Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4700435 bytes, checksum: bac9eb5b4507aab56d5ee90842c50c1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-29 / Emulsions are colloidal systems where one liquid is dispersed in another liquid where the two liquids are immiscible. The control of these dispersions can bring important contributions to science and society since this kind of colloidal system has many and important applications in the food and pharmaceutic area and also in the material science. This work has the main purpose to develop and improve monodisperse emulsions production techniques using simple and low-cost devices. It is shown the production of simple emulsions using devices built from glass capillary tubes. Besides, the drops diameter dependence with the phases flow rate is verified. Solid particles were made from droplets of poly(styrene) dispersed in chloroform, followed by the evaporation of the chloroform, using these devices. Although the glass capillary tube devices show good results, we have made emulsions, for instance, of (80±1) μm with standard deviation of 1,3 μm (σ/dm = 1, 6%), they have limitations concerning the configuration of the tubes. Another kind of device built was made basically from microchannels produced in glass microscope slides using hydrofluoric acid to attack the slide surfaces. The slides were sealed using epoxy glue and the final result were channels with controlled values of depth and width. The dependence of the drops diameter with the continuous and disperse phases flow rate were made to test the devices quality. High quality emulsions were obtained with tipical values for diameter and standar deviation about 100 μm and 2%. Four different channel configurations were tested and the configuration where the channels were built as a cross (one channel carrying the disperse phase and two channels carrying the continuous phase) shown better results then the devices with only two channels (one channel carrying each phase). / Emulsões são sistemas coloidais onde um líquido é disperso em outro líquido imiscível. O controle dessa dispersão pode trazer importantes contribuições para a ciência e para a sociedade, já que este tipo de sistema coloidal apresenta variadas e importantes aplicações nas áreas alimentícia, farmacêutica e de materiais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver e aperfeiçoar técnicas de produção de emulsões com baixa dispersão de tamanhos utilizando dispositivos simples e de baixo custo. Apresenta-se, assim, a técnica de produção de emulsões simples através da utilização de dispositivos construídos a partir de tubos capilares de vidro. Além disso, verifica-se a dependência do diâmetro das gotas das emulsões produzidas com a vazão da fase contínua e dispersa. Utilizando este dispositivo, produzem-se também partículas sólidas a partir da preparação de gotas de poliestireno dissolvido em clorofórmio e posterior evaporação do clorofórmio. Embora esse tipo de dispositivo apresente bons resultados, sendo possível produzir emulsões, por exemplo, com diâmetro médio das gotas igual a (80±1) μm e desvio padrão de 1,3 μm (σ/dm = 1, 6%), ele tem limitações quanto ao número de configurações dos fluxos possíveis de se trabalhar. Outro dispositivo produzido constitui-se basicamente de microcanais produzidos em lâminas de microscópio por ataque controlado de ácido fluorídrico. A vedação superior dos canais é feita utilizando cola epóxi (araldite) tendo-se, assim, canais de largura e profundidades controladas. Para testar a qualidade deste tipo de dispositivo, fez-se também a verificação do diâmetro das gotas de emulsão produzidas com a vazão da fase contínua ou dispersa, tendo sido possível a produção de emulsão com baixa dispersão de tamanhos, produzindo para dada condição, emulsões com diâmetro médio das gotas da ordem de (100±1) μm com desvio padrão típicos de 2%. Foram testadas quatro diferentes configurações de canais, onde as configurações em cruz (um canal contendo a fase dispersa e dois canais com a fase contínua) mostraram melhores resultados que configurações com apenas dois canais (um por fase).

Este trabalho investigou a técnica de solução coloidal(gelcasting) em meio polimérico para a obtenção de partículas de óxido de cério, visando seu emprego como catalisadores na combustão do metano. A formulação do sistema coloidal foi baseada na hidrólise de sais, como acetilacetonato de cério e nitrato de cério em presença de aditivos tais como polivinilbutiral (PVB), polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) e polivinilacetato (PVA), nas concentrações de 5, 10 e 15%, em meio alcoólico ou aquoso. Essas soluções, contendo os íons de interesse, foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico a 650°C, por 30 minutos, com taxa de aquecimento de 2°C/min. Após o tratamento térmico, os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto a sua morfologia, área superficial, cristalinidade, perda de massa e atividade catalítica. As amostras obtidas a partir de acetilacetonato de cério mostraram-se mais reativas do que as obtidas a partir de nitrato de cério na catálise da combustão do metano, pois apresentaram maiores conversões e atingiram maiores temperaturas durante o processo, o que é de extrema importância uma vez que a combustão catalítica do metano é utilizada para a geração de energia térmica. Durante o processo de combustão, utilizando-se as partículas obtidas a partir de acetilacetonato de cério, observou-se a liberação de grandes quantidades de compostos nitrogenados quando comparado aos resultados dos ensaios com as partículas obtidas com nitrato de cério. Após a combustão do metano, as amostras sofreram significativa alteração na área superficial, provavelmente devido à intensidade do calor liberado, o que deu origem a maior aglomeração dos particulados. / This study investigatedto obtainparticles ofcerium oxide, for use as catalysts for thecombustion of methaneusing the techniqueofthroughpolymericcolloidal solution (gelcasting).Obtaining thecolloidal systemisbased onhydrolysis ofsalts such asceriumacetylacetonate,cerium nitratein the presence ofadditives such aspolyvinylbutyral(PVB),polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl acetate(PVA),at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% inaqueousoralcoholic medium. Thesesolutions containingionsof interestwere subjected to aheat treatment at 650°C for30 minutes, with heating rate of2°C/min.After heat treatment, the fibers were characterized accordingto their morphology, surface area, crystallinity, weight loss andcatalytic activity. Samplesobtained fromceriumacetylacetonatewere morereactivethan theceriumnitrateto thecombustion of methane, as showed greaterconversions andhigher temperaturesreachedduring the process, which is of utmost importancesince thecombustioncatalyticmethaneis usedfor generatingthermal energy.Duringthe combustion processusing theobtained fromparticlesof ceriumacetylacetonate, there was the release of largequantities ofnitrogencomparedto the results ofassays withthe particles obtainedwithcerium nitrate.Afterthe reactionwith methane, the samples underwentsignificantchange insurface area, probably dueto the intensity of heat of this reaction, which helps to agglomerate the particles.

Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo da obtenção de nanomateriais luminomagnéticos visando potenciais aplicações biológicas, a partir de dois diferentes tipos de estruturas, sendo elas: a formação de heteronanoestruturas luminomagnéticas de NPM de FePt/Fe3O4-CdSe recobertas com sílica; e a formação de nanomateriais luminomagnéticos por ligação covalente entre NPM de FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 e pontos quânticos de CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH. Para o primeiro tipo de nanomaterial citado, foram testadas duas metodologias para obtenção das heteronanoestruturas: a mudança da estabilidade coloidal pela adição de pequenas quantidades de NaCl no meio contendo as NPM e os pontos quânticos previamente sintetizados; e o método de injeção a quente do precursor de selênio em um meio contendo as NPM como sementes, o precursor de cádmio e os agentes de superfície. O método de injeção a quente foi o que apresentou melhores condições para a formação das heteronanoestruturas. Para providenciar estabilidade coloidal em meio aquoso e superfície com biocompatibilidade, foi realizado o recobrimento com sílica na superfície das heteronanoestruturas luminomagnéticas com melhores condições. Para essa amostra, o tamanho médio obtido foi de 25,0 nm, com polidispersividade de 8,4 %, Ms = 11,1 emu.g-1 e comportamento superparamagnético, além de duas bandas de emissão (com excitação de 400 nm) centradas em 452 nm e 472 nm, respectivamente. Já para o segundo tipo de nanomaterial obtido neste trabalho, foram primeiramente obtidas NPM de FePt/Fe3O4 pelo método do poliol modificado acoplado à metodologia do crescimento, e pontos quânticos luminescentes de CdSe/ZnS pelo método de decomposição térmica de precursores organometálicos, sendo que ambas nanoestruturas apresentaram superfície hidrofóbica. Para a troca de ligantes para transferência das nanoestruturas para a fase aquosa e para providenciar biocompatibilidade visando aplicações biológicas, foram previamente preparados ligantes poliméricos de Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 para recobrimento das NPM e de LA-PEG-COOH para recobrimento dos pontos quânticos. A conjugação química entre as nanoestruturas de FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 e CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH foi realizada pelo método da carbodiimida em solução aquosa para a formação de uma ligação covalente amida entre os grupos amina e carboxilato em cada uma das nanoestruturas. Os nanomateriais luminomagnéticos obtidos apresentaram estabilidade coloidal em meio aquoso, com estreita distribuição de tamanho, apresentando RH de 79,96 nm, Ms de, aproximadamente, 10 emu.g-1 com coercividade e remanência quase nulos e intensa banda de emissão centrada em 580 nm. Espera-se que os nanomateriais obtidos neste trabalho possam ser promissores nanomateriais com propriedades multifuncionais para potenciais aplicações biológicas. / Here, luminomagnetic nanomaterials were obtained for potential biological applications. We have studied two different types of luminomagnetic nanomaterials, which are: formation of silica-coated FePt/Fe3O4-CdSe heteronanostructures; and formation of luminomagnetic nanomaterials from covalent bond between FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles and CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH luminescent quantum dots. For the first type of luminomagnetic nanomaterials obtained, two methodologies were studied for formation of heteronanostructures, which are: modification of colloidal stability by addition of small amounts of NaCl into a solution with hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles and luminescent quantum dots; and hot injection method of selenium precursor into a solution with magnetic nanoparticles seeds, cadmium precursors and surface agents. The hot injection method obtained better results than the other method studied for formation of heteronanostructures. To provide colloidal stability in aqueous solution and biocompatibility, the heteronanostructures were coated using silica shell. After silica coating, the heteronanostructures showed average diameter of 25 nm and polidispersivity of 8.4%, with Ms = 11.1 emu.g-1 and superparamagnetic behavior. Moreover, these nanomaterials showed two emission peaks centered at 452 and 472 nm. For the second type of nanomaterials obtained, FePt/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by modified polyol method coupled to seeded-mediated growth, and CdSe/ZnS luminescent quantum dots were obtained by thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors. For the ligand exchange to transfer the nanostructures from organic media to aqueous solution, were used Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 and LA-PEG-COOH polymers to provide colloidal stability and biocompatibility on magnetic nanoparticle surface and quantum dot surface, respectively. The chemical conjugation between FePt/Fe3O4-Dopa-PIMA-PEG-NH2 and CdSe/ZnS-LA-PEG-COOH nanostructures was obtained by EDC coupling in aqueous solution, which linked amine and carboxylate groups in each nanostructure to provide the formation of amide bond. The luminomagnetic nanomaterials obtained showed colloidal stability in aqueous solution, narrow size distribution, with RH equal to 79.96 nm, MS around 10 emu.g-1 with low coercivity and remanent magnetization, and intense emission peak centered at 580 nm. We expect these luminomagnetic nanomaterials be promisor nanomaterials with multifunctional properties for potential biological applications.

O uso de aglomerantes na pelotização a quente de minério de ferro visa cumprir duas funções: (1) aumentar a resistência da pelota antes do aquecimento (resistência a verde) e (2) evitar o colapso das pelotas durante a queima, quando a expulsão dos gases gerados pela vaporização de água e de voláteis tende a destruir a pelota. A bentonita é o aglomerante mais empregado industrialmente, e seu mecanismo de ligação no processo de ganho de resistência da pelota já foi amplamente estudado e compreendido. Várias tentativas de substituição da bentonita na pelotização de minério de ferro recorrem ao uso de aglomerantes orgânicos cuja composição apresente propriedades aglomerantes em conjunto com dispersantes. O presente trabalho visou contribuir para o melhor entendimento do mecanismo inerente ao uso de agente coloidisante na aglomeração do material particulado no processo de pelotização, por meio da avaliação da influência dos agentes coloidisantes em comparação aos aglomerantes Peridur® e bentonita no processo de pelotização de concentrado de minério de ferro. Para este fim, foram realizados ensaios de bancada visando a identificação de possíveis ações dos aglomerantes/dispersantes na viscosidade, potencial zeta e grau de dispersão das misturas, bem como a sua influência na liberação/aglomeração dos finos. Os resultados destes parâmetros foram confrontados com os resultados de caracterização das pelotas confeccionadas com os diferentes aglomerantes/ dispersantes pelos quais foi possível identificar que os dispersantes tem forte atuação sobre o conteúdo de finos do concentrado de minério de ferro. A ação principal se dá pela remoção das partículas ultrafinas que recobrem os grãos mais grosseiros presentes na amostra e as dispersam, no caso dos dispersantes, aumentando a disponibilidade do conteúdo de finos <4 µm, principalmente os finos menores que 1 µm (coloides). No caso do aglomerante orgânico, observa-se também essa ação, no entanto, os finos presentes são aglomerados na faixa entre 26 e 4 µm. / The use of binders for iron ore pelletizing is required to: (1) increase the pellet strength before heating (green strength); (2) prevent the collapse of the pellets during firing, when the gases generated by water vaporization could create cracks. Bentonite is the main binder used in industry, and its binding mechanism in iron ore pellets has been widely studied and understood. Efforts to solve the problems of using bentonite in iron ore pelletizing have focused on the use of organic binders whose composition presents dispersant properties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of colloidal agents compared to binders, Peridur® and bentonite, in the pelletizing process of iron ore concentrate aiming to contribute with the understanding the action of these agents in the mechanisms of agglomeration of the pellets. With this goal, bench tests were carried out to identify possible actions of binders/dispersant in the viscosity, zeta potential and degree of dispersion of the mixtures, as well as its influence on the liberation/agglomeration of the fine particles. The results of these parameters were compared with the results of the characterization of the pellets prepared with different binders/dispersants. By this study, it was identified that the dispersant has a strong influence on the fine particle content on the iron ore concentrate. The main action takes place by the removal of ultrafine particles overlying coarser grains in the sample and the scatter, in the case of dispersants, increasing the availability of fine content <4 micrometers. In the case of the organic binder, this action is also observed; however, the fines are agglomerated in the range between 4 and 26 micrometers.

Orientador: Oswaldo Luiz Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:14:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_AmauriJardimde_D.pdf: 5147163 bytes, checksum: 5adb7ae3c081749f414b5e64e35a8135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Partindo-se do método de Stöber, um elegante e eficiente processo de síntese de partículas coloidais de SiO2, adaptações foram feitas para que fosse possível produzir nanopartículas porosas (50-80 nm) com alto valor de área de superfície (~1000 m g), volume de poros (~1,5 m g) e alta estabilidade coloidal. As nanoestruturas são compostas de nanopartículas coloidais de sílica hierarquicamente funcionalizadas, com poros internos com estrutura desordenada e diâmetros que vão de 1,8 a 10 nanômetros, funcionalizados com grupos fenil, e superfície externa recoberta com grupos propilmetilfosfonato ionizáveis. A funcionalização hierárquica e quimicamente antagônica (hidrofóbica = poros internos; hidrofílica = superfície externa) permite que moléculas hidrofóbicas (baixa solubilidade em água) sejam facilmente incorporadas nas cavidades porosas hidrofóbicas, ao passo que as partículas se mantêm de forma estável dispersas em água por meses. Moléculas hidrofóbicas foram incorporadas pelas nanopartículas porosas de SiO2 em concentração de até 3% (m/m) através da mistura de suspensões coloidais aquosas desses nanomateriais e as moléculas insolúveis (pós). A capacidade de incorporação da molécula hidrofóbica em questão (camptotecina) foi significantemente maior que outros sistemas porosos de SiO2 que estão sendo atualmente usados. A eficiência dos veículos moleculares foi comprovada através do carreamento da camptotecina, um potente agente antitumoral que levou à inibição do crescimento de células leucêmicas humanas. Além disso, as abordagens sintéticas usadas nessa Tese também possibilitaram a funcionalização da superfície externa das nanopartículas com outros grupos orgânicos hidrofílicos e reativos, como o propilamina. Consequentemente, as características dessas nanopartículas de SiO2 aqui mostradas preenchem uma série de demandas científicas atuais: a necessidade de nanoestruturas porosas de sílica com ampla distribuição de tamanho de poro, com morfologia homogênea, estreita distribuição de tamanhos e com real dispersibilidade em água (coloidais). Assim, o conjunto de propriedades apresentado abre perspectivas envolvendo o uso desse sistema como uma plataforma tecnológica suscetível a várias aplicações, servindo como um veículo para dispersão e liberação de moléculas hidrofóbicas em meio aquoso / Abstract: Based on the Stöber method, an elegant and efficient process for synthesizing SiO2 colloidal nanoparticles, modifications were done in order to produce porous nanoparticles (50-80 nm) with high surface area (~1000 mg), volume of pores (~1,5 m g) and high colloidal stability. The nanostructures are made of hierarchically functionalized colloidal silica nanoparticles, with internal pores with disordered structure and diameters ranging from 1.8 to 10 nanometers, functionalized with phenyl groups; and external surface covered with ionizable propylmethylphosphonate groups. The hierarchical and chemically antagonistic functionalization (hydrophobic = internal pores; hydrophilic = external surface) allows hydrophobic molecules (low solubility in water) to be easily incorporated in the hydrophobic porous cavities, whereas particles maintain stably dispersed in water for months. Hydrophobic molecules were incorporated by the porous SiO2 nanoparticles in concentrations up to 3% (w/w) simply by mixing colloidal aqueous suspensions of these nanomaterials and insoluble molecules (powders). The uptake capacity for a specific hydrophobic molecule (camptothecin) was significantly higher than in other porous systems of SiO2 that have been currently used. The efficiency of the molecular vehicles was evidenced through the transportation of camptothecin, a potent antitumoral agent which led to the growth inhibition of human leukemic cells. Besides, the synthetic approach used in this thesis also made possible the functionalization of the external surface of nanoparticles with other hydrophilic and reactive organic groups, such as propylamine. Consequently, the characteristics of these SiO2 nanoparticles here shown fulfill several current scientific demands: necessity of porous silica nanostructures with a wide distribution of pore sizes, homogeneous morphology, narrow size distribution and real dispersibility in water (colloidal). Thereby, this set of properties opens up perspectives involving the use of this system as a technological platform susceptible to several applications, acting as a vehicle for the dispersion and liberation of hydrophobic molecules in aqueous media / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

L'enjeu principal de cette thèse est de comprendre et prédire les propriétés structurales et rhéologiques de suspensions colloïdales en tenant compte d'éléments complexes tels que (1) les interactions hydrodynamiques (IHs) et/ou (2) des forces extérieures. Nous employons dans cette thèse deux des techniques numériques les plus rapides de la littérature: la dynamique brownienne standard (BD), pour les systèmes où les IHs peuvent être ignorées; et la technique hybride "stochastic rotation dynamics - molecular dynamics" (SRD-MD), pour les systèmes où les IHs doivent être incorporées.Trois systèmes colloïdaux différents ont été étudiés. Le premier est un système de sphères dures soumis à un cisaillement, où le but a été de vérifier que l'introduction des IHs dans la SRD-MD peut correctement reproduire la relation entre la viscosité et la fraction volumique. Les résultats de viscosité sont en accord avec les résultats connus, qu'ils soient analytiques, numériques et expérimentaux. Le second système consiste en une suspension d'alumine, pour laquelle les interactions sont décrites par la théorie DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek). Les simulations montrent que le seuil de percolation (phi_c) diminue lorsque la profondeur du puits de potentiel augmente. De plus, nous observons que la prise en compte des IHs tend à former des structures plus allongées également, par rapport aux structures obtenues sans les IHs. Les valeurs de phi_c obtenues dans les simulations sont en bon accord avec celles estimées par le modèle de la contrainte seuil (YODEL) établi par Flatt et Bowen. Le troisième système comporte deux types de colloïdes qui interagissent par un potentiel de Yukawa. Ce système binaire est soumis à l'influence d'un mur attractif. Nous montrons que la présence d'un mur attractif peut altérer la structure cristalline des agrégats à la surface telle qu'une structure de type CsCl qui se forme au lieu de la structure métastable de type NaCl. Finalement, nous avons réalisé une étude préliminaire par SRD-MD de suspensions soumises à un cisaillement oscillant. Nous montrons que lorsque la suspension est soumise au cisaillement oscillant en même temps que l'agrégation se produit, des structures plus compactes se forment. / The main objective of this thesis is to predict and understand the structural and rheological properties of colloidal suspensions when (1) hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) and/or (2) external forces are present. We employ two of the fastest techniques in literature: Brownian dynamics (BD), for systems without HIs; and the hybrid "stochastic rotation dynamics - molecular dynamics" (SRD-MD) for systems with HIs. Three different systems were studied. The first is a system of hard spheres subjected to shear, where the goal was to ensure that SRD-MD can correctly reproduce the viscosity vs. volume fraction relationship. The results are consistent with known analytical, numerical and experimental data. The second system is an alumina suspension described by the DLVO theory (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek). The simulations show that the percolation threshold (phi_c) decreases as the depth of the potential well increases. Moreover, we note that HIs tend to form more elongated structures compared to the systems without HIs. The phi_c values ​​obtained are in good agreement with those estimated by Flatt and Bowen's yield stress model (YODEL). The third system consists of binary colloids that interact by Yukawa potential and subjected to the influence of an attractive wall. We show that the presence of an attractive wall may alter the crystalline structures such that CsCl crystals are formed instead of the metastable NaCl crystals. Finally, we conducted a preliminary study of suspensions under an oscillating shear. We show that when the aggregation process suspension coincides with the oscillatory motion, more compact structures are formed.

In this work, microfluidic and millifluidic droplets are utilized to study and control complex fluid behavior with high composition resolution. Different techniques are used on two length scales to create unique approaches towards the same goal of merging droplet-based experiments with classical colloidal characterization experiments. First, a microfluidic dehydrating droplet device is characterized and a procedure established by concentrating a phase separating organic-inorganic system on chip and using geometric calculations to determine composition. The device is then expanded to a more complex, particle-polymer system to investigate suspension stability and interparticle behavior. A model system containing silica particles and PEO polymer is found to transition from a bridging flocculation mechanism to polymer-coated particle jamming based on the mass ratio of polymer to particle. Lastly, a phase separating particle-polymer system consisting of polystyrene particles and hydroxyethyl cellulose is concentrated on-chip. Interparticle interactions are controlled by varying particle size, polymer size, and polymer type and the effects on phase behavior are examined. Droplet experiments are scaled-up to millifluidic droplets and concentration gradients are used to produce high composition resolution in place of time, used in the dehydrating microfluidic experiments. A novel, millifluidic containment device is created to study aggregation and sedimentation in droplets containing carbon black and OLOA surfactant suspended in dodecane. A slow increase in stabilization behavior is observed as opposed to the previously observed sharp “on-off” effect. The droplet production technique is then improved to achieve more complex composition paths and the device is expanded for a small angle neutron scattering (SANS) application. SANS is performed on flowing droplets with varying concentration to map interparticle interactions and phase behavior of complex particulate systems. Feasibility of device is demonstrated and preliminary model systems of silica particles and polymer, salt, and surfactant are analyzed and characterized.

Les dispersions colloïdales ont beaucoup d’applications technologiques importantes. A cause du mouvement brownien, les particules ont des collisions fréquentes entre elles. Les forces d’attraction de van der Waals,dérivant de potentiels à longue portés, conduisent à l’agrégation et à la précipitation des particules. Plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées pour diminuer ou contrebalancer l’effet d’attraction de van der Waals et augmenter la stabilité colloïdale. Par exemple, le choix du solvant possédant l’indice de réfraction le plus proche possible de celui des particules peut diminuer les forces de van der Waals. D'autres facteurs influencent la stabilité comme les interactions électrostatiques et les interactions spécifiques liées aux chaînes de polymères. Dans le cas des polymères, les chaînes peuvent être greffées à la surface des particules ou être dissoutes dans le solvant (chaînes libres). Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié l’effet de la stabilisation par déplétion dans le cas des chaînes de polymères libres (FPI, "free polymer induced interaction"). Des modèles théoriques précédents portent un caractère trop simplifié et utilisent des approximations sans vérification. De plus, l’influence des paramètres de la solution, c’est-à-dire, de la structure de polymères et de son interaction avec la surface de particule, n’a pas été étudiée.Les chaînes polymères libres ont été modélisées comme des marches aléatoires dans un champ moléculaire auto-cohérent qui satisfait à l'équation intégro-différentielle de diffusion. Pour le domaine moléculaire, nous avons utilisé un potentiel chimique qui, pour la solution de polymère semi-dilué, peut être représenté comme une expansion du viriel où nous n’avons pris en considération que les deuxième et troisième coefficients du viriel de la solution de polymère. En variant des paramètres tels que la rigidité du polymère, la longueur du polymère, la concentration en polymère et le régime du solvant (comme le solvant thêta), que ce soit pour une surface colloïdale purement répulsive, pour une surface adsorbée ou pour la surface d'une couche de polymère greffé, nous avons été en mesure d'améliorer la barrière répulsive due aux polymères libres entre les particules et donc nous avons trouvé des conditions de la stabilisation cinétique du système. / Stable colloidal dispersions with evenly distributed particles are important for many technological applications. Due to Brownian motion colloidal particles have constant collisions with each other which often lead to their aggregation driven by the long range van der Waals attraction. As a result the colloidal systems often tend to precipitate. A number of methods have been devised to minimize the effect of long-range van der Waals attraction between colloidal particles or to override the influence of the attraction in order to provide the colloidal stability.In the PhD thesis we investigated the colloidal stabilization in solutions of free polymers which is commonly referred to as depletion stabilization. Previous theoretical studies of free-polymer induced (FPI) stabilization were based on oversimplified models involving uncontrolled approximations. Even the most basic features of the depletion stabilization phenomenon were unknown. It was unclear how the PI repulsion depends on the solution parameters, polymer structure and monomer/surface interactions.The free polymer chains were modeled as random walks in a self-consistent molecular field that satisfied to diffusion-like integro-differential equation. As the molecular field we used the chemical potential that for semi-dilute polymer solution can be represented as a virial expansion where we took into account only second and third virial coefficients of the polymer solution. Varying the parameters like polymer stiffness, polymer length, polymer concentration and solvent regime (like theta solvent) whether it is for purely repulsive colloidal surface, adsorbed surface or surface with grafted polymer layer we were able to enhance the repulsive barrier due to the free polymers between the particles and therefore found conditions for kinetic stabilization of the system.

Le séchage des dispersions colloïdales a été et demeure très étudié en raison de son extrême complexité et de son utilisation dans de nombreuses applications. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé une simulation, d'abord unidirectionnelle, basée sur le principe des automates cellulaires, qui traite la problématique du séchage horizontal et vertical. Ce travail permet de prédire, par calcul numérique, la distribution des particules et la position des fronts de séchage dans les dépôts de dispersions sous forme de films minces. Nos résultats ont montré que la pression existant dans le fluide est la somme des pressions de Laplace et hydrostatique. Par rapport aux modèles existants, cela modifie la convection des particules dans la partie fluide de la dispersion. La diffusion collective des particules chargées a été étudiée également. Contrairement aux prédictions théoriques antérieures, nous avons pu montrer que la diffusion collective des particules chargées pouvait jouer un rôle majeur, y compris dans le cadre de l’approximation de lubrification. Finalement, la simulation 1D a été étendue en 2D, ce qui a permis de comprendre la raison pour laquelle deux fronts dans deux directions perpendiculaire (cas d’une géométrie rectangulaire) avancent à des vitesses différentes. Une comparaison entre les données expérimentales et le calcul numérique sur le profil du film et la vitesse des fronts de séchage pour une dispersion de silice montre un bon accord. / Drying of colloidal dispersions, given their uses in several fields in everyday life, has been the subject of many studies for a long time. In this thesis, we first developed an unidirectional simulation, based on the principle of the cellular automaton, which deals with the problem of horizontal and vertical drying. This work makes it possible to predict, by numerical calculation, the distribution of the particles and the position of drying fronts in deposits in form of thin films.The profile of the film in the liquid part was studied. Our results have shown that the pressure in the fluid is the sum of the Laplace and hydrostatic pressures. This result affects the dynamics of particles in the fluid part of the dispersion, in particular convection. The collective diffusion of charged particles has also been studied. Contrary to what was predicted in previous theoretical models, we were able to show that the collective diffusion of the charged particles could be important even within the lubrication approximation. Finally, the 1D simulation was extended to 2D in order to understand the reason why two fronts in perpendicular directions (case of a rectangular geometry) advance at different speeds. A comparison between the experimental data for the drying of a silica dispersion and the numerical calculation shows good agreement.

Cette thèse, menée en collaboration avec Michelin dans le cadre de la fabrication de matériaux composites, porte sur la stabilité colloïdale du latex de caoutchouc naturel (NR). Ce latex est une dispersion colloïdale polydisperse d'un polymère naturel dans un sérum aqueux. Les particules sont stabilisées par une couche complexe de phospholipides et de protéines. Cette dispersion peut être coagulée de façon irréversible par voie physique (sous cisaillement) ou par voie physico-chimique (ajout de cations divalents ou de particules hydrophobes). Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la coagulation du latex par les cations divalents. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des outils physico-chimiques : diagrammes de stabilité en présence de divers cations, suivi cinétique de l'agrégation des particules et mesures rhéologiques. Ensuite, nous avons sondé la surface de particules de NR, par électrophorèse, en présence de tensioactifs et aussi selon la taille des particules. Pour expliquer la coagulation, nous suggérons que l'augmentation de la force ionique écrante les interactions répulsives et que les cations forment des ponts ioniques entre les particules. Ces ponts les maintiennent au contact et l'irréversibilité du phénomène est assurée par l'adhésion entre les chaines de polymères proches de la surface. L'adsorption des tensioactifs modifie la surface des particules et la coagulation du latex. Une légère différence de charge de surface a été observée entre les particules de NR selon leur taille. Enfin, un phénomène de coagulation similaire a été obtenu avec un latex synthétique, ce qui ouvre la voie à l'exploitation industrielle de ce phénomène de coagulation. / This work, in collaboration with Michelin for the fabrication of composite materials, deals with the colloidal stability of the latex of natural rubber (NR). The NR latex is a polydisperse colloidal dispersion of a bio-polymer in an aqueous serum. The particles are stabilized by a complex layer of phospholipids and proteins. This dispersion can be coagulated by a physical way (under shearing), or by a physical-chemical way (addition of divalent cations or hydrophobic particles). In this thesis, we studied the coagulation of the NR latex by divalent cations with physical-chemical tools (stability diagrams with different cations, aggregation kinetic of particles, rheological measuremments). Then, the surface of NR particles has been characterized by electrophoresis, firstly in the presence surfactants and secondly depending on the particles size. From the results of the first part we suggest that the coagulation with divalent cations is due to a screening effect because of the increase of ionic strength and that divalent cations can bridge the particles together. This allows keeping them in contact. Adhesion between polymer chains near the surface ensures the irrversible cohesion. In a second time, we saw that the adsorption of surfactants changes the particles surface and the coagulation of NR latex with cations. A small difference of surface charge is observed between the biggest and the smallest NR particles. Finally, a similar behavior has been obtained with a synthetic latex in presence of divalent cations. Our results could be used to develop an industrial process based on this coagulation phenomenon.