O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os binômios que ocorrem em contratos de common law à luz da Lingüística de Corpus, procurando dar subsídios que auxiliem os tradutores de textos jurídicos a chegar a uma tradução natural, ou seja, para que traduzam linguagem jurídica por linguagem jurídica. Os binômios são formados por duas palavras pertencentes à mesma categoria gramatical, ligadas pela conjunção and ou or. Alguns exemplos são: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Os binômios são uma marca do inglês jurídico e como tal têm sido objeto de diversos estudos. O mesmo, porém, não ocorre com a linguagem jurídica em português. Assim, ao lidar com a tradução de binômios, estudos mostram que os tradutores brasileiros se apegam à opção mais literal. A escolha de estudar os binômios nos contratos de common law se deve ao fato de estarem os contratos entre os documentos mais difíceis de traduzir e de ler e por terem uma altíssima concentração de binômios. Por essas razões, para estudar os binômios na linguagem jurídica em inglês e dar elementos para o tradutor chegar à tradução em português do Brasil, compilamos um corpus comparável de agreements e contratos autênticos perfazendo, aproximadamente, 1 milhão de palavras - 705 744 em inglês e 289 984 em português - composto por 5 amostras de 28 espécies de contratos e agreements, totalizando 140 documentos em cada língua. O corpus foi explorado de acordo com os princípios e ferramentas da Lingüística de Corpus. Para etiquetar o corpus usamos o programa CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) do UCREL (Universidade de Lancaster) e para explorá-lo, o WordSmith Tools de Mike Scott. / This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL\'s CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott\'s WordSmith Tools.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Münster, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Any contractual operation has a risk, which can be assumed by one of the parties, as agreed. In this context, it is common for cases of delays due to concurrent causes imputable to both parties, which can generate a high difficulty when assigning the risk. In this article, the author explains, from a comparative perspective, the different possibilities of solution in front of cases related with the concurrent delay controversies. It analyzes the various doctrines developed both in the Civil Law tradition and in the Common Law. / Toda operación contractual conlleva un riesgo, el cual puede ser asumido por una de las partes según lo convenido. En ese contexto, es habitual que se presenten casos de demora (por causas concurrentes imputable a ambas partes, lo cual puede generar una gran dificultad al momento de asignar el riesgo. En el presente artículo, el autor explica, desde una perspectiva comparada, las diferentes posibilidades de solución frente a las controverisas relacionadas con la mora concurrente. Se analiza las diversas doctrinas desarrolladas tanto en la tradición del Civil Law como del Common Law.

Within the past decade, there has been considerable debate amongst lawyers in most European and North American jurisdictions on standardized contracts. The realisation that these contracts did not fit into the framework of the law of contract elaborated by nineteenth-centry theorists, induced judges and academic alike to fashion concepts and mechanisms in order to tackle the undoubted injustices which were concomitant with the use of standardized contracts. These well meaning attemtps, while affording some protection to weaker contracting parties, were nevertheless productive of uncertainty and inconsistency. Hence, there has been in recent years a spate of legislation designed to deal with standardized contracts directly or indirectly. The adoption of modern economic institutions and also of Western legal systems in Cameroon has brought about significant problems in the realm of contract. The widespread illiteracy in Cameroon, the lack of commercial sophistication of the bulk of the populace, and the use of standardized contracts, have created problems of a much wider dimension than those to be found in the developed countries. This thesis involves a study in comparative law. It charts the ways in which the English and French courts have addressed the problems of standardized contracts. It also delves into how the Cameroonian courts have dealt with them, revealing the incongruities inherent in the application of concepts which have been evolved in a different country with distinct motives, in another country with entirely different social realities. Finally, this thesis looks at the legislative innovation; brought to this area of the law by four European countries and discerns what lessons can be learned from them by Cameroonian legislators in dealing with the problems of standardized contracts in Cameroon. All this is achieved by pulling together legal analysis and comments by Anglo-Americans and European scholars, and by weaving into the text nearly all important English, French, Cameroonian and indeed American cases on this subject.

In any contractual operation, risks are presented, which have a significant cost in economic operations. In view of this, the parties, in exercise of their contractual freedom, regulate the allocation of risks in the most appropriate way to their needs, seeking efficiency. In this article, the author explains the importance of risks in contractual operations, the reason for the modification of legal provisions of risk allocation, and why contracts should be interpreted literally. / En toda operación contractual, se presentan riesgos, los cuales tienen un costo significativo en las operaciones económicas. Ante ello, las partes, en ejercicio de su libertad contractual, regulan la asignación de los riesgos de la forma más acorde a su necesidad, buscando la eficiencia. En el presente artículo, el autor explica la relevancia de los riegos en las operaciones contractuales, la razón de la modificación de las disposiciones legales de asignación de riesgo y por qué los contratos deben interpretarse literalmente.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os binômios que ocorrem em contratos de common law à luz da Lingüística de Corpus, procurando dar subsídios que auxiliem os tradutores de textos jurídicos a chegar a uma tradução natural, ou seja, para que traduzam linguagem jurídica por linguagem jurídica. Os binômios são formados por duas palavras pertencentes à mesma categoria gramatical, ligadas pela conjunção and ou or. Alguns exemplos são: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Os binômios são uma marca do inglês jurídico e como tal têm sido objeto de diversos estudos. O mesmo, porém, não ocorre com a linguagem jurídica em português. Assim, ao lidar com a tradução de binômios, estudos mostram que os tradutores brasileiros se apegam à opção mais literal. A escolha de estudar os binômios nos contratos de common law se deve ao fato de estarem os contratos entre os documentos mais difíceis de traduzir e de ler e por terem uma altíssima concentração de binômios. Por essas razões, para estudar os binômios na linguagem jurídica em inglês e dar elementos para o tradutor chegar à tradução em português do Brasil, compilamos um corpus comparável de agreements e contratos autênticos perfazendo, aproximadamente, 1 milhão de palavras - 705 744 em inglês e 289 984 em português - composto por 5 amostras de 28 espécies de contratos e agreements, totalizando 140 documentos em cada língua. O corpus foi explorado de acordo com os princípios e ferramentas da Lingüística de Corpus. Para etiquetar o corpus usamos o programa CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) do UCREL (Universidade de Lancaster) e para explorá-lo, o WordSmith Tools de Mike Scott. / This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL\'s CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott\'s WordSmith Tools.

Le financement des procès présente de nombreux avantages pour le développement de l'arbitrage international, auparavant inaccessible aux parties impécunieuses. Les systèmes anglo-saxons, traditionnellement contre le financement des procès, commencent à introduire des règlementations facilitant l'accès au financement et promouvant son développement. La sophistication des formes de financement et le statut du tiers financeur apportent cependant une certaine complexité à l'exercice par l'arbitre de son pouvoir et au déroulement de la procédure arbitrale. Cette dernière reste gérer par le consensus des parties et la confidentialité de la procédure. La divulgation de l'accord de financement et la détermination du statut du financeur sont parmi les questions que posent l'existence d'un tiers dans la procédure arbitrale. / Third-party funding presents various advantages for the development of international arbitration, previously inaccessible for insolvent parties. Common law systems, traditionally against the funding of litigation, are recently adopting regulations allowing access to funding and promoting its development. The sophistication of the forms of funding and the status of third-party funder give rise to certain challenges with regard to the exercise by the arbitrator of his/her powers and the administration of the arbitration process. This process remains widely governed by the will of the parties and the confidentiality of the procedure. The disclosure of the funding agreement and determining the status of the funder are amongst the various questions triggered by the presence of a third-party in the arbitration process.

No description available.

En este artículo el autor, partiendo de un contexto histórico preliminar, nos permite analizar el surgimiento de la personalidad jurídica, las teorías que la desarrollan y el concepto de la misma. Además desarrolla claramente el concepto de velo societario y su calificacion jurídica. Finalmente expone un breve análisis en relación a la propuesta de reforma al Código Civil presentada en el 2006."

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Esta tesis buscará, en primer lugar, otorgar una somera descripción de los contratos, para entrar después a los contratos internacionales; en ambos casos con un enfoque hacia la compraventa, principal instrumento mediante el cual se desarrolla el comercio internacional. Una vez propuesta una definición de los contratos internacionales, detallaremos los distintos métodos que ha distinguido la doctrina para determinar la ley que se aplicará a los conflictos que puedan surgir en su celebración, ejecución o terminación. El de mayor aplicación práctica se remite a normas nacionales, lo que hace necesario estudiar los distintos enfoques de los contratos comerciales en el derecho comparado, específicamente en el sistema legal presentado como opuesto al nuestro, el Common Law.