A presente tese é um trabalho de pesquisa em design e sustentabilidade, que visa expor uma estratégia para utilização das emoções no desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis. Inicialmente houve a descrição de alguns dos principais métodos e teorias que cercam o design e a sustentabilidade, e como lacunas entre eles permitem que os vários tipos da obsolescência contaminem o processo de desenvolvimento, comercio e utilização dos produtos, causando inúmeros danos aos consumidores, sociedade e meio ambiente. O capítulo 4 monta um texto que envolve o consumo como um elemento de construção e significação cultural, estando presente na sociedade como um sistema complexo de signos que intermedia e complementa relações sociais. Este capítulo é a ponte para aproximar as emoções com o design e a sustentabilidade, cujas teorizações seguem nos capítulos 5 e 6. As emoções envolvem uma construção teórica que parte de conceituações amplas, entre a filosofia e a sociologia, para em seguida mergulhar especificamente sobre suas manifestações fisiológicas nos indivíduos. As considerações do neurocientista António Damásio, que descreve as emoções como principal elemento na tomada de decisões de cada indivíduo, são especialmente importantes, pois nelas repousam muitas das características semânticas que balizam nossas tomadas de decisões, inclusive aquelas que envolvem os atos de consumo. Todas as teorizações neste trabalho são um plano epistemológico que abre caminhos para uma nova exploração em design. Esta exploração é a exposição empírica de uma estratégia de utilização das emoções para o desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis, tendo como meta principal se contrapor à obsolescência. Para isto, foram utilizados objetos que carregam o poder de despertar grandes apelos emocionais em seus proprietários. Realizou-se uma técnica mista que iniciou com entrevistas semiabertas de seleção. Em seguida nove voluntários selecionados, em entrevistas abertas, descreveram relatos de suas vidas com o intermédio de seus objetos emocionais. A partir dos relatos destas entrevistas, fez-se correlações identificando as semelhanças que se agrupavam por influência cultural. A última etapa de experimentos passou para testes quantitativos de eletroencefalograma, mensurando e comparando as manifestações fisiológicas que os objetos emocionais causam em seus proprietários. Os resultados destes testes possibilitaram a indicação de aprofundamentos para as etapas qualitativas da pesquisa, bem como apontamentos diretos para uma estratégia que utilize as emoções para o desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis e menos suscetíveis ao descarte prematuro. / The present thesis is a research work in design and sustainability, which aims to expose a strategy for the use of emotions in the development of sustainable products. Initially there was a description of some of the main methods and theories surrounding the design and sustainability, and how they allow gaps between the various types of obsolescence contaminate the process of development, trade and use of the products, causing severe damage to consumers, and society environment. Chapter 4 rides a text that involves the consumption as an element of construction and cultural significance, being present in society as a complex system of signs that complements intermediate and social relations. This chapter is a bridge to bring the emotions with the design and sustainability, whose theories follow in chapters 5 and 6. Emotions involve a theoretical construct that part of broader conceptualizations, between philosophy and sociology, to then delve specifically about their physiological manifestations in individuals. The considerations of neuroscientist Antonio Damásio, who describes the emotions as the main element in the decision-making of each individual, are especially important because many of them lie semantic features that guide our decision making, including those involving acts of consumption. All theories in this work is an epistemological level that opens new avenues for design exploration. This exploration is exposure empirical strategy of using emotions to the development of sustainable products, having as main goal to counteract obsolescence. For this, we used objects that carry the power to awaken great emotional appeals for their owners. We conducted a mixed technique that began with open-ended interviews selection. Then nine volunteers selected in open interviews, described reports of their lives with their objects through emotional. From the reports of these interviews, it became correlations identifying the similarities were grouped by cultural influence. The last step of experiments passed tests for quantitative electroencephalography, measuring and comparing the physiological manifestations that cause emotional objects in their owners. The results of these tests allowed the indication for deepening the steps of qualitative research as well as direct pointers to a strategy that uses emotions to the development of sustainable products and less susceptible to premature disposal.

Abstract This study explores the cross-functional conflicts in new product launches in the context of food industry, with particular focus to fast moving consumer goods setting. The purpose of this study is to develop an empirically grounded model of cross-functional conflicts in new product launches for the food industry. The theoretical approach taken in this study follows the resource based view of the firm. The theoretical framework was developed to make the conflict enablers, cross-functional conflicts and new product launches explicit for analysis. The empirical part of this study includes a qualitative single case study, which was geographically and culturally focused on Saudi Arabia. The research data was collected primarily through interviews from selected informants of the selected case company and representatives of two strategic partners and two competitors. The data was analyzed to empirically elaborate the theoretical framework. As a result of the data analysis, the cross-functional conflicts were categorized under task and relationship conflicts. The role of marketing resources in cross-functional conflicts was found to be more complex than what had been reported in their earlier research. The results of the data analysis were used to revise the theoretical model of cross-functional conflicts in the new product launches. The research provides several theoretical contributions and managerial implications in cross-functional conflicts in new product launches. / Abstrakti Väitöstutkimuksessa tarkastellaan yrityksen toimintojen välisiä konflikteja uusien tuotteiden lanseerauksen yhteydessä. Empiirisenä kohdetoimialana tarkastellaan elintarviketeollisuutta, erityisesti nopeasti liikkuvien kulutustuotteiden kontekstissa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kehittää empiirisesti perusteltu malli toimintojen välisistä konflikteista uusien tuotteiden lanseerauksessa elintarviketeollisuudessa. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen lähestymistapa hyödyntää resurssiperustaista teoriaa. Työssä laaditun teoreettisen viitekehyksen avulla voidaan analysoida konfliktien mahdollistajia, toimintojen välisiä konflikteja ja uusien tuotteiden lanseerausta. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa on toteutettu laadullinen tapaustutkimus, joka sijoittuu maantieteellisesti ja kulttuurisesti Saudi Arabiaan. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin pääasiassa haastattelemalla valitun kohdeyrityksen edustajia sekä kahden strategisen kumppaniyrityksen edustajia sekä kahden kilpailijayrityksen edustajia. Teoreettista viitekehystä täydennettiin ja täsmennettiin empiirisen aineiston analyysin avulla. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että toimintojen välisiä konflikteja voidaan kategorisoida tehtävään ja suhteisiin liittyviin konflikteihin. Markkinointiresurssien rooli toimintojen välisissä konflikteissa näyttäytyi monimutkaisempana kuin olemassa oleva kirjallisuus antoi olettaa. Teoreettista mallia muokattiin empiirisen analyysin perusteella. Tutkimus tarjoaa useita teoreettisia kontribuutioita ja liikkeenjohdollisia implikaatioita liittyen toimintojen välisiin konflikteihin uusien tuotteiden lanseerauksessa.

Submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy: Management Science (Marketing), Durban University of Technology, Durban. South Africa, 2017. / Loyalty programmes have become a popular marketing tool in marketplaces that are highly competitive and where differentiation is difficult. Although they are not new anymore, they continue to grow in popularity, particularly in South Africa where numbers are steadily increasing. The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of various types of perceived benefits from loyalty programmes in the South African fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market with respect to their impact on relationship quality and loyalty towards the retailer concerned. The study reveals three forms of perceived benefits which are named as consumeristic, altruistic and egoistic benefits. In addition, the influence of socio-demographic characteristics are examined to ascertain any differences that might occur in the results. The study design was based on an exploratory sequential mixed methods approach and began with qualitative research before proceeding to quantitative data collection and analysis. The qualitative section of the research involved two in-depth interviews with managers of loyalty programmes at major retailers and two focus groups aimed at loyalty programme members. These assisted in the design of the quantitative data collection instrument. The quantitative data collection was aimed at a consumer database which incorporated those who were actively employed in the economy, resulting in a sample of 559 respondents. The initial findings of the study, revealed by means of regression analysis, were that all three forms of perceived benefits lead towards the three constructs that make up relationship quality, namely trust, satisfaction, and commitment with the retailer concerned. In addition, the same benefits were found to contribute towards customer loyalty. However, once structural equation modelling was employed, the results evolved. Firstly, the constructs of trust and satisfaction cross loaded onto each other and were therefore treated as a single construct named trust/satisfaction. Secondly, egoistic benefits were absorbed into consumeristic benefits and were therefore no longer featured as a separate item. Explanations are offered for this phenomenon. Consumeristic benefits still had a positive and significant relationship with trust/satisfaction, as did altruistic benefits. However, it was found that although altruistic benefits still enjoy a significant relationship with commitment, consumeristic benefits did not. A suggestion for this is that the perception of altruistic benefits has a greater attitudinal impact than consumeristic benefits do. Finally, neither altruistic nor consumeristic benefits showed a direct relationship with loyalty. The introduction of demographic variables established that only age affects the results, with older consumers being more receptive than others to altruistic benefits. However, findings revealed that a pathway to loyalty remains through the constructs of trust/satisfaction and commitment. This emphasises the importance of achieving trust and satisfaction first by means of the benefits offered. Finally, a new structural model is developed in line with the results of the structural equation model. The results from this study add to the body of research in the field, yielding both significant theoretical and practical contributions to the field of loyalty programmes, relationship quality and loyalty research, particularly in the South African FMCG retail marketplace. Retailers are advised to continue offering both altruistic and consumeristic benefits to customers, despite consumeristic benefits not necessarily creating a direct route towards loyalty. This is because once trust and satisfaction is achieved, loyalty will follow. In addition, loyalty programme providers should ensure that offerings provide both simplicity and transparency in order to create a positive relationship with trust and satisfaction. / D

This thesis focuses on marketing campaign life cycle management and customer relationship management in the area of fast moving consumer goods. Because of the highly competitive nature of this market the companies are in search of ways how to gain an advantage over their competitors -- which can be more effective marketing towards customers. The main goals of this thesis are completion of thorough theoretical fundamentals and subsequently design of methodology of marketing campaign management. The theoretical part of this thesis presents basic concepts and discuses the topic separately from both technology and marketing standpoint. Also this part presents current trends in the EMM area and explains the customer relationship management specifics of the FMCG market. Practical chapters consist in development of the marketing campaign lifecycle methodology. The methodology is based on theoretical concepts presented in the first part of thesis and my own professional experience with implementation projects. The main merit of this thesis is development of the methodology, which is technology independent, intuitive, flexible and utilizable not only in the FMCG area. Another merit is drawing up of complex theoretical concepts that are merely covered by professional literature.

My dissertation deals with the progress of consumer society in the 60th of 20th century in the Czechoslovakia. At the beginning of my work i try to theory of consumer society, everydayness and the free time in czechoslovak society. My aim is equipment of electric apparatus in the families and their importance for women's work in households. Especially I reply the questions, where and how the apparatus were sold, how was the quality of them and how much apparatus saved women's jobs. I analyse the availability of those apparatus for consumers/users. I compare amount, prices and design of home appliances in Czechoslovakia and abroad. My dissertation is based on the fact that in 60th of 20th century was very big increase of refrigerators, automatic washing machines, irons, hoovers, hairdryers, televisions and next smaller home appliances. I compare this growth with countries of Western Europe. My dissertation is based on studium of specialized monographs, articles and studies of czech and english provenance. But I also use the unpublished sources of institucional and personal characters (Archive of the National Technical Museum, the National Museum Archive

In today’s constantly changing, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) retail market environment, it is imperative that retailers should focus on creating a pleasant shopping experience to differentiate their stores in order to achieve a competitive advantage. One of the strategies to achieve competitive advantage can be human variables. This study focused on the influence of human variables on consumers’ shopping experience in FMCG retail stores in Ekurhuleni. Therefore, this study expands the existing knowledge of human variables in the FMCG retail environment. Human variables in the context of this study comprise other customers and sales associates. Each of these human variables is made up of sub-variables. The sub-variables of other customers include crowding and social relations. On the other hand, the sub-variables of sales associates are sales associates’ availability, physical attributes of sales associates and behavioural attributes of sales associates. This empirical study was conducted with 400 FMCG retail stores consumers of the ages between 18 and 60 who reside in Ekurhuleni. The study followed a descriptive research design and quantitative approach in order to address the research objectives. A convenience sampling method and a mall-intercept survey by means of self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted in which the Likert scale statements in question 2 - 6 (see Appendix B) measuring different sub-variables of other customers and sales associates were subjected to a Principal Axis Factoring with Oblimin rotation. The results of the final EFA involved 13 Likert scale items. The test were conducted to validate the measures of human variables. The Principal Axis Factoring revealed five factors. These factors were social relations, behavioural attributes, crowding, physical attributes and sales associates’ availability. Therefore, reliability tests were conducted on the final items measuring the human variables. The results of this research study indicate that social relations, sales associates’ availability, physical attributes of sales associates and behavioural attributes of sales associates influence consumers’ shopping experience in FMCG retail stores in Ekurhuleni. However, the consumers felt neutral with regard to crowding. The test results of a chi-square for equal proportion revealed that all the five hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5) were supported as the proportions of consumers with regard to the influence of these sub-variables on their shopping experience were statistically different. Furthermore, ANOVA and F-test results for testing whether there were differences between demographics indicated that H1a, H2b and H5c were supported because there were statistically significant differences between genders with regard to the influence of crowding, between age groups regarding social relations, as well as between racial groups with regard to the influence of behavioural attributes of sales associates on consumers’ shopping experience. / Business Management / M. Com (Business Management)

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Systems Verarbeitunganlage mit Methoden der Systemtheorie und die Formulierung wesentlicher Randbedingungen für die Neuentwicklung solcher Anlagen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Feststellung, dass sich die Konsumgüterproduktion in einem Umbruch befindet, der neue Anforderungen an Verarbeitungsanlagen stellt. Die Arbeit untersucht zunächst die aktuelle Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion und formuliert daraus in einem allgemeinen Lastenheft die grundlegenden, neuen Anforderungen an Verarbeitungsanlagen. Sie führt bekannte Lösungskonzepte für diese Probleme auf und stellt etablierte Systemmodelle der Verarbeitungstechnik vor. Es folgt eine Einführung in die Methodik der Systemtheorie sowie eine Betrachtung des Aufbaus und der Eigenschaften von Systemen. Auf dieser Grundlage wird anschließend ein systemtheoretischer Ansatz für Verarbeitungsanlagen erarbeitet, der Funktions-, Struktur- und Hierarchiemodelle umfasst und insbesondere auf die Flexibilität, Variabilität, Stabilität und Komplexität von Verarbeitungsanlagen eingeht. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells werden die eingangs beschriebenen Anforderungen an Verarbeitungsanlagen abstrahiert und auf diesem Wege Randbedingungen für die Neugestaltung von Verarbeitungsanalgen abgeleitet, die die Gestaltungsprinzipe Modularisierung, Miniaturisierung und Parallelisierung umfassen. Das Lösungskonzept wird abschließend einer einfachen, ökonomischen Bewertung unterzogen. Die Modelle und Thesen werden exemplarisch an einer Verpackungsanlage für Schokoladenprodukte veranschaulicht.:Aufgabenstellung Kurzreferat Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Formelzeichen Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Zielstellung und Lösungsansatz 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Die aktuelle Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.1 Einführung – Produktionsformen der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.2 Die Situation der Nahrungsmittelindustrie 2.2.1 Marktstruktur 2.2.2 Forderungen der Verbraucher 2.3 Die Situation des Nahrungsmittel- und Verpackungsmaschinenbaus 2.4 Problemstellungen für die Konsumgüterproduktion 3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3.1 Lösungskonzepte des Maschinen- und Anlagenbaus 3.1.1 Einführung – Etablierte und neue Konzepte 3.1.2 Baukastensysteme und Modularisierung 3.1.3 Adaptive und selbstoptimierende Prozessregelung 3.1.4 Miniaturisierte Produktionssysteme 3.1.5 Parallele und vernetzte Stoffströme 3.2 Systembeschreibungen für Verarbeitungsanlagen 3.2.1 Einführung – Verarbeitungstechnik als Querschnittsdisziplin 3.2.2 Verarbeitungssystem als Blackbox 3.2.3 Funktionsstruktur von Verarbeitungssystemen 3.2.4 Die Wirkpaarung 3.2.5 Das Innermaschinelle Verfahren 3.2.6 Zuverlässigkeitsmodell für Verarbeitungsanlagen 4 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 4.1 Allgemeines Lastenheft 4.2 Präzisierte Aufgabenstellung 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel der Untersuchungen 5 Grundzüge des systemtheoretischen Ansatzes 5.1 Systemtheorie als Universalwissenschaft 5.2 Modellbildung mit Hilfe systemtheoretischer Methoden 5.3 Der Systembegriff 6 Aufbau und Eigenschaften von Systemen 6.1 Systemaufbau und Modelle 6.1.1 Funktion 6.1.2 Struktur 6.1.3 Hierarchie 6.2. Das Konzept des offenen Systems 6.2.1 Offene und geschlossene Systeme 6.2.2 Fließgleichgewicht und Äqui1nalität 6.2.3 Dynamische Strukturauffassung 6.3 Systemeigenschaften 6.3.1 Varietät 6.3.2 Stabilität 6.3.3 Komplexität 7 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1 Systemtheoretischer Ansatz für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1.1 Einführung neuer Begriffsdefnitionen 7.1.2 Ziel der Modellbildung 7.1.3 Formale Probleme der Modellbildung 7.1.4 Modellansatz 7.2 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.2.1 Funktionsmodell 7.2.2 Ablaufstruktur des Aufgaben- und Funktionssystems 7.2.3 Aufbaustruktur der Wirkpaarung – Wirkpaarungsmodell 7.2.4 Aufbaustruktur des verarbeitungstechnischen Systems 7.2.5 Hierarchische Ordnung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3 Verarbeitungsanlagen als offene Systeme 7.3.1 Gründe für ein offenes Systemkonzept 7.3.2 Gleichgewicht und Systemziel von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3.3 Dynamische Auffassung des Systems Verarbeitungsanlage 7.4 Systemverhalten von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.1 Variabilität und Flexibilität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.2 Stabilität von Verarbeitungsprozessen 7.4.3 Komplexität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 8 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des Standes der Technik des Verarbeitungsmaschinenbaus 9 Vorschläge zur Neugestaltung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.1 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des allgemeinen Lastenheftes 9.1.1 Systemtheoretische Interpretation der Anforderungen 9.1.2 Resultierende systemtheoretische Fragestellung 9.2 Randbedingungen für die Neuentwicklung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.2.1 Vorüberlegungen 9.2.2 Grundkonzept 9.3 Gestaltungsprinzipe – Modularisierung, Miniaturisierung, Parallelisierung 9.4 Technologische Mittel zur Umsetzung 9.4.1 Plug&Produce-Module und Plattformbauweise 9.4.2 Adaptive Wirkpaarungen 9.4.3 Flexible Verkettung 9.4.4 Exemplarischer Vorschlag für das Anwendungsbeispiel 9.5 Allgemeines Pflichtenheft 10 Bewertung des Lösungskonzeptes 10.1 Ökonomische Bewertung 10.1.1 Die Produktion in der Ökonomie 10.1.2 Arbeit 10.1.3 Rohstoffe und Zwischenprodukte 10.1.4 Betriebsmittel 10.2 Bewertung im Bezug auf die Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 11 Fazit 10.1 Zusammenfassung 10.2 Ausblick Eidesstattliche Erklärung Thesen Literaturverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang / The object of the presented diploma thesis is the analysis of the system of manufacturing plants based on methods of sytem theory and the formulation of basic conditions for new developments of such plants. It is motivated by the diagnosis that the manufacturing industry stands at a point of fundamental change which requests plants of different characteristics as they usually have so far. Starting with an analysis of the current situation of consumer goods industry the thesis frames fundamental, new requirement specifications of manufacturing plants. It presents established concepts which may meet these requirements and gives a résumé of the state of the art of system modells in the field of manufacturing technology. An introduction into the methodes of system theory mentions the composition and characterisitcs of systems in general. Based on this considerations an approach in system theory for manufacturing plants is elaborated which comprises functional, structural and hierarchical models and especially goes into flexibility, variability, stability and complexity of manufacturing plants. These models serve for abstracting the requirements on manufacturing plants and for deducing principle conditions for new developments of manufacturing plants such as modularization, miniaturization and parallelization. A simple economic analysis finally assesses the outlined concept. All models and theses are illustrated by a wrapping plant for chocolate candies.:Aufgabenstellung Kurzreferat Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Formelzeichen Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Zielstellung und Lösungsansatz 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Die aktuelle Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.1 Einführung – Produktionsformen der Konsumgüterproduktion 2.2 Die Situation der Nahrungsmittelindustrie 2.2.1 Marktstruktur 2.2.2 Forderungen der Verbraucher 2.3 Die Situation des Nahrungsmittel- und Verpackungsmaschinenbaus 2.4 Problemstellungen für die Konsumgüterproduktion 3 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3.1 Lösungskonzepte des Maschinen- und Anlagenbaus 3.1.1 Einführung – Etablierte und neue Konzepte 3.1.2 Baukastensysteme und Modularisierung 3.1.3 Adaptive und selbstoptimierende Prozessregelung 3.1.4 Miniaturisierte Produktionssysteme 3.1.5 Parallele und vernetzte Stoffströme 3.2 Systembeschreibungen für Verarbeitungsanlagen 3.2.1 Einführung – Verarbeitungstechnik als Querschnittsdisziplin 3.2.2 Verarbeitungssystem als Blackbox 3.2.3 Funktionsstruktur von Verarbeitungssystemen 3.2.4 Die Wirkpaarung 3.2.5 Das Innermaschinelle Verfahren 3.2.6 Zuverlässigkeitsmodell für Verarbeitungsanlagen 4 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 4.1 Allgemeines Lastenheft 4.2 Präzisierte Aufgabenstellung 4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel der Untersuchungen 5 Grundzüge des systemtheoretischen Ansatzes 5.1 Systemtheorie als Universalwissenschaft 5.2 Modellbildung mit Hilfe systemtheoretischer Methoden 5.3 Der Systembegriff 6 Aufbau und Eigenschaften von Systemen 6.1 Systemaufbau und Modelle 6.1.1 Funktion 6.1.2 Struktur 6.1.3 Hierarchie 6.2. Das Konzept des offenen Systems 6.2.1 Offene und geschlossene Systeme 6.2.2 Fließgleichgewicht und Äqui1nalität 6.2.3 Dynamische Strukturauffassung 6.3 Systemeigenschaften 6.3.1 Varietät 6.3.2 Stabilität 6.3.3 Komplexität 7 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1 Systemtheoretischer Ansatz für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.1.1 Einführung neuer Begriffsdefnitionen 7.1.2 Ziel der Modellbildung 7.1.3 Formale Probleme der Modellbildung 7.1.4 Modellansatz 7.2 Systemmodelle für Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.2.1 Funktionsmodell 7.2.2 Ablaufstruktur des Aufgaben- und Funktionssystems 7.2.3 Aufbaustruktur der Wirkpaarung – Wirkpaarungsmodell 7.2.4 Aufbaustruktur des verarbeitungstechnischen Systems 7.2.5 Hierarchische Ordnung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3 Verarbeitungsanlagen als offene Systeme 7.3.1 Gründe für ein offenes Systemkonzept 7.3.2 Gleichgewicht und Systemziel von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.3.3 Dynamische Auffassung des Systems Verarbeitungsanlage 7.4 Systemverhalten von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.1 Variabilität und Flexibilität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 7.4.2 Stabilität von Verarbeitungsprozessen 7.4.3 Komplexität von Verarbeitungsanlagen 8 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des Standes der Technik des Verarbeitungsmaschinenbaus 9 Vorschläge zur Neugestaltung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.1 Systemtheoretische Untersuchung des allgemeinen Lastenheftes 9.1.1 Systemtheoretische Interpretation der Anforderungen 9.1.2 Resultierende systemtheoretische Fragestellung 9.2 Randbedingungen für die Neuentwicklung von Verarbeitungsanlagen 9.2.1 Vorüberlegungen 9.2.2 Grundkonzept 9.3 Gestaltungsprinzipe – Modularisierung, Miniaturisierung, Parallelisierung 9.4 Technologische Mittel zur Umsetzung 9.4.1 Plug&Produce-Module und Plattformbauweise 9.4.2 Adaptive Wirkpaarungen 9.4.3 Flexible Verkettung 9.4.4 Exemplarischer Vorschlag für das Anwendungsbeispiel 9.5 Allgemeines Pflichtenheft 10 Bewertung des Lösungskonzeptes 10.1 Ökonomische Bewertung 10.1.1 Die Produktion in der Ökonomie 10.1.2 Arbeit 10.1.3 Rohstoffe und Zwischenprodukte 10.1.4 Betriebsmittel 10.2 Bewertung im Bezug auf die Situation der Konsumgüterproduktion 11 Fazit 10.1 Zusammenfassung 10.2 Ausblick Eidesstattliche Erklärung Thesen Literaturverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Anhang

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar fristående varumärkesförlängningar bland företag inom dagligvaruhandeln. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer används för att samla in empiriska data. Intervjuerna har genomförts med anställda på tre olika företag inom dagligvaruhandeln. Analysen av empiriska data har genomförts med hjälp av abduktiv metod med inspiration från grundad teori. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att det finns ett flertal påverkande faktorer vid fristående varumärkesförlängningar, bland annat konsumenters och återförsäljares innovationsförmåga, användningen av ambassadörer vid kommunikation och lansering samt att innovativa konsumenter inte nödvändigtvis kan ses som illojala mot varumärken. Den faktor som studien visar har störst påverkan vid en fristående varumärkesförlängning är förlängningens varumärkesrelevans. Studiens presenterar även en modell för påverkande faktorer vid fristående varumärkesförlängningar. Denna studie bidrar till en djupare förståelse ur ett företagsperspektiv för de påverkande faktorerna vid fristående varumärkesförlängningar. Studien visar även att innovativa konsumenter som i allmänhet anses vara illojala mot varumärken efterfrågar förlängningsprodukter i större utsträckning om dessa marknadsförs av ambassadörer i sociala medier, samt att återförsäljare i vissa fall kräver att få ta del av företagens marknadsföringsstrategier vid presentation av en varumärkesförlängning. Studiens förslag till vidare forskning är att närmare utreda om ambassadörer påverkar slutkonsumenternas varumärkeslojalitet och underlättar mottagandet av varumärkesförlängningar, samt att utveckla den modell som vi har framtagit för påverkande faktorer vid varumärkesförlängningar och anpassa denna till olika branscher. / The aim of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of which factors affect independent brand extensions among companies in the fast-moving consumer goods market. This study applies a qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews have been conducted to gather empirical data. The interviews have been conducted with employees from three different companies in the consumer goods market. The empirical data has been analyzed through an abductive method with inspiration from grounded theory. The conclusion of this study is that there are several affecting factors on independent brand extensions, inter alia, the level of innovation among consumers and retailers, the usage of ambassadors when communicating and launching the brand extensions and that innovative consumers isn´t generally disloyal to brands. The study also concludes that relevance of the extension to the core brands a particularly influential factor for independent brand extensions. The study also presents a model for factors affecting independent brand extensions. This study contributes to a deeper understanding, from a business perspective, of the affecting factors on independent brand extensions. The study also finds that innovative consumers who are generally considered to be disloyal to brands request extension products to a larger extent if the products are marketed by ambassadors in social media, and that retailers may want to receive information on the companies’ marketing plans when presenting a brand extension product. The proposal for further research is to investigate whether ambassadors influence consumer brand loyalty and facilitate the acceptance of brand extensions, and to further develop our model for affecting factors on independent brand extensions and adapt it to other sectors of business.

Issues relating to inventory capacity resulting from high fill rates (inventory pressure) have been identified as a major problem for growing Fast-Moving Consumer Goods firms. The implications of these capacity problems include increased costs of working capital and cost-inefficient rental of external storage space. The study is focused towards the food retail segment and aims to address the lack of a detailed SKU-level KPI for inventory pressure and a model for identifying its root causes. The research design is based on a review of literature and a live case study at the Swedish food retailer Axfood, including qualitative interviews in addition to the collection and analysis of inventory data. The inventory turnover ratio was determined to be an accurate KPI in this case, where lower ratio values tend to correspond with high inventory pressure, and vice versa. With the KPI established, a regression analysis was performed, in order to find critical determinants of the problem in the Axfood case. The regression analysis yielded a number of highly influential factors for inventory pressure, mainly low order frequencies, high variability of demand and prolonged supplier lead times, in addition to a number of less influential determinants. The study also included the identification of key drivers of inventory pressure within various Axfood product segments, where private label product stands out as a particular product segment of interest. A numerous of segments were identified as particularly problematic, however private label products where not found to influence the overall level of inventory pressure in any significant manner. While the study is in no way exhaustive about the highly complex nature of the researched problem, the establishment of a KPI and use of a regression model has provided a basis for discussion regarding the problem. In addition, the proposed framework is applicable for future similar studies on other FMCG cases, in addition to more detailed case studies into inventory capacity issues. / Lagerkapacitetsproblem som härrör från höga fyllningsgrader (lagertryck) har identifierats som ett avgörande problem för växande företag verksamma inom snabbrörliga konsumentvaror. Konsekvenserna av sådana kapacitetsfrågor är bland annat ökade kostnader för rörelsekapital och kostsam inhyrning av externt lagringsutrymme. Denna studien är inriktad mot livsmedelsbranschen och syftar till att adressera bristen på ett detaljerat mätetal för att följa upp lagertryck på artikelnivå, samt en modell för att identifiera dess underliggande orsaker. Forskningsmetodiken är baserad på en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie hos den svenska livsmedelsåterförsäljaren Axfood, som innefattar kvalitativa intervjuer samt insamling och analys av lagerdata. Lageromsättningshastigheten ansågs vara ett tillförlitligt mätetal i denna fallstudie, där lägre värden tenderar att motsvara högt lagertryck och vice versa. Med detta mätetal som grund utfördes en regressionsanalys för att finna kritiska förklaringsfaktorer till problemet i Axfood-fallstudien. Regressionsanalysen gav ett antal starkt inflytelserika faktorer för lagertryck, främst låg orderfrekvenser, hög varians av efterfrågan samt långa ledtider från leverantörer. Även ett antal mindre inflytelserika determinanter hittades. Studien innefattade också identifiering av kritiska faktorer för lagertryck inom olika produktsegment hos Axfood, där egna märkesvaror utmärker sig som ett segment av särskilt intresse. Ett flertal segment identifierades som särskilt problematiska, egna märkesvaror visade sig emellertid inte påverka det totala nivån av lagertryck på något avgörande sätt. Denna studie utger sig inte för att vara uttömmande om forskningsproblemets mycket komplexa natur. Upprättandet av ett mätetal samt tillämpandet av en regressionsmodell har dock legat till grund för en diskussion om problemet. Det i studien föreslagna ramverket är applicerbart för liknande studier på andra FMCG-fall i framtiden, samt mer detaljerade fallstudier av lagerkapacitetsproblem.

The number of public markets in the United States increased from more than 300 in the 1970s to more than 8,600 by 2016. This increase in markets is related to changes in food production, localism and the local food systems movement, socioeconomic changes, cultural changes, and perceptions of embeddedness. Research on the underlying conditions for the success of public markets is scant in the United States, and especially in the USDA Southwest Region. This study provides analysis of public market locations as compared with non-market locations by drive-time trade areas during a 20-year period, 1996 and 2016, to gain further insights into factors leading to their success. The results from logit regression analyses and simulations of socioeconomic, college-town status, and climate-grid classifications find an increased likelihood of public markets with population, education, college town status, and some climate-grid locations. Median income, surprisingly, has an inverse relationship with public market success. Qualitative data and a literature review point to three types of embeddedness that motivate customers to attend public markets. This study concludes that "local nontradable consumer goods" tied to place are offered at these "nontradable consumption amenities." These amenities are "third places" that promote social interaction and become important places of community, farmer support, and commerce across the Southwest Region.