Animal hosts provide associated microorganisms with suitable ecological niches in their intestines. Microbes help their hosts to digest food, protect against pathogens, and influence the host’s metabolisms. Compositional variation of gut microbial communities is common among hosts, and may affect the health status of hosts. Diet and genetic factors are well known to influence the assembly of gut microbial communities. This thesis focuses on disentangling the contributions of factors including host genetics (sex), diet, environment, and other ecological processes to the assembly of gut microbial communities in freshwater fish. The association between gut microbial communities and fish condition is also evaluated in this thesis. Applying metacommunity theory, we found environmental factors including fish habitat, fish species, their diet, dispersal factors including microbes from fish diet, and ecological drift contributed to the assembly of fish gut microbial communities. The proportion of their contribution varied between fish species, where ecological drift explained more in perch than in roach. Under natural conditions fish populations face the risk of predation, which can induce competition and impose predation stress within prey individuals. This can therefore lead to changes in their diet qualities and quantities. In this thesis, it was shown that fish diet in terms of qualities and quantities significantly influenced the overall gut microbial composition, and this influence was dependent on fish sex, a host genetic factor. Predation stress was also suggested to significantly decrease the species richness. Furthermore, when fish were experiencing a diet shift, we showed that different bacterial phyla from novel food had different colonization success in the intestine, and this colonization success was positively influenced by predation stress. Fish condition was suggested in this thesis to be affected by gut microbial composition, especially by the contributions of the bacterial phyla Tenericutes and Actinobacteria.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis examines the relationship between British colonial legacies and a culture of migration amongst mobile Malaysians (tertiary-educated Malaysians with transnational migration experience). Drawing from Bourdieu’s “habitus”, I propose the concept of “citizenship habitus” – a set of inherited dispositions about the meanings and significance of citizenship – to understand how and why mobile Malaysians carry out certain citizenship and migration practices. These practices include: firstly, interpreting and practising Malaysian citizenship as a de-politicised and primordial (ethno)national belonging to “Malaysia” that is conflated with national loyalty; and secondly, migration (especially for overseas education) as a way of life (i.e. a culture of migration) that may not be recognised as a means of circumventing pro-Bumiputera (lit. “sons of soil”) structural constraints. Methodologically, I draw from my reflexive reading of archival documents and interview-conversations with 67 mobile Malaysians: 16 in London/UK, 27 in Singapore, six in other global locations, and 18 returnees. I argue that mobile Malaysians’ citizenship and migration practices have been informed by three British colonial legacies: firstly, the materialising of race and Malay indigeneity; secondly, the institutionalisation of race-based school systems and education as an aspired means towards social mobility; and thirdly, race-based political representation and a federal state consisting of an arbitrary amalgamation of socio-economically and historically diverse territories. The Malayan Emergency (1948-1960) further instilled state-led focus on “racial tensions”, resulting in default authoritative strategies to govern, educate, and motivate the citizenry. These colonial legacies, inherited and exacerbated by the post-colonial Malaysian state, contributed to the institutionalisation of Malaysia’s Bumiputera-differentiated citizenship and race-based affirmative action policies, with particular effects on education, migration and social mobility. By adopting a postcolonial approach to migration phenomena, this thesis highlights the longevity of British colonial legacies with long-lasting effects on Malaysia’s contemporary skilled migration, both in terms of migration geographies and citizenship practices.

This thesis is focused on the complex nursing care of patients colonized with the resistant microbial strains. In the theoretical section I describe the major events of the history, the current issue of the antibiotic treatment and the species of occurring resistant strains of microbes. It also deals with recommended procedures in the care for these patients, such as patient isolation, use of the protective equipment, handling of the biological material , individualization of the aids, handling of the linen and the principles of health care. It also includes preventing the spread of disease resistant strains of the microorganisms and patient recolonization. The empirical part consists of the quantitative research conducted at the University Hospital in Pilsen with the help of a questionnaire survey. The questionnaires will be distributed to the nurses in intensive care units without the single - patient box system. The aim of the research is to determine nurses' knowledge of the disease resistant microbial strains and the ways they create patient isolation. Evaluation questionnaires will provide the pieces of information to compare the individual practices and knowledge of nurses in intensive care units. Results of this work can be used as a source of information or the study material. The benefit...

En 2010, le Cameroun a fêté le centenaire de l’éducation moderne et le cinquantenaire de son indépendance. Pour les générations adultes, le niveau scolaire a dangereusement baissé. Selon eux, les élèves étaient jadis plus consciencieux et plus performants. À ce titre, les établissements scolaires BONNEAU, SACRÉ-COEUR, SAINT-COEUR, VOGT, STOLL, évoquent tout ce qu’il y a de sérieux. Les personnalités de premier rangdu Cameroun à l’exemple du Chef de l’État actuel, y ont été formées par des missionnaires canadiens. Voulant savoir ce qui faisait la particularité de cette éducation, nous avons émis l’hypothèse générale qu’elle reposait sur une approche didactique particulière. Cette hypothèse nous a permis de consulter des archives pour examiner les aspects éthiques, socioprofessionnels, psychopédagogiques et technologiques des éducateurs canadiens. Il en ressort que les valeurs éthiques et morales étaient au coeur de leur approche éducative. Le profil des enseignants de ces établissements était moins important que les valeurs chrétiennes qu’ils incarnaient. Aussi avons-nous proposé que les éducateurs camerounais actuels s’inspirent de ce modèle pour améliorer leur pratique. En somme, il nous est apparu hautement souhaitable que les professeurs d’histoire, s’appuyant sur l’approche éthique canadienne, présentent des valeurs authentiquement africaines aux jeunes Camerounais. / In 2010, Cameroon celebrated the centenary of modern education and the fiftieth anniversary of its independence. For adult generations, school level dropped alarmingly. According to this thesis, the students were once more conscientious and more efficient. As such, schools like BONNEAU, SACRED HEART, SAINT-HEART, VOGT, STOLL, evoke everything that is serious. Great personalities of Cameroon of the example of the current head of State were being trained by Canadian missionaries. Wanting to know what the peculiarity of this education was, we issued the general assumption that it was based on a particular educational approach. This assumption allowed us to develop a questionnaire to examine the ethical, socio-professional, pedagogical and technological aspects of Canadian educators. After counting the questionnaire, it appears that the ethical and moral values were at the heart of their educational approach. The profile of the teachers appeared less important than the Christian values they embodied. We therefore proposed that the current Cameroonian educators get inspired by this model to improve their practice. In short, it became highly desirable that history teachers, based on the Canadian ethical approach, have authentically African values to young Cameroonians.

Dans l'Algérie française de la fin des années 1860, l'Etat est à la recherche d'une organisation administrative du territoire conquis. Plusieurs formes communales se développent et parmi elles, la commune mixte. Pour ses concepteurs, la création de cette entité a une visée singulière : étendre la colonisation dans l'intérieur du pays par l'accroissement du peuplement européen dans des villages ; favoriser le contact colons/colonisés et le développement d'une « éducation civique » de ces derniers. C'est donc une construction transitoire vers la commune de plein exercice, telle qu'elle existe en métropole. Dans les faits, les communes mixtes perdurent et ce jusqu'à leur disparition, institutionnalisée en 1947, mais effective à partir de 1956. La commune mixte de La Calle est érigée en 1884 à la frontière algéro-tunisienne. Son évolution est fortement liée à l'histoire de ce pays voisin, tour à tour Régence, protectorat français puis nation indépendante. A grande échelle, ce territoire évolue également en fonction de dynamiques de populations imprévues par le projet initial : mobilités diverses, enjeux fonciers. Les crises économiques, les guerres mondiales et la guerre d'Algérie sont autant de bouleversements internationaux qui marquent fortement le territoire de cette commune mixte. Cette étude vise à exposer le processus de construction d'un espace administratif, mais aussi à saisir les divers modes d'appropriation d'un territoire par l'ensemble des groupes qui forment son espace social. / In the late 1860s, in French Algeria, the State seeks an administrative organization of the conquered territory. Several communal forms grow and among them, the ”commune mixte ”. For its thinkers, this entity is created to expand settlement in the country by increasing European settlement in villages, but also to promote contacts between settlers and colonized people and to develop a "civic education". It is therefore a transitional construction to full-function joint as it exists in France. But in fact, the “communes mixtes” persist until their disappearance, institutionalized in 1947, but effective from 1956. The “commune mixte” of La Calle was erected in 1884 on the border between Algeria and Tunisia. Its development is closely linked to the history of the neighboring space that turns to the Regency, the French Protectorate and the independent nation. On a large scale, this area also changes depending on population dynamics unforeseen by the original project, related to mobility and land issues. Economic crises, world wars and the war in Algeria are all international upheavals that mark the territory of the ”commune mixte”. This study aims to describe the process of constructing an administrative space, but also to capture the various ways of appropriation of territory by all groups within its social space.

De la fin du XVIIème siècle jusqu'à l'abolition de 1848, l'île Bourbon, dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien, a connu un système esclavagiste marqué par une codification et des pratiques des différents pouvoirs dévalorisant ou niant les structures familiales des esclaves. A côté d'autres moyens de résistances serviles comme le marronnage ou la révolte, il apparaît, grâce à la reconstruction des familles esclaves, que ces formes d'organisation ont permis à une population provenant de razzias en Afrique ou à Madagascar, puis fortement créolisée, de retrouver son humanité, en investissant le champ de la parenté dont les pouvoirs civils ou religieux la privaient. Si un nombre restreint de familles furent reconnues, comme à l'époque de la Compagnie des Indes, la majorité des esclaves vécurent au sein de familles marrons, ignorées et méprisées. Elles apparaitront au grand jour après l'abolition de l'esclavage en 1848. La natalité fut reconnu importante au sein du groupe des esclaves mais accompagnée d'une forte mortalité infantile. Lieu privilégié de transmissions de valeurs culturelles et linguistiques, la famille esclave, quelles qu'en soient les formes, a permis à de très nombreux esclaves de survivre à un système inhumain, les exclus de la parenté appartenant essentiellement aux groupes ayant connu la destruction de leur système familial, à Madagascar ou en Afrique. / From the end of the 17th century until the abolition of 1848, Bourbon Island in the South-West Indian Ocean, saw a slave system marked by consolidation and practices of different authorities downgrading or denied family structures of the slave. Next to other means of servile resistors as the "marronage" or revolt, it appears through the reconstruction of slaves families, these forms of organization have enabled a population from raids in Africa or Madagascar, then strongly creolized regain his humanity, investing field of kinship that civil or religious powers denied. If a small number of families were recognized at the time of the India Company, the majority of slaves lived in Maroon families, ignored and disregarded. They will appear in broad daylight after the abolition of slavery in 1848. The birth rate was important in the group of slaves but accompanied by a high infant mortality. Privileged place of cultural and linguistic values transmissions, slave family, in all forms, has helped many slaves to survived to an inhuman system, those excludes from the kinship system mostly belonging to the groups have experienced the destruction of their family system in Africa or Madagascar.

Nesta tese, consideramos que plataformas online configuram instrumentos de comunicação e difusão que muito contribuem para a propagação de discursos formadores de uma nova onda feminista. Analisamos como artistas e ativistas do eixo geopolítico Sul-sul produzem e difundem seus materiais em plataformas on demand, em específico o YouTube. O presente projeto propõe um olhar mais apurado sobre as novas estratégias poéticas na montagem audiovisual, presentes nestas plataformas digitais. / In this thesis, we consider that online platforms configure communication and dissemination tools that greatly contribute to the propagation of discourses which form a new feminist wave. We analyze how South-South geopolitical artists and activists produce and disseminate their materials using on demand platforms, specifically YouTube. This project proposes a more accurate look at the new poetic strategies in the audiovisual editing, present in these digital platforms

Nesta dissertação buscamos analisar transformações ocorridas nas áreas de fronteira que hoje integram a Calha Norte paraense (noroeste do Pará). Essas transformações são examinadas como parte da formação do território do Estado nacional no controle da população e na formação da estrutura fundiária brasileira. Tal processo se desdobra contraditoriamente, em particularidades regionais da produção de mercadorias e na subordinação do trabalho, que vão sendo mudadas com a formação dos mercados de terra, trabalho e capital e sua regulação pelo Estado. Num movimento histórico, a fronteira passa de lugar da posse da terra à reserva de superpopulação relativa num projeto nacional de acumulação, chegando à condição de lugar da preservação ambiental e da gestão de um lavrador confinado a sua terra. Os momentos discutidos expressam formas da acumulação capitalista em seus devidos contextos, nos quais a monetarização crescente das relações sociais impõe a venda de força de trabalho, mesmo que mantida a posse da terra. A acumulação, contudo, atinge um padrão crítico, em que a população lavradora cada vez menos subsiste de sua posse, e assim vai sendo administrada por programas governamentais de fomento em dinheiro. / In this dissertation we aim to analyze transformations occurring in the frontier areas that today are part of the Calha Norte paraense (northwest of Pará). These transformations are analyzed as part of the formation of the territory of the national State in the control of the population and in the formation of the Brazilian land structure. This process unfolds contradictorily, in regional particularities in the production of commodities and in the subordination of labor, which are being changed with the formation of markets of land, labor and capital and their regulation by the State. In a historical movement, the frontier passes from place of the possession of the land to the reserve of relative superpopulation in a national project of accumulation, achieving at the condition of place of the environmental preservation and the management of a \'lavrador\' confined to its land. The discussed moments express forms of capitalist accumulation in their contexts, in which the growing monetarization of social relations imposes the sale of labor power, even if possession of the land is maintained. Accumulation, however, reaches a critical pattern in which the population of \'lavradores\' is less and less subsisting by his land, and therefore is being managed by government cash programs.

This thesis surveys the long human history of Hot Springs Cove, British Columbia, a small inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island (formerly known as Refuge Cove). The study spans the period from the arrival of the earliest indigenous inhabitants, at about 10,000 years ago, to the present day, and draws upon archeological research, archival documents, other local histories, and ethnographic studies of Nuu-chah-nulth society, as well as some original interviews with contemporary users and inhabitants of the area. Geographically, the study focuses primarily on the immediate vicinity of the Cove, and the territory of its traditional inhabitants, the Manhousaht. However, the lens of analysis is widened very regularly to encompass the larger region of Clayoquot and Nootka Sounds, bringing in the perspectives and experiences of neighbouring groups such as the Hesquiaht, Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht, as well as non-indigenous settlers in communities like Tofino. Periodically, the lens pulls away still further, to examine influential national and global trends. This thesis has two key objectives. First, it aims to be a comprehensive, academically-sound survey of a place rich in history but only mentioned intermittently in other sources. The hybridization of micro-historical techniques and a local history approach is intended to ensure adequate contextualization and analysis, while also preserving rich and engaging detail. Engagement, it must be said, is the other key goal. From the outset, the author has aimed to create a publicly-accessible work of public history intended to be read by a wide audience who, it is hoped, will learn much about the experiences and impact of colonization on the West Coast. To maximize this learning, four broad didactic themes are traced throughout the narrative. Exploring ‘perceptions of place’, this thesis illustrates how differing worldviews led the Nuu-chah-nulth and Euro-Canadian settlers to interact very differently with the same landscape. By tracing changes in ‘human-environment interaction’, this study aims to shed light on the destructive pattern of repeated resource-overexploitation that emerged post-contact. Examination of ‘colonization as a process’ lays bare the steady re-conceptualization and re-shaping of the landscape and its inhabitants set in motion by the arrival of Europeans. At the same time, a consistent emphasis on ‘indigenous agency’ is meant to show how the Nuu-chah-nulth actively adapted to, resisted and even re-shaped colonial processes. Ultimately, the recent resurgence in Nuu-chah-nulth political and economic power is interpreted as laying the ground-work for a profound reshaping of local dynamics in the coming years. Broadly speaking, this thesis argues that the history of human settlement, colonization and interaction that occurred in and around Hot Springs Cove can serve as an informative microcosm of the larger forces, events, and patterns that shaped the entire region. It concludes with the author’s appeal for his neighbours – both indigenous and non – to seek to better understand each other’s history, reckon with the profound impacts of colonization, and work towards reconciliation and co-existence in a way that will preserve the area’s irreplaceable uniqueness. / Graduate