Diante da complexidade que assumiram as relações sociais e intergovernamentais no cenário contemporâneo, teorias clássicas não se mostram mais aptas para compreender o inter-relacionamento na proporção reclamada. Nesse matiz, a teoria da governança multinível apresenta uma nova perspectiva para buscar compreender as relações federativas tecidas nos mais diversos níveis (governamentais e não governamentais), sobretudo considerando o prisma endógeno (partindo das porções locais e regionais). A justificativa para o estudo da governança multinível também se mostra ao passo que enfrenta a complexidade dos processos de tomada de decisão em países federativos, contribuindo para esclarecer o dilema da ação coletiva, encorajando a ampliação de estruturas verticais e horizontais, dotadas de um processo decisório coeso e transparente, propiciando, nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento regional. Assim, a pesquisa objetiva analisar qual a contribuição da governança multinível para o processo de desenvolvimento regional em territórios de fronteira com base no estudo do Consórcio Intermunicipal da Fronteira (CIF). No aspecto metodológico, adotou-se a estratégia de estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, com objetivos descritivos e exploratórios, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, esta última instrumentalizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores do CIF. Como resultados verificou-se que a governança multinível contribui para o melhoramento das relações intergovernamentais no contexto federativo brasileiro e funciona como elo entre a intenção e a realização concreta do desenvolvimento regional impulsionado desde a base, possibilitando a inserção democrática no processo. Verificou-se, ainda, que os consórcios públicos intermunicipais são importantes instrumentos de articulação e funcionam como estratégia para o desenvolvimento, não apenas dos municípios envolvidos, mas de todo o entorno regional, pois oportunizam o planejamento, implementação e gestão compartilhada de políticas públicas para resolver problemas de vivência comum, outorgando visibilidade da região perante os demais níveis (estadual, federal e internacional) o que favorece a fluidez dos primados da governança multinível. / Given the complexity that social and intergovernmental relations took in the contemporary scene, classical theories of integration aren’t able to show better understand of the inter-relationship claimed. In that nuance, the theory of multilevel governance presents a new perspective to try to understand the federative relations on its various levels (governmental and nongovernmental), especially considering the endogenous prism (starting from the local and regional portions). A reason for the study of multilevel governance is also shown when facing the complexity of decision- making processes in federative countries, clarifying the dilemma of collective action, encouraging the expansion of vertical and horizontal structures, gifted with a coherent and transparent decision-making process, providing, in this context, regional development. Therefore, the research aims to analyze the contribution, based on the study of the Intermunicipal Consortium of Frontier (CIF), of multilevel governance to regional development process in border regions. On the methodological aspect, it was adopted the case study strategy, qualitative approach, with descriptive and exploratory goals, accomplished through literature, documentary and field research, this one instrumented from semi-structured interviews with managers from CIF. As a result it was found that the multilevel governance contributes to the improvement of intergovernmental relations, in federative context, and serves as a link between intention and realization of regional development from the ground, enabling the democratic participation in the process. It was also found that the Intermunicipal consortium are important tools for coordination and work as a development strategy, not only for the municipalities involved, but also for the entire regional surroundings because they enable to plan, implement and manage shared public policies to solve common experience problems, giving visibility to the region over other governmental levels (state, federal and international) which favors the fluidity of multilevel governance primates.

Diante da complexidade que assumiram as relações sociais e intergovernamentais no cenário contemporâneo, teorias clássicas não se mostram mais aptas para compreender o inter-relacionamento na proporção reclamada. Nesse matiz, a teoria da governança multinível apresenta uma nova perspectiva para buscar compreender as relações federativas tecidas nos mais diversos níveis (governamentais e não governamentais), sobretudo considerando o prisma endógeno (partindo das porções locais e regionais). A justificativa para o estudo da governança multinível também se mostra ao passo que enfrenta a complexidade dos processos de tomada de decisão em países federativos, contribuindo para esclarecer o dilema da ação coletiva, encorajando a ampliação de estruturas verticais e horizontais, dotadas de um processo decisório coeso e transparente, propiciando, nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento regional. Assim, a pesquisa objetiva analisar qual a contribuição da governança multinível para o processo de desenvolvimento regional em territórios de fronteira com base no estudo do Consórcio Intermunicipal da Fronteira (CIF). No aspecto metodológico, adotou-se a estratégia de estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa, com objetivos descritivos e exploratórios, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, esta última instrumentalizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores do CIF. Como resultados verificou-se que a governança multinível contribui para o melhoramento das relações intergovernamentais no contexto federativo brasileiro e funciona como elo entre a intenção e a realização concreta do desenvolvimento regional impulsionado desde a base, possibilitando a inserção democrática no processo. Verificou-se, ainda, que os consórcios públicos intermunicipais são importantes instrumentos de articulação e funcionam como estratégia para o desenvolvimento, não apenas dos municípios envolvidos, mas de todo o entorno regional, pois oportunizam o planejamento, implementação e gestão compartilhada de políticas públicas para resolver problemas de vivência comum, outorgando visibilidade da região perante os demais níveis (estadual, federal e internacional) o que favorece a fluidez dos primados da governança multinível. / Given the complexity that social and intergovernmental relations took in the contemporary scene, classical theories of integration aren’t able to show better understand of the inter-relationship claimed. In that nuance, the theory of multilevel governance presents a new perspective to try to understand the federative relations on its various levels (governmental and nongovernmental), especially considering the endogenous prism (starting from the local and regional portions). A reason for the study of multilevel governance is also shown when facing the complexity of decision- making processes in federative countries, clarifying the dilemma of collective action, encouraging the expansion of vertical and horizontal structures, gifted with a coherent and transparent decision-making process, providing, in this context, regional development. Therefore, the research aims to analyze the contribution, based on the study of the Intermunicipal Consortium of Frontier (CIF), of multilevel governance to regional development process in border regions. On the methodological aspect, it was adopted the case study strategy, qualitative approach, with descriptive and exploratory goals, accomplished through literature, documentary and field research, this one instrumented from semi-structured interviews with managers from CIF. As a result it was found that the multilevel governance contributes to the improvement of intergovernmental relations, in federative context, and serves as a link between intention and realization of regional development from the ground, enabling the democratic participation in the process. It was also found that the Intermunicipal consortium are important tools for coordination and work as a development strategy, not only for the municipalities involved, but also for the entire regional surroundings because they enable to plan, implement and manage shared public policies to solve common experience problems, giving visibility to the region over other governmental levels (state, federal and international) which favors the fluidity of multilevel governance primates.

nÃo hà / A implantaÃÃo do ConsÃrcio PÃblico de SaÃde da MicrorregiÃo de Sobral â Cearà trouxe um grande incremento na oferta de procedimentos especializados em SaÃde Bucal à 11a RegiÃo de SaÃde do Estado do CearÃ. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o serviÃo de atenÃÃo especializada nesta RegiÃo de SaÃde, apÃs implantaÃÃo deste ConsÃrcio. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo exploratÃrio-descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa por meio da coleta e anÃlise de dados secundÃrios de oferta, utilizaÃÃo e financiamento desse serviÃo especializado e da aplicaÃÃo de entrevista semiestruturada aos Coordenadores de SaÃde Bucal dos municÃpios consorciados. Os resultados evidenciaram que a unidade de saÃde parece estar adequadamente preparada para atender à demanda pactuada. Contudo, foram encontradas algumas barreiras geogrÃficas (distÃncia de alguns municÃpios à sede do serviÃo, carÃncia de meios de transporte para o deslocamento dos pacientes), financeiras (custos desse transporte) e organizacionais (oferta de vagas no turno da noite e a falta de uma oferta adequada de procedimentos, baseada em dados epidemiolÃgicos). Essas barreiras parecem explicar bem a baixa taxa mÃdia de aproveitamento de marcaÃÃo de consultas (58,6%), a alta taxa mÃdia de pacientes faltosos (20%) e a baixa taxa mÃdia de utilizaÃÃo do serviÃo (46,2%), que trazem consigo um importante impacto financeiro para os municÃpios consorciados e uma clara incapacidade no cumprimento dos princÃpios do SUS. A ampla discussÃo a respeito dessas dificuldades à necessÃria para que se consiga melhores taxas de utilizaÃÃo do serviÃo ofertado, justificando assim o alto investimento na construÃÃo de uma rede assistencial em saÃde bucal nesta regiÃo. / The implantation of the Consortium of Public Health in Microregion Sobral - Cearà brought a large increase in the supply of specialized procedures in oral health in the 11th Region Health of the State of CearÃ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specialized service in this care Health Region after implantation of this Consortium. To this end, we carried out a descriptive exploratory study with a quantitative approach by collecting and analyzing secondary data supply, utilization and financing of specialized service and application of semi-structured interview to Oral Health Coordinators municipalities consortium. The results showed that the health unit appears to be adequately prepared to meet the demands agreed. However, we found some geographical barriers (distance of some municipalities to host the service, lack of means of transport for the movement of patients), financial (cost of transport) and organizational (offer procedures at night and the lack of an offer proper procedures, based on epidemiological data). These barriers seem well explain the low average utilization of appointments (58.6%), high average rate of missing patients (20%) and low average utilization rate of service (46.2%), which bring with a significant financial impact on municipalities consortium and a clear inability on the fulfillment of the principles of the SUS. A broad discussion of these difficulties is necessary so that we can better utilization rates of the service offered, thus justifying the high investment in building a network of oral health care in this region.

The availability of small areas for cultivation together with the technical and economic deficiencies often aggravated by socio-cultural aspects, creating the small farms, a scenario likely to farming practices with a high degree of unsustainability. From this contest was held this field study, between September 2008 and October 2009 an agrarian reform settlement aimed at examining different forms of soil management, its potential for improving soil quality and its implications for socioeconomic in small farms. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots with four replications. The treatments consisted of plots of crop systems: maize + cowpea (M + FC), maize + Pigeon pea dwarf (M + GA); corn + velvet bean (M + MP) and maize monocrop (MS). The sub-plots by the forms of fertilizer: organic source - turkey litter (AO); Without the addition of nutrients (SA) and mineral source - NPK (AM). We assessed aspects related to grain yield of corn, physical and chemical properties of soil in two layers (0-5 and 5-10 cm depth) and socioeconomic aspects of managements. Water stress led to a negative effect of M + FC on grain yield of maize, which in turn was not affected by M + MP, and were higher in treatments with AM (P <0.05). Cultures GA and MP had the highest intakes of nitrogen (N) via aboveground. The cropping systems showed positive results for bulk density and soil porosity. There was a tendency to decrease in aggregate stability for all systems studied, including the fallow treatment. There was no increase (P <0.05) of soil organic carbon (COT) of the systems studied, only attenuated the decrease of this natural element. Showed an increase (P> 0.05) compared to the initial content of N in the soil, and the consortium M + MP which showed the highest levels in both studied layers. The study also found decreased (P <0.05) in the attributes SMP pH, base saturation, exchangeable potassium content, reflecting the increase (P <0.05) in aluminum saturation. Another aspect observed was the increase (P <0.05) CTCpH7.em both layers. The systems studied showed net negative reflections of the high cost of some inputs and low yields obtained. The demand for labor by the managements of the systems has been affected by sowing cover crops for soil, and the management of these, either by restricting the growth of vegetation or the harvest of the seeds. Although it was short time for consistent evaluations, the results obtained by cropping systems indicate that there are gains in productive aspects, contribution of COT and N, especially in soil physical properties. This condition reflects the possibility of replacing the "conventional" system of cultivation of maize by the systems studied, with gains in sustainability, in many ways. / A disponibilidade de pequenas áreas para cultivo aliada as deficiências técnicas e econômicas, agravadas muitas vezes por aspectos sócio-culturais, cria nas pequenas propriedades, um cenário propenso a práticas agropecuárias com elevado grau de insustentabilidade. A partir deste contesto, foi realizado este estudo de campo, no período de setembro de 2008 e outubro de 2009, num assentamento de reforma agrária objetivando investigar diferentes formas de manejo de solo, seu potencial de melhoria na qualidade do solo e suas implicações sócio-econômicas em pequenas propriedades rurais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos nas parcelas pelos sistemas de cultivo: Milho + Feijão caupi (M + FC); Milho + Guandu anão (M + GA); Milho + Mucuna preta (M + MP) e Milho em cultivo solteiro (MS). Nas sub-parcelas pelas formas de adubação: Fonte orgânica cama de peru (AO); Sem adição de nutrientes (SA) e Fonte mineral NPK (AM). Foram avaliados aspectos relacionados ao rendimento de grãos da cultura do milho, atributos físicos e químicos do solo, em duas camadas (0-5 e 5-10 cm de profundidade) e aspectos socioeconômicos dos manejos. O estresse hídrico conduziu a um efeito negativo do M+ FC no rendimento de grãos de milho, que por sua vez não foi afetado por M + MP, e foram superiores nos tratamentos com AM (P<0,05). As culturas GA e MP apresentaram os maiores aportes de nitrogênio (N) via fitomassa aérea. Os sistemas de cultivos apresentaram resultados positivos em relação à densidade volumétrica do solo e porosidade. Observou-se a tendência a diminuição da estabilidade dos agregados para todos os sistemas estudados, inclusive no tratamento em pousio. Não houve incremento (P<0,05) de Carbono orgânico no solo (COT) dos sistemas estudados, apenas atenuaram a diminuição natural deste elemento. Observou-se incremento (P>0,05) em relação aos teores iniciais de N no solo, sendo o consórcio M + MP o que apresentou os maiores teores em ambas camadas estudadas. Também foi constatado diminuição (P<0,05) nos atributos pH SMP, saturação por bases, teor de potássio trocável, com reflexos no acréscimo (P<0,05) da saturação por alumínio. Outro aspecto observado foi o aumento (P<0,05) da CTCpH7.em ambas camadas. Os sistemas estudados apresentaram receita líquida negativa, reflexos do alto custo de alguns insumos e baixas produtividades obtidas. A demanda de mão de obra por parte dos manejos dos sistemas foi impactada pela semeadura das plantas de cobertura de solo, e pelo manejo dessas, seja pela contenção do crescimento vegetativo ou pela colheita das sementes. Embora tenha sido curto espaço de tempo para avaliações consistentes, os resultados obtidos pelos sistemas de cultivo indicam haver ganhos, em aspectos produtivos, aporte de COT e N, sobretudo, em atributos físicos do solo. Esta condição reflete na possibilidade de substituir o sistema convencional de cultivo do milho pelos sistemas estudados, com ganhos em sustentabilidade, sob vários aspectos.

Computing is becoming exponentially more pervasive, and so-called process of ``Digital Transformation'' is but starting. As computers become ever more relevant, our societies will need computing professionals that are well-equipped to face the many challenges their own discipline amplified. The education of computer scientists, so far, mostly focused on equipping them with technical skills. Society and academia, however, are increasingly recognising computing as a field where disciplines collide and intersect. An example that we investigate is that of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (I&amp;E), a field that has often be used to equip computer science students with soft skills and non-technical competences. Computer science faces some unique problems, among which a lower student interest for non-technical subjects, and a constant process of epistemic and technological obsolescence. This thesis showcases some experiences that aim to address these challenges, going towards (re)connecting the Humans and Machines participating in computer science education with the needs of the World of today and tomorrow. Our work combines some theoretical reflections with pedagogical experiments, to ensure that our work has at the same time descriptive power and empirical validation. To aid teachers and learners in the change process, these experiments share a pedagogical approach rooted on Active Learning, ranging from Challenge-Based Learning to Peer Education, to custom-tailored teaching methodologies. In designing each experiment, we start by asking ourselves: how is what we want to teach practiced in the real world? Theoretically, this thesis contributes to the state of the art by conducting a horizontal exploration of how computer science education can enter an age ever more dominated by so-called ambiguity. Methodologically, we propose lightweight techniques for qualitative measurement that are rigorous, but introduce little methodological burden, emphasising our work's reflective and exploratory dimension. Our work aims to show how, using the same broad design process, courses can be flexibly adapted to fit an ever-changing world, including significant disruptions such as the transition to online education.

Universities in the new millennium find themselves in a knowledge-driven economy that is challenging them to produce a qualified and adaptable work force if they are to contribute to societal development. Owing to the structural change in the economy, entrepreneurs require high level scientists, professionals and technicians who not only have the capability to create and support innovations by adapting knowledge to local use but also people with managerial and lifelong learning skills. Such are they who can accelerate changes and make organizations more productive and efficient in the services they render. Consequently, universities in Sub-Saharan Africa are challenged to transform learning so as to produce graduates who have both knowledge and competencies. Such a system will create a balance between university education and the changing labour market. Satisfying these new educational demands are only possible through research and unhindered access to global information resources. Paradoxically, some private university libraries, because of limited funding, find themselves fiscally constrained in the provision of unhindered access to global stores of information particularly at a time of exponential growth both in number and cost of information resources. This had led libraries to re-examine resource sharing as a viable option to meeting the new demands placed on universities. It is for the reasons above that this study examines the practice, problems and prospects of resource-sharing in selected Seventh-day Adventist university libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It examines scientifically the causes of poor sharing practices that are unique to each library, the situational and environmental factors that can enhance resource sharing. It provides also research-based information that will help to determine the best ways by which each library can have greater access to information resources. There are proposals for resolving the problems, and there are recommendations for dealing with the matter on a more permanent basis. The study advances resource-sharing model called Consortium of Adventist University Libraries in Africa (CAULA) as a resource sharing network for Seventh-day Adventist libraries in Africa. The organizational structure for CAULA are outlined and discussed. The proposed cooperation is not only sustainable but also structured to provide efficiency and greater regional cooperation of SDA libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa. / Information Science / DLITT ET PHIL (INF SCIENCE)

Authority control is the backbone of the library catalogue and therefore a critical library activity. Experienced staff create authority records to assist users in their quest for information. The focus of this study is on authority control as a means of co-operation in academic library consortia using a union catalogue maintained by a Central Office for Authority Control. Literature studies were conducted on three sub-problems: the development of academic library consortia in South Africa, and various forms, characteristics and functions of academic library consortia in general; the characteristics, principals and objectives of authority control; and the functions of union catalogues with special reference to the role of Z39.50 within virtual union catalogues. The conclusion was that existing and new authority records should be made available as widely as possible within consortia through a union catalogue. It is however a partial solution, because not all the libraries within the consortium have the expertise to create new authority records. Two empirical studies were conducted. A cost analysis was done to determine the cost of creating and changing authority records within academic library consortia in South Africa, in order to choose a system within which authority control can be performed effectively and speedily. Secondly, a questionnaire was sent to libraries in the United States to gather information on their experiences with regard to authority control, library co-operation in general, and virtual union catalogues. The United States was the natural choice because it could be regarded as the birthplace of modern library consortia. Inferences drawn from the information received was used to develop the structure and functions for a Central Office for Authority Control in academic library consortia in South Africa. It was found that authority control within an academic library consortium using a union catalogue could be conducted most cost-effectively and timeously through such a Central Office for Authority Control. The purpose of the Central Office would be to co-ordinate authority control within the consortium. Pooling available resources within the consortium would keep the cost of authority control as low as possible. Libraries with the required infrastructure and expertise would have the opportunity to create authority records on behalf of other libraries and be compensated for their services. Through such a Central Office more authority records created according to mutually accepted standards would be available for sharing within the consortium. / Information Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Universities in the new millennium find themselves in a knowledge-driven economy that is challenging them to produce a qualified and adaptable work force if they are to contribute to societal development. Owing to the structural change in the economy, entrepreneurs require high level scientists, professionals and technicians who not only have the capability to create and support innovations by adapting knowledge to local use but also people with managerial and lifelong learning skills. Such are they who can accelerate changes and make organizations more productive and efficient in the services they render. Consequently, universities in Sub-Saharan Africa are challenged to transform learning so as to produce graduates who have both knowledge and competencies. Such a system will create a balance between university education and the changing labour market. Satisfying these new educational demands are only possible through research and unhindered access to global information resources. Paradoxically, some private university libraries, because of limited funding, find themselves fiscally constrained in the provision of unhindered access to global stores of information particularly at a time of exponential growth both in number and cost of information resources. This had led libraries to re-examine resource sharing as a viable option to meeting the new demands placed on universities. It is for the reasons above that this study examines the practice, problems and prospects of resource-sharing in selected Seventh-day Adventist university libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It examines scientifically the causes of poor sharing practices that are unique to each library, the situational and environmental factors that can enhance resource sharing. It provides also research-based information that will help to determine the best ways by which each library can have greater access to information resources. There are proposals for resolving the problems, and there are recommendations for dealing with the matter on a more permanent basis. The study advances resource-sharing model called Consortium of Adventist University Libraries in Africa (CAULA) as a resource sharing network for Seventh-day Adventist libraries in Africa. The organizational structure for CAULA are outlined and discussed. The proposed cooperation is not only sustainable but also structured to provide efficiency and greater regional cooperation of SDA libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa. / Information Science / DLITT ET PHIL (INF SCIENCE)

Authority control is the backbone of the library catalogue and therefore a critical library activity. Experienced staff create authority records to assist users in their quest for information. The focus of this study is on authority control as a means of co-operation in academic library consortia using a union catalogue maintained by a Central Office for Authority Control. Literature studies were conducted on three sub-problems: the development of academic library consortia in South Africa, and various forms, characteristics and functions of academic library consortia in general; the characteristics, principals and objectives of authority control; and the functions of union catalogues with special reference to the role of Z39.50 within virtual union catalogues. The conclusion was that existing and new authority records should be made available as widely as possible within consortia through a union catalogue. It is however a partial solution, because not all the libraries within the consortium have the expertise to create new authority records. Two empirical studies were conducted. A cost analysis was done to determine the cost of creating and changing authority records within academic library consortia in South Africa, in order to choose a system within which authority control can be performed effectively and speedily. Secondly, a questionnaire was sent to libraries in the United States to gather information on their experiences with regard to authority control, library co-operation in general, and virtual union catalogues. The United States was the natural choice because it could be regarded as the birthplace of modern library consortia. Inferences drawn from the information received was used to develop the structure and functions for a Central Office for Authority Control in academic library consortia in South Africa. It was found that authority control within an academic library consortium using a union catalogue could be conducted most cost-effectively and timeously through such a Central Office for Authority Control. The purpose of the Central Office would be to co-ordinate authority control within the consortium. Pooling available resources within the consortium would keep the cost of authority control as low as possible. Libraries with the required infrastructure and expertise would have the opportunity to create authority records on behalf of other libraries and be compensated for their services. Through such a Central Office more authority records created according to mutually accepted standards would be available for sharing within the consortium. / Information Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)