La configuration du droit des affaires en Afrique est intimement liée à l’histoire coloniale, histoire d’une compétition entre puissances qui se décline aujourd’hui en compétition de fait entre systèmes juridiques. Le processus de l’OHADA, entamé et mené en grande pompe, s’est contenté d’une harmonisation interne du droit des pays civilistes, avec une large coïncidence entre les règles adoptés et celles qui constituent le droit français des affaires. Ce droit « harmonisé » des affaires laisse donc de côté le droit des pays de common law, l’autre facette du paysage juridique africain et il s’en dégage des clivages entre juristes de deux bords.Mais les clivages ne se limitent pas à cette dichotomie droit civil-common law. A côté de ces systèmes proclamés, existe une régulation informelle dont la prise en compte est indispensable à qui veut comprendre la règle qui régit les affaires en Afrique. L’enjeu est dès lors multiple : Un rapprochement est souhaitable et possible entre le droit OHADA et la common law. La proximité entre les pays et les peuples dont relèvent ces deux systèmes est telle qu’on se demande comment est-ce possible de maintenir les cloisons. Rapprocher la common law de l’OHADA ne voudrait pourtant pas dire les remplacer par un système de substitution et de consensus, belle vue de l’esprit du reste. C’est donc plus la compatibilité que l’uniformité qui est recherchée. Cet objectif parait en tout cas plus en adéquation avec la logique de recherche d’attractivité qui est celle du droit des affaires. Cette étude insiste donc sur cette ouverture vers « l’autre » système, tout en soulignant l’importance du secteur informel, des us et coutumes qui en découlent. / The configuration of business law in Africa is intimately linked to its colonial history, a story of competition between powerful groups, evident today in the competition between legal systems. The process of “OHADA”, which started with such ceremony, has ultimately contented itself with an internal harmonization of the legal systems of countries with a civil law system. There is a notable correlation between the adopted rules and French business law. This “harmonized” law, therefore, ignores countries with common law systems, the other facet of the African legal landscape, generating tensions between lawyers on both sides.Nevertheless, the divisions are not limited to the dichotomy civil law-common law. Informal regulation exists alongside both these legal systems, and they must be taken into account if the rules that govern business in Africa are to be understood. This generates a multiple challenge: bringing OHADA law and common law closer is both desirable and possible. The proximity between these people and countries is too close to justify the existing differences. Nevertheless, bringing common law and OHADA closer, does not mean replacing them with a new common system, which seems unrealistic. Compatibility, rather than uniformity, would be the desired result, offering a better fit with the search of attractiveness, which is in the essence of business law. This study therefore promotes an open approach of the “other” system, while underlining the importance of the informal sector, based on custom and usages.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Philosophy

No abstract available. / Theses (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013

According to legislation, common law and case law, South African educators have a responsibility to ensure the safety of learners. Above all, God has placed children in our care and it is our God-given duty to take care of them. For educators to be able to perform this duty of care as it should be, they need to be equipped with the necessary legal knowledge. However, the acquisition of this knowledge remains the primary responsibility of each educator. Other educational role-players also have some moral obligation and responsibility to assist educators in attaining such knowledge. As educators should acquaint themselves with the relevant legislation regarding duty of care, such legislation should be accessible to all educators. Principals should encourage educators to become acquainted with the content of the relevant education laws. All the determinants regarding duty of care ought to be general knowledge to educators. Principles such as what torts comprise of, the requirements of delictual accountability, reasonable foreseeability and preventability and the reasonable educator test should be as well-known as subject didactical knowledge. Real-life situations and case law should be used to ensure a clear understanding of these principles. Tendencies in international law should also be communicated to educators. This study determined that educators do not have sound legal knowledge to meet the minimum requirements set by legislation, common law and case law. Tertiary institutions will have to compile training programs urgently so that education departments, trade unions, governing bodies and principals can make it available to educators, who, in turn can empower themselves with relevant, practical education law knowledge. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

L'émergence de l'ophtalmologie en tant que spécialité pointue est récente, contemporaine de l'aire de la révolution technologique. Cette discipline ne s'exerce qu'en présence de dispositifs médicaux et ses spécificités sont aussi liées aux particularités de l'organe responsable de la fonction visuelle. Mais justifient-elles un traitement particulier de la responsabilité de l'ophtalmologiste ? Médicale, chirurgicale et fonctionnelle cette discipline embrasse de nombreux champs de la responsabilité médicale. Les réponses en vue de la réparation du dommage produit, sont examinées au regard de la causalité qu'une perte de chance relativise fréquemment. Le fait originel obéit aux qualifications habituelles, mais l'incidence du défaut des produits prend un relief particulier au côté de la faute, de l'aléa et de l'infection nosocomiale. Les frontières des qualifications évoluent dans le temps et participent outre une certaine ambiguïté, à alimenter les procédures. Le contexte d'exercice et le développement du consumérisme modifient la jurisprudence. Ils sont à l'origine de la loi du 4 mars 2002, tournant de la relation médecin malade, qui assoie les récents revirements de jurisprudence, notamment sur le plan de l'information. Elle créé les commissions de conciliation et d'indemnisation qui transcendent les voies judiciaires et administratives sans les supprimer. Ouvertes aux préjudices visuels, les critères de gravité liés tant à leur accès et qu'à la solidarité nationale renforcent les tensions autour de l'oeil par un seul fait arithmétique. En fait, ces différentes instances ne tiennent pas compte du particularisme de l'exercice mais intègrent leur raisonnement en droit commun. / The ophtalmology has very old history; it's recently appeared like a speciality because of the technological revolution. The specificities of the discipline are applied only with medical devices and are connected with the peculiarities of this organ ; the eye is manager of the visual function. But do they justify a particular treatment of the ophtalmologist responsibility? It's a medical, surgical and functional discipline which opens so many medical responsibilities. Answers to repair the ophthalmologist intervention damage are examined face to causality, the loose of lucky often reduce it. The original fact obeys to the usual qualifications, but the incidence of the default product is particular next to the fault, the hazard and the hospital-borne infection. Qualifications limit differ with the time and play with a certain ambiguity to create so many process for the ophthalmologist. The practicing context and the consumer society development m odify the case law which doesn't miss and are of the origin of an Act. The recent cases laws completes changes, particular for patient information, are to the origin of the Act of 4 March 2002 and show a modification of the patient doctor relation. The Act creates reconciliation and compensation board which transcend judicial and administrative ways without deleting them. Those last one are open to the visual damages. The seriousness criteria linked to access and national solidarity increase problems around the eye by a only arithmetical fact. In my opinion, these different authorities don't take care about the particularism of exercise but integrate their arguments into common law.

Exposé des raisons de fait et de droit qui fondent le dispositif, « mobiles psychologiques » ayant conduit le juge à se forger sa conviction, telle est la motivation des décisions de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Parce qu'elle cherche à la fois à justifier et à expliquer les choix du juge, la motivation strasbourgeoise ne se conçoit pas comme une simple déduction purement logique. Elle est aussi un acte important de rhétorique. La Cour accorde une importance particulière au fait d'emporter l'adhésion de l'auditoire afin que celui-ci réceptionne de façon spontanée ses décisions et le droit qu'elle produit. C'est en faisant appel à la raison que la Cour entend affirmer son autorité et réaliser la mission qu'elle s'est fixée : former un droit commun européen des droits de l'homme. A la fois moyen de renforcement de la légitimité du juge et condition de la légitimité de ses décisions, la motivation contribue à nourrir la confiance des justiciables et des Etats parties dans la justice européenne. Dotée d'une fonction pédagogique, la motivation permet aussi à la Cour de persuader l'auditoire et d'inciter les Etats à la réception de sa jurisprudence. De ces différentes fonctions découlent alors une certaine manière de motiver. Certes, l'exposé des motifs n'est pas exempt de critiques. Il révèle régulièrement les erreurs, les manipulations et les excès d'un juge au pouvoir normatif certain. Mais le nombre considérable de décisions rendues invite à conclure au caractère satisfaisant de la motivation. Les efforts de la Cour pour construire un style judiciaire de qualité, mais aussi adapter de façon constante le contenu de sa motivation et « coller » de ce fait au plus près des réalités de la société démocratique européenne, doivent en effet être soulignés. / The motivation of the European Court of Human Rights' judgments is based both on the exposition of reasons containing elements of fact and law and on the “psychological motives” that allow the European judge to build up his convictions. The motivation included in the judgment tries both to justify and explain the Court's choice. So, it can't be considered only as a purely logical deduction. It is also an important act of rhetoric. The European Court wishes her audience to accept its case law in a spontaneous and voluntary way. The Court chooses therefore to appeal to good sense rather than constraint to assert its case law authority and so fulfill its long term mission which consists in building a European common law on Human Rights . The motivation contributes to build the legitimacy of the European Court's decisions. It also allows the public and the Contracting States to trust the European justice and to acknowledge the legitimacy of its decisions. It means that the motivation is also a teaching method helping to receive its case law and to accept the European supervision. To achieve this aim, the Court chose different strategies that sometimes show the mistakes, the manipulations or the excesses of the European Court's function. Nevertheless, the general opinion on the Court's motivation is positive and helps to adapt its contents to the realities of the democratic European society. The European Court's efforts to build a quality style of judgments must be also underlined.

This thesis is concerned with the issues of unconditional imprisonment with the focus on early release of prisoners. A comparison of legal framework in the Czech Republic and the Great Britain is provided. The first chapter deals with the meaning and objectives of punishment. It shows a history of legal theories in the world and the Czech Republic as well. The following chapter provides an explanation of these legal theories in the Czech legislature as basic sentencing principles. Moving further into the detail it provides a legal framework of unconditional imprisonment in the Czech Republic. The third chapter gives a brief look at the history of legal framework of imprisonment on the international, European and national level. The thesis gives a thorough examination of the early release in the Czech law in its first main part. It evaluates its advantages, disadvantages and implications. The same process is made in the second main part of the thesis concerning the early release in Common law using the doctrine of judicial precedent. Following that evaluation a comparison of particular legal institutes of the early release is provided. Recommendations for improvement of the Czech legal framework are mentioned in the last part of the thesis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

A real property law inglesa é um tema pouco estudado na tradição jurídica de base romanística, e menos ainda no Brasil. Mesmo a literatura comparatística tem minimizado, ou mesmo omitido, o estudo abrangente das fontes inglesas ao analisar o tema, resultando na ausência de trabalhos escritos desde uma perspectiva do direito privado continental que analisem com maior profundidade os principais elementos formativos dos direitos reais sobre bens imóveis de matriz inglesa. As referências e alusões ao sistema do common law, contudo, são hoje cada vez mais freqüentes nos ordenamentos de matriz civilística, principalmente em razão da maior interação entre ordenamentos pertencentes a sistemas jurídicos de tradição histórica diversa. Portanto, para estabelecer diálogos relevantes, deve-se dedicar atenção especial aos principais elementos de formação do sistema de direito inglês, de modo a desvendar sua particular estrutura e terminologia. O primeiro passo para estabelecer esse diálogo é conhecer os elementos que deram origem ao sistema do common law. Dado o forte vínculo do direito inglês com a sua história, torna-se necessário o estudo da real property law por meio de uma análise das suas fontes históricas que revele tanto a estrutura conceitual quanto o sentido das expressões e dos institutos mais típicos do sistema do common law. É esse estudo que pretendemos realizar neste trabalho, mediante a análise da formação histórica das tenures, dos estates, da equity e dos trusts. Uma pesquisa baseada nas fontes relativas à formação da real property law traz a vantagem adicional de fornecer uma visão ampla acerca da natureza e o funcionamento do sistema do common law como um todo, na medida em que o desenvolvimento primário do direito inglês esteve associado à estrutura dos direitos reais sobre bens imóveis na Inglaterra. Desse contexto derivam, em larga medida, as particularidades e as características que tornam o sistema do common law, em muitos aspectos, diverso dos sistemas jurídicos de tradição romanística. A busca por uma aproximação entre os sistemas pertencentes a essas duas tradições jurídicas exige uma compreensão dos elementos que deram origem à diversidade entre elas. Nossa proposta é, justamente, identificar esses elementos e torná-los compreensíveis desde uma perspectiva civilística, por meio de uma análise das fontes inglesas mais relevantes para o tema. / English real property law is not a subject very often studied in the legal tradition based on Roman law, and even less so in Brazil. Even comparative writers have tended to minimize, if not altogether omit, a comprehensive study of the English sources when discussing the subject, resulting in a lack of literature, written from the perspective of continental private law, that analyses in greater depth the main formative elements of the law of real property based on the English legal model. The references and allusions to the common law legal system, however, have become increasingly more frequent in civil law contexts, largely due to the greater degree of interaction between legal systems belonging to different historical traditions. Thus, in order to establish meaningful dialogues, special attention must be given to the main factors that shaped the English legal system, thereby unveiling its specific structure and terminology. The firs step towards establishing such a dialogue is to understand the elements that gave birth to the common law legal system. Given the strong connection English law has with its history, it is necessary to study the real property law through an analysis of its historical sources, which will reveal the conceptual structure and the meaning of the most typical expressions and institutions of the English legal system. That is the task undertaken herein, to be accomplished through the study of the historical inception of the doctrine of tenures, the doctrine of estates, equity and trusts. A study based on the sources regarding the formation of the real property law brings the additional advantage of providing a broad outlook on the nature and operation of the English legal system as a whole, as the primary development of English law was associated to the structure of rights over land in England. That context is the cause, to a large extent, of the peculiarities and characteristics that make the English legal system, in many ways, different from legal systems based on Roman law. The pursuit for a closer interaction between the legal systems that belong to those two legal traditions requires an understanding of the elements that determined their differences. The object of this research is to identify those elements and make them comprehensible from a civilian perspective, by means of an analysis of the most relevant English sources on the subject.

Con la puesta en vigencia del Código Procesal Constitucional se introdujo al sistema jurídico peruano la figura del precedente constitucional vinculante. A la luz de dicha regulación, el Tribunal Constitucional ha emitido un sin número de precedentes vinculantes, los cuales demuestran ausencia de racionalidad en la formación de estos, principalmente por los siguientes aspectos: formación abstracta del precedente constitucional, esto es, un precedente creado al margen de los hechos del caso concreto; y a partir de la ausencia de conexión entre el precedente y los hechos, se fijan como extremos vinculantes aquellos razonamientos que no son la ratio decidendi. Bajo este contexto, cabe preguntarse: ¿Es racional el modus operandi del Tribunal Constitucional en la formación e identificación del precedente constitucional? ¿Se pueden interpretar los artículos VI y VII del Título Preliminar del Código Procesal Constitucional de manera distinta a la interpretación efectuada por el Tribunal Constitucional? Pues bien, con la expresión «precedente vinculante» se alude a la obligación que tienen los jueces y tribunales de seguir decisiones anteriores al tomar una decisión posterior. La doctrina del precedente, surgida en la tradición del common law, gira entorno a los hechos del caso particular. Así, las categorías que influyen en la comprensión de su significado y alcances -ratio decidendi, obiter dicta, distinguishing u overruling- solo pueden ser comprendidas a la luz de los hechos que configuran el caso en el que es creado, así como los hechos del caso en el que debe ser aplicado. A partir de ello, el precedente no es otra cosa más que la ratio decidendi construida para decidir un caso particular. Por eso, sin hechos no hay precedente. / With the enactment of the Constitutional Procedural Code, the figure of the binding constitutional precedent was introduced to the Peruvian legal system. In light of this regulation, the Constitutional Court has issued a number of binding precedents, which demonstrate absence of rationality in the formation of these, mainly by the following aspects: abstract formation of the constitutional precedent, that is, a precedent created regardless of the facts of the specific case; and from the absence of connection between the precedent and the facts, those arguments that are not the ratio decidendi are fixed as binding ends. In this context, it is worth asking: Is the modus operandi of the Constitutional Court rational in the formation and identification of the constitutional precedent? Can articles VI and VII of the Preliminary Title of the Constitutional Procedural Code be interpreted differently from the interpretation made by the Constitutional Court? Well, the term "binding precedent" refers to the obligation of judges and courts to follow previous decisions when making a subsequent decision. The doctrine of precedent, arising in the common law tradition, revolves around the facts of the particular case. Thus, the categories that influence the understanding of their meaning and scope -ratio decidendi, obiter dicta, distinguishing or overruling- can only be understood in the light of the facts that make up the case in which it is created, as well as the facts of the case in which it must be applied. From this, the precedent is nothing more than the ratio decidendi built to decide a particular case. Therefore, without facts there is no precedent. / Tesis