuck Ridge areas) as well as recently on the Kalahari Aeolian Sands in the Lephalale area. Even though levels of development have been intense in such areas, the subject of collapsible soils has not received much attention in South Africa in recent years, with very little being published on the subject since Schwartz’s state of the art paper on collapsible soils in 1985. Soil suction can be considered one of the most important parameters describing the stress state at different moisture conditions in an unsaturated soil. Generally, porous materials have the ability to attract and retain water. This ability is described as suction, and can thus be seen as the attraction the soil exerts on the moisture. The collapse process in partly saturated soils is best considered in terms of two separate components of effective stress; the applied stress and the suction. During this research the collapse phenomenon in South African soils was investigated by focussing on the collapse mechanism of dry or partially saturated collapsible soils during the incremental increase in soil moisture content under constant load. Samples were collected from both typically collapsible residual and collapsible transported soils in an effort to relate the collapse behaviour of the material to its geological origin. The change in suction pressure with change in moisture content for the same materials was monitored and related back to the collapse process. Subsequently the influence of the applied stress and suction pressures on the collapse behaviour could be compared for each material.(hb) Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Geology / MSc / Unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22249号 / 理博第4563号 / 新制||理||1655(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 前田 啓一, 講師 LEE Shiu Hang, 教授 長田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Gasoline and gasoline-like fuels (naphtha) have high volatility, which results in flash boiling spray in gasoline engines when operated at throttling or low load conditions. Flash boiling can achieve better atomization, thus benefit fuel evaporation and fuel-air mixing. However, when flash boiling occurs, spray morphology, and fuel distribution are dramatically varied from the injectors' intentional design. This difference will affect the performance of combustion and emissions. Thus it is essential to investigate the spray collapse phenomenon regarding varied conditions. The currently developing gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines, also has throttled stoichiometric spark ignition operation mode, which inevitably has flash boiling possibility. However, there is a lack of research on flash boiling spray with a GCI injector, which has a large designed cone angle. This work aims to understand the spray collapse phenomenon and fill the gap in GCI flash boiling spray. Simultaneous side-view diffused back illumination (DBI) and front-view mie-scattering are used to capture the liquid spray development. Simultaneous shadowgraph from side and front view are used for recording the liquid+vapor phase spray development. Criteria for distinguishing different spray regimes have been established from these results. It shows this GCI injector is more resistant to collapse than the other conventional gasoline direct injection (GDI) injectors reported in the literature. A combination of DBI and space-time tomographic algorithm is validated in this work, achieving 3D reconstruction of the spray volume development from non-flashing to collapsed spray regime at low cost. The 3D results help elucidate the spray collapse procedure and provide validation data for CFD simulation. Structured laser illumination planar imaging (SLIPI) is firstly implemented in flash boiling spray study in this work to suppress the multiple scattering effect. Reconstructed 3D results from slice sweeping by SLIPI methods exposes the hollow structure in the spray's collapsed central jet, which has not been reported previously by other methods. Different spray motion types are summarized for the transitional and collapsed spray regime from the SLIPI slice and confirmed by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique.

In this study, the associated dynamic of water droplets at low impact velocity on the Superhydrophobic surface have been investigated. The experiment is conducted on superhydrophobic surface (SH), (Contact Angel > 1500) while varying the impact velocity (V0). When the drop hits the surface, large oscillation starts, and the capillary waves travel up to the upper of the drop where a cylindrical cavity can be formed inside the drop. The cavity closes up in a self-similar way until collapse, followed by a violent singular jet which can reach up to 35 m/s. The study showed that during drop receding, the cavity can collapse in different scenarios based on the impact velocity and the surface wettability. More importantly, the collapse is observed for the first time at very high-speed video, up to 5 million fps. Furthermore, we correct the optical distortion of the cavity due to the curvature of the drop surface. This study classifies all of the 5 encountered behaviors of the cavity collapse. The jet formation and speed are strongly dependent on the specific cavity configuration. Very fast jetting behavior is observed when the collapse is pinch-off singularity which reaches zero value in the middle of the drop. Other behaviors of the collapse such the unsymmetrical closing of the cavity or bubble entrapment is discussed. The optical distortion factor is calculated through 3 different approaches. The first one is an experimental calibration technique where a small cylinder is inserted into the drop. While the other two approaches are indirect implantations of theoretical models presented in the literature to fit the instantaneous geometrical shape of the cavity inside the drop. The distortion factor (DF) gives in all cases a similar value. Therefore, the averaged distortion value is calculated, and it is a magnification of 33% increase of the actual size. The experiment results of the cavity radius are compared with power-laws and the modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation for free cylindrical flow and good agreement is shown.

While a body of creative nonfiction writing exists regarding experiences with various psychological disorders, few personal accounts have been written about the physical complications of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Some memoirs tell a tale of serious illness in a straightforward narrative line. On the opposite end of this spectrum, other memoirs intentionally blur the lines of truth and heighten the confusion of a disorder. This thesis is as much a narrative of my experience with Generalized Anxiety Disorder as it is a response to the void in creative nonfiction surrounding this specific disorder and the narrative forms others have chosen to utilize while writing about the body. In this thesis, I manipulate traditional narrative forms to expose the truth of my experience. The first chapter contains a straightforward narrative of my experience in the Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine in Ashland, Pennsylvania, to provide a framework for a thesis regarding the redemption of a ruined landscape, or an ill body. The second section follows the guidelines of a psychosocial interview and intake form used by therapists and reveals the particular physical manifestations of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The third and final section is fragmented into fiction, drama and memoir. The combination of my personal story with illness and the geological, social and industrial history of central Pennsylvania coal mining and the mutation of form used to convey it permits a deeper level of understanding for the complexities surrounding collapsed bodies, landscapes and narratives.