The central effort of this study is directed toward an analysis of the origination, development, and current status of Braniff International service to Peru. Included will be the operational aspects, the corporate relations of Braniff with Peru, the economic contribution of Braniff to Peru, and its corporate citizenship in that Latin American country.

The Strategy Simulator project, funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), strives to find a tax structure that will support the National Airspace System (NAS) and maintain revenue neutrality, where taxes can be adjusted and the FAA can still attain the same revenue amount if taxes had not changed. Virginia Tech's role in the project is to analyze the effects of different tax structures on passenger demand. Virginia Tech focuses on ticket and segment taxes and runs different tax scenarios through the Transportation Systems Analysis Model (TSAM) and the TSAM Aggregation for the Strategy Simulator (TASS) model. TSAM provides a more microscopic analysis of demand by including spatial representation and mode choice in the model. TASS is a work in progress that aggregates the TSAM analysis in order to reduce computation time so that scenarios can be tested quickly. Based on data from literature review, TSAM results provides the smallest combined percent error for demand and revenue, followed by TASS, then the Strategy Simulator. TSAM and TASS also provide a detailed analysis of demand behavior in response to tax changes. In general, demand decreases as taxes increase, and demand increases over the years due to a fare scaling factor applied to reduce fares over the years. Revenue increases both over increasing taxes and over the years, indicating that increases in taxes does not harm revenue collection and actually increases revenues for the ticket and segment taxes tested. Revenue increases over the years because demand increases over the years, and the revenue generated from this increased demand more than makes up for decreased fares. / Master of Science

As variáveis que exercem influência em um setor podem torná-lo complexo e imprevisível. A complexidade de um setor, quando existente, é uma característica intrínseca e não pode ser evitada, sendo necessário que a empresa primeiramente compreenda e se adapte a essa complexidade a fim de obter vantagem competitiva frente a seus competidores. A imprevisibilidade também não pode ser evitada, entretanto pode ser também compreendida e atenuada. O setor de aviação é influenciado por diversas variáveis, sejam elas internas ou externas, o que o torna complexo e imprevisível. Principal exemplo de influência interna, a estratégia deve servir como um direcionador a todos dentro de uma organização, para que os objetivos delineados pelos executivos sejam alcançados. A definição da estratégia deve ser seguida de uma exaustiva análise da influência dos agentes externos ao setor, com o objetivo de compreendê-los e assim fazer com que os seus efeitos, quando negativos para a empresa, sejam os menores possíveis. Invariavelmente afetados pelas influências internas ou externas, sejam elas quais forem, estão os custos das companhias, que ao longo dos últimos 90 anos, passaram de um ordinário indicador de controle a uma ferramenta de auxílio às decisões estratégias, por meio da gestão estratégica de custos. No setor aéreo brasileiro, mais especificamente na aviação comercial, os custos passaram a ter maior importância a partir dos primeiros movimentos de desregulamentação do setor, iniciado em novembro de 1991, até a entrada no setor da companhia GOL, que trouxe um novo conceito para o país de gestão de custos, graças à retirada das últimas regulamentações ao controle das tarifas. Esse novo foco em custos iniciou uma nova etapa na competição das companhias aéreas no Brasil e introduziu a experiência de voar a novos passageiros, antes restritos ao transporte rodoviário por causa dos altos custos das passagens aéreas nos anos anteriores. A busca por custos mais baixos é comprovada com os resultados das análises, assim como a existência da diferenciação, principalmente no segmento internacional. O período de 2000 a 2010 foi marcado por diversos acontecimentos no mundo, como guerras, atentados terroristas, crises econômicas mundiais, todos esses com influência nos custos das companhias aéreas brasileiras. As análises de custo unitário demonstram a influência desses fatores, principalmente no custo de combustível, principal componente dos custos das companhias. / The variables that influence a sector can make it complex and unpredictable. The complexity of a sector, where it exists, is an intrinsic feature and cannot be avoided, being necessary for the company to first understand it and adapt it in order to gain competitive advantage against its competitors. The unpredictability cannot be avoided; however it can also be understood and mitigated. The aviation industry is influenced by several variables, whether internal or external, which makes it complex and unpredictable. Prime example of internal influence, the strategy should serve as a guide to all within an organization, so that the goals outlined by the executives are achieved. The definition of the strategy should be followed by an exhaustive analysis of the influence of external agents to the sector, in order to understand them and thus make their effects, while negative for the company, are as small as possible. Invariably affected by internal or external influences, whatever they are, are the costs of companies, which over the past 90 years, went from an ordinary control indicator to a tool to help decision strategies to be made, through strategic cost management. In the Brazilian airline industry, specifically in commercial aviation, the costs have been given greater importance from the first movement of deregulation, initiated in November 1991 until the entry into the industry the company GOL, which brought a new concept for country of management costs, mostly because of the withdrawal of the last regulations to control rates. This new focus on costs started a new stage in the competition of the airlines in Brazil and introduced the experience of flying to new passengers, previously restricted to road transport, because of the high cost of airline tickets in previous years. The constant search for lower costs is evidenced by the analyzes, as well as the existence of differentiation, more specifically in the international segment. The period from 2000 to 2010 was marked by several events in the world such as wars, terrorist attacks, global economic crisis, all of those with influence in the cost of Brazilian airlines. The unit cost analyzes demonstrate the influence of these factors, specially the cost of fuel, the main component of airlines costs.

As variáveis que exercem influência em um setor podem torná-lo complexo e imprevisível. A complexidade de um setor, quando existente, é uma característica intrínseca e não pode ser evitada, sendo necessário que a empresa primeiramente compreenda e se adapte a essa complexidade a fim de obter vantagem competitiva frente a seus competidores. A imprevisibilidade também não pode ser evitada, entretanto pode ser também compreendida e atenuada. O setor de aviação é influenciado por diversas variáveis, sejam elas internas ou externas, o que o torna complexo e imprevisível. Principal exemplo de influência interna, a estratégia deve servir como um direcionador a todos dentro de uma organização, para que os objetivos delineados pelos executivos sejam alcançados. A definição da estratégia deve ser seguida de uma exaustiva análise da influência dos agentes externos ao setor, com o objetivo de compreendê-los e assim fazer com que os seus efeitos, quando negativos para a empresa, sejam os menores possíveis. Invariavelmente afetados pelas influências internas ou externas, sejam elas quais forem, estão os custos das companhias, que ao longo dos últimos 90 anos, passaram de um ordinário indicador de controle a uma ferramenta de auxílio às decisões estratégias, por meio da gestão estratégica de custos. No setor aéreo brasileiro, mais especificamente na aviação comercial, os custos passaram a ter maior importância a partir dos primeiros movimentos de desregulamentação do setor, iniciado em novembro de 1991, até a entrada no setor da companhia GOL, que trouxe um novo conceito para o país de gestão de custos, graças à retirada das últimas regulamentações ao controle das tarifas. Esse novo foco em custos iniciou uma nova etapa na competição das companhias aéreas no Brasil e introduziu a experiência de voar a novos passageiros, antes restritos ao transporte rodoviário por causa dos altos custos das passagens aéreas nos anos anteriores. A busca por custos mais baixos é comprovada com os resultados das análises, assim como a existência da diferenciação, principalmente no segmento internacional. O período de 2000 a 2010 foi marcado por diversos acontecimentos no mundo, como guerras, atentados terroristas, crises econômicas mundiais, todos esses com influência nos custos das companhias aéreas brasileiras. As análises de custo unitário demonstram a influência desses fatores, principalmente no custo de combustível, principal componente dos custos das companhias. / The variables that influence a sector can make it complex and unpredictable. The complexity of a sector, where it exists, is an intrinsic feature and cannot be avoided, being necessary for the company to first understand it and adapt it in order to gain competitive advantage against its competitors. The unpredictability cannot be avoided; however it can also be understood and mitigated. The aviation industry is influenced by several variables, whether internal or external, which makes it complex and unpredictable. Prime example of internal influence, the strategy should serve as a guide to all within an organization, so that the goals outlined by the executives are achieved. The definition of the strategy should be followed by an exhaustive analysis of the influence of external agents to the sector, in order to understand them and thus make their effects, while negative for the company, are as small as possible. Invariably affected by internal or external influences, whatever they are, are the costs of companies, which over the past 90 years, went from an ordinary control indicator to a tool to help decision strategies to be made, through strategic cost management. In the Brazilian airline industry, specifically in commercial aviation, the costs have been given greater importance from the first movement of deregulation, initiated in November 1991 until the entry into the industry the company GOL, which brought a new concept for country of management costs, mostly because of the withdrawal of the last regulations to control rates. This new focus on costs started a new stage in the competition of the airlines in Brazil and introduced the experience of flying to new passengers, previously restricted to road transport, because of the high cost of airline tickets in previous years. The constant search for lower costs is evidenced by the analyzes, as well as the existence of differentiation, more specifically in the international segment. The period from 2000 to 2010 was marked by several events in the world such as wars, terrorist attacks, global economic crisis, all of those with influence in the cost of Brazilian airlines. The unit cost analyzes demonstrate the influence of these factors, specially the cost of fuel, the main component of airlines costs.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore how support systems enable human control within normal flight operations. The thesis focuses on the use of memory supports during flight, such as a handheld computing device, memory strategies and checklists. The support systems are studied from the theoretical perspective of Human Factors. In particular, decision making theories have contributed to the thesis. From previous research it is found that feedback to the operator in case of a human error is essential to keep him or her in a safe sequence of decisions and actions.</p><p>To facilitate the pilots’ tasks in cockpit, computing devices are out on the market. Several of the technical aids are computers installed in cockpit whereas others are smaller, portable devices with hardware not specifically designed for use in cockpit. Jump-seat observations have been performed at an airline company to explore the pilots’ work process in cockpit where a handheld computing device, with hardware not specifically designed for cockpit, is in use. Subsequent semi-structured interviews were conducted to receive the pilots’ experiences of findings from the observations and to receive descriptions of decisions and support systems.</p><p>The thesis includes a description of flight operations from a pilot perspective. The main focus is on operations in the preflight phase where the new computing device is used. Identified characteristics in flight operations are factors such as cooperation, communication, interruptions. Furthermore, identified factors in the decision making were such as routine, environmental constraints, discrete alternatives and dependency between decisions. Feedback points during the sequence of tasks performed with the handheld computing device were distinguished. These points are moments when feedback is possible. For example, when the pilots cross-check tasks they receive feedback from each other. It was found that the pilots did not use every opportunity to receive feedback on their performance. The reason of the non-used feedback point was that it was not required by the Standard Operating Procedures or by any functions or design of the device. Within flight operations in general, it was found that the most important techniques to detect a human error such as a memory lapse were by pilots’ earlier experiences, the use of checklists and by receiving feedback from the other pilot.</p>

Orientador: Leda Maria Caira Gitahy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus_ClaudianaGuedesde_M.pdf: 909407 bytes, checksum: bce77f8dc24db4cee1ac5a0c104d0872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar as transformações da aviação comercial brasileira durante a década de 1990 e suas conseqüências para o mercado de trabalho do setor. A reestruturação da aviação comercial mundial se inicia com o processo de desregulamentação do transporte aéreo a partir de 1978 nos Estados Unidos. A desregulamentação teve como objetivo abrir o mercado e incentivar a concorrência, mas teve como conseqüência uma onda de privatizações, fusões, aquisições e alianças entre as companhias aéreas que levaram a uma grande concentração no mercado internacional. Como parte desta reestruturação destacamos a reorganização dos serviços das companhias e as inovações introduzidas nos equipamentos. No Brasil, o processo de flexibilização da regulamentação começa no início dos anos 1990. A política de competição controlada, que se caracteriza por uma forte intervenção estatal no controle de rotas e tarifas, vigente desde os anos 1960 é gradativamente abandonada. Ao longo dos anos 1990 assistimos à abertura do mercado e ao abandono do controle tarifário. Como conseqüência observamos um intenso movimento de entrada e saída de companhias aéreas resultando na concentração do setor. No período estudado ocorreu uma grande elevação das atividades do setor concomitante a redução do emprego, dos salários e do tempo de serviço, indicando uma maior instabilidade no mercado de trabalho da aviação comercial brasileira. Observamos ainda uma significativa redução de custos com pessoal por parte das companhias aéreas / Abstract: The objective of this master dissertation is to study transformations in the Brazilian Commercial A viation during the decade of 1990, and its consequences for the labor market in the sector. The reorganization of world-wide commercial aviation begins in 1978 with the process of air transportation deregulation in the United States. This deregulation process was targeted to opening the market and stimulating competition, but had as a consequence a wave of privatizations, fusions, acquisitions and alliances among aeronautical companies that led to a great concentration in the intemational market. Within this reorganization, we emphasize the reorganization of companies' services and innovations introduced in the equipment. In Brazil, the flexibilization process of the regulation starts in the beginning of 1990s. The policy of controlled competition, defined by a strong state intervention in routes and tariffs control, effective since the 1960s, is gradually abandoned. During the 90s, we may see the opening of the market and the abandonment ofthe tariff control. As a consequence we observe an intense movement of entrance and exit of aeronautical companies resulting in the concentration of the sector. In the studied period a great rise of the activities concomitant with the employment, wages and time of service reduction occurred, indicating a bigger instability in the Brazilian commercial aviation labor market. We may also observe a significant labor costs reduction made by companies / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Orientador: Amilton Jose Moretto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:04:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_AltairdaSilva_M.pdf: 2118469 bytes, checksum: 6afb07925172ef7682ea713004bf050a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa as transformações ocorridas no transporte aéreo regular no Brasil entre os anos 1990 e 2006 e os principais impactos nas relações de trabalho no setor. Para dar conta dessas alterações procuramos, num primeiro momento, analisar o setor aéreo desde a criação das primeiras empresas, da constituição do seu marco regulatório, como também através dos movimentos de expansão e retração do setor. No período mais recente, buscamos traçar um paralelo entre os determinantes macroeconômicos, regulatórios, bem como das estratégias de gestão adotadas pela empresas aéreas. Com efeito, num segundo momento estabelecemos uma breve caracterização do emprego no setor, com ênfase na categoria aeronauta. Analisamos também a representação de classe da categoria e as negociações coletivas ocorridas nas entre 1990 e 2006. Foi possível constatar que tais mudanças afetaram o setor de forma decisiva. O desempenho, inferido pelo tráfego aéreo indicou taxas de crescimento superiores ao crescimento do PIB. Esse bom resultado foi puxado pela demanda no mercado doméstico (ass-km utilizados), que cresceu 174% no período. Essa expansão garantiu ao segmento doméstico maior participação em relação ao segmento internacional. Por outro lado, grandes empresas aéreas que atuavam no mercado doméstico na década de 1990, como Transbrasil, Vasp e Varig desapareceram. A Varig, após uma longa agonia, acabou sendo absorvida pelo Grupo GOL. Contudo, essa mudança radical não afetou a forte concentração do setor, que continuou com pelo menos duas grandes empresas aéreas, abocanhando aproximadamente 90% do mercado doméstico. Porém, é preciso destacar que esse período trouxe à baila uma profunda mudança, caracterizada pela redução generalizada de custos nas aéreas, lançamentos de novos produtos/serviços, segmentação de clientes, incrementos tecnológicos e aumento expressivo da produtividade. Os ajustes descritos acima atingiram os trabalhadores, precarizando as relações de trabalho. Nesse sentido foi possível verificar uma contração dos rendimentos reais, além da intensificação do trabalho e da alteração do perfil dos aeronautas, sobretudo na redução dos vínculos de trabalho de longa duração. Observamos que dentre os aeronautas, os comissários de bordo absorveram os maiores impactos, tanto pela elevação da rotatividade, como pela contração dos rendimentos reais e pelo aumento dos vínculos de trabalho de curta duração. Diante desse cenário, de forte instabilidade e de pesada ofensiva das empresas aéreas, buscando flexibilizar as relações de trabalho e reduzir custos, os trabalhadores conseguiram resistir, o Sindicato dos Aeronautas-SNA conseguiu preservar a regulamentação da categoria, bem como o padrão das negociações coletivas, ainda que esse período tenha-se notabilizado pela fragilidade sindical (baixa sindicalização e descolamento da base) e pela fragmentação da representação dos trabalhadores do setor. / Abstract: In this thesis we analyze the changes in the air transport sector in Brazil between 1990 and 2006 as well as the main impacts on labor relations in the sector. To understand these changes, we initially analyze the airline industry since the creation of the first companies, the formation of its regulatory framework, until the period of intense movements of expansion and contraction of the sector. In a more recent period, we seek to draw a parallel among three aspects: macroeconomic, regulatory, and those associated to management strategies adopted by airlines. Considering this scenario, we established a brief description of employment in the sector, with emphasis on the category (Flight Deck Crew and Cabin Crew member), analyzing also the representation of the class and collective bargaining occurred in between 1990 and 2006. It was possible to observe that these changes had affected the air traffic sector in a decisive way. The business performance, as inferred by air traffic, had presented higher growth rates than the GDPgrowth. This good result was driven by demand in the domestic market (ass-km used), which grew 174% in the period. This expansion assured the domestic segment greater participation in relation to the international segment. Nevertheless major airline companies that have operated in the domestic market in the 1990s, as Transbrasil, Varig and Vasp, have disappeared. Varig, after a long agony, was finally absorbed by the group GOL. This radical change did not affect the strong concentration of the sector, which continued with at least two major airlines, snapping up about 90% of the domestic market. We must emphasize also that this period brought to fore a profound change, characterized by the general reduction of total operating costs, launching of new products/services, customer segmentation, technological advances and significant increase in productivity. Never the less the adjustments described above affected workers, causing a precarization of work relations. In this sense, it could be seen a contraction in real incomes, besides na intensification of the working journey. Changes on the employees profile were experienced, especially because of the reduction of working ties of long duration. We noticed that among the category, flight attendants category absorbed the greatest impact, by the increase in turnover, by the contraction in real incomes and also by the increase of short-term employment bonds. Facing this scenario, of strong instability and of heavy offensive by the airlines companies, seeking more flexible employment relationships and reduced costs, the workers were able to resist. The union of category (Flight Deck Crew and Cabin Crew member) -SNA has managed to preserve the rules of the class, as well as the pattern of collective negotiations, although this period has became notorious by a weak union (low unionization and detachment of the base), the fragmentation of worker representation in the sector. / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how support systems enable human control within normal flight operations. The thesis focuses on the use of memory supports during flight, such as a handheld computing device, memory strategies and checklists. The support systems are studied from the theoretical perspective of Human Factors. In particular, decision making theories have contributed to the thesis. From previous research it is found that feedback to the operator in case of a human error is essential to keep him or her in a safe sequence of decisions and actions. To facilitate the pilots’ tasks in cockpit, computing devices are out on the market. Several of the technical aids are computers installed in cockpit whereas others are smaller, portable devices with hardware not specifically designed for use in cockpit. Jump-seat observations have been performed at an airline company to explore the pilots’ work process in cockpit where a handheld computing device, with hardware not specifically designed for cockpit, is in use. Subsequent semi-structured interviews were conducted to receive the pilots’ experiences of findings from the observations and to receive descriptions of decisions and support systems. The thesis includes a description of flight operations from a pilot perspective. The main focus is on operations in the preflight phase where the new computing device is used. Identified characteristics in flight operations are factors such as cooperation, communication, interruptions. Furthermore, identified factors in the decision making were such as routine, environmental constraints, discrete alternatives and dependency between decisions. Feedback points during the sequence of tasks performed with the handheld computing device were distinguished. These points are moments when feedback is possible. For example, when the pilots cross-check tasks they receive feedback from each other. It was found that the pilots did not use every opportunity to receive feedback on their performance. The reason of the non-used feedback point was that it was not required by the Standard Operating Procedures or by any functions or design of the device. Within flight operations in general, it was found that the most important techniques to detect a human error such as a memory lapse were by pilots’ earlier experiences, the use of checklists and by receiving feedback from the other pilot. / QC 20101109

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 15 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, por meio de técnicas da gestão estratégica de custos, os impactos das decisões estratégicas nos custos e na obtenção do resultado operacional das empresas do setor de aviação comercial brasileiro. As técnicas aplicadas neste estudo foram os determinantes de custos e o custo-meta. Por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva e documental, analisam-se quantitativa e qualitativamente os dados das operações de transporte de passageiros das principais companhias aéreas em âmbito doméstico, relativo aos anos de 1997 a 2005. A análise do custo-meta permitiu identificar as transformações no modelo de negócios das empresas, principalmente no que se refere aos custos e às tarifas. Tais transformações foram introduzidas por empresas entrantes durante o período analisado, fazendo com que as empresas já estabelecidas adotassem estratégias de adaptação. Algumas obtiveram êxito e outras simplesmente faliram, abandonando o mercado. Através do determinante de custos estruturais “tecnologia”, a / This work analyzes the impacts of the strategic decisions in costs and in the attainment of the operational result of the Brazilian commercial aviation companies through techniques of strategic cost management. The applied techniques in this study were the costs drivers and target cost. Through a descriptive and documental research, the data of the passengers’ transport operations of the main domestic aerial companies were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively from 1997 to 2005. The analysis of the goal-cost allowed identifying the transformations in the companies’ business model mainly in cost and tariffs. Incoming companies inserted such transformations during the analyzed period. It made the already established companies to adopt adaptation strategies. Some succeeded and other simply failed, abandoning the market. Through the structural cost driver “technology” one analyzed the profile of the companies’ fleet of aircrafts, in that one identified the relationship with two of the main costs, cost with fu

[pt] Desde os primórdios do transporte aéreo, o design de interiores de aeronaves evoluiu de cabines baseadas nos vagões Pullman, adotando interiores baseados em embarcações durante a era dos hidraviões, para finalmente desenvolver um vocabulário formal próprio após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este último período coincide com a crescente participação de designers renomados no projeto de interiores e um dos melhores exemplos é o trabalho de Walter Dorwin Teague para a Boeing, iniciado com o modelo Stratocruiser em 1946, e tendo continuidade até o modelo 777 de última geração. Esta dissertação pretende descrever e analisar a evolução histórica do design de interiores aplicado às aeronaves de passageiros e identificar as fontes de inspiração e os conceitos estéticos aplicados nestes interiores ao longo da história. A dissertação também identifica os designers e profissionais de áreas correlatas (decoradores, arquitetos, fashion designers) que realizaram projetos para esta área, contribuindo para o estabelecimento dos atuais padrões de design de interiores aeronáutico contemporâneo. / [en] Since the early days of air travel, aircraft interior design has matured from cabins based on Pullman railcars, evolving to ocean liner- like interiors, during the era of flying boat travel, to finally develop a proper formal vocabulary after World War II. This later period sees the growing interventions of many well known designers, and one of the best examples is the work of Walter Dorwin Teague for Boeing, starting with the Stratocruiser in 1946 and continuing up to the latest models of the 777.This thesis aims to describe and analyze the historic evolution of interior design as applied to passenger aircraft, to identify the sources of inspiration and esthetic concepts applied throughout history inside passenger aircraft cabins. The thesis also identifies industrial designers and professionals of related fields (decorators, architects, fashion designers) who have developed designs for this area, contributing to setting the state of the art in contemporary aeronautical interior design.