O presente trabalho aborda uma questão ainda relativamente nova, mas de urgente reflexão: a reutilização de imóveis industriais, considerados hoje, áreas potencialmente contaminadas (AP) por atividades não industriais. Objetiva documentar a postura mais freqüentemente utilizada no Brasil quando da reocupação da implantação de novos usos em imóveis industriais desativados, adotando-se como parâmetro o município de São Paulo. Busca averiguar se, em algum momento deste processo, há qualquer consideração sobre a possibilidade da existência de passivo ambiental, dada a natureza industrial da atividade anteriormente desenvolvida no imóvel. Parte da hipótese que os agentes envolvidos nesse processo de mudança de uso (incorporadoras, construtoras, etc) ignoram ou desconsideram a possível existência de contaminação no imóvel. A metodologia consistiu na seleção dos imóveis, a partir de uma base cartográfica (4 cartas – escala 1: 25.000 da EMPLASA) que registrava o uso do solo em 1980. Posterior visita ao campo e registro do uso atual destes imóveis. Os que apresentaram um novo uso não industrial foram analisados e se dentro dos parâmetros desejados, sujeitos a uma entrevista. O resultado das entrevistas comprovou a hipótese inicial. Conclui-se que, a reincorporação destes imóveis ao tecido urbano dá-se sem qualquer preocupação quanto à existência de uma possível contaminação do solo, dos aqüíferos ou das instalações se reaproveitadas. Mesmo se, durante a construção do novo empreendimento, tenham sido observados indícios de uma provável contaminação. Não há qualquer interesse na investigação da qualidade do solo e água, além do usual, para execução das fundações. Do ponto de vista dos agentes envolvidos, somente a exigência de um órgão público justificaria tal atitude. / This research refers to a very new problem, which needs urgent reflection and response: the new land uses in industrial areas, considered potentially contaminated. The research intends to define which is the more common attitude in Brazil for redevelopment of decommissioning industrial plants areas, focused on São Paulo city. It aims to examine the process of redevelopment projects, in order to discover if there is any consideration about the environment quality during the land uses changes. It takes as hypothesis that the agent involved in land uses changes process ignore completely the existence of contaminated sites. The methodology was grounded and developed by using charts (4 charts- scale 1:25.000 –.EMPLASA), which indicated the industrial plants in 1980. Later visit on land to verify their current uses. The agents involved in the installation of new non-industrial establishments were interviewed about the process. In summary, one can say that the reintegration of these decommissioning industrial areas is done without any kind of deeply concerns about the contaminated sites, or the impact of the past industrial activities on the groundwater quality, or in the abandoned installations. There isn’t any further interest in order to investigate the possibility of environmental liabilities and consequent risks and hazards.

I Sverige pågick under 2013 efterbehandlingsåtgärder på 1789 förorenade områden. Det nationella miljömålet ”giftfri miljö” har av regeringen angetts som det styrande miljö- målet vid efterbehandling. Efterbehandlingen syftar till att minska risken för förore- ningsspridning i mark från avslutade verksamheter som industrier, vägar med mera. Schaktning av massor utförs vid efterbehandling för att avlägsna förorenade massor från platsen men innebär samtidigt utsläpp av växthusgaser. Både vid schaktning och transport av förorenade massor samt framställande och transport av fyllnadsmaterial används fordon och maskiner som genererar växthusgasutsläpp. Efterbehandlingsarbetet riskerar alltså att ge en negativ påverkan på miljömålet ”begränsad klimatpåverkan”. I denna studie söks svar på frågorna: Kan efterbehandling av förorenade områden bedri- vas med simultan hänsyn till de båda miljömålen ”giftfri miljö” och ”begränsad klimat- påverkan”? och Hur ska ett sådant arbete bedrivas? För att besvara dessa frågor använ- des det webbaserade beräkningsverktyget Carbon footprint från efterbehandling och andra markarbeten från Svenska geotekniska föreningen, SGF, samt en enkätstudie riktad till tillsynsmyndigheter. Beräkningar med verktyget visade att det som främst påverkar växthusgasutsläppen vid efterbehandling är typ av fyllnadsmassor, sammanlagd transportsträcka samt lastkapa- citet hos fordon som transporterar massor. Ingen av de tillfrågade tillsynsmyndigheterna tar hänsyn till växthusgasutsläpp vid godkännande av efterbehandlingsåtgärd. Många ställer sig dock positiva till ett verktyg som ger möjlighet att göra en avvägning mellan miljömål och tror att det skulle underlätta deras arbete. Två strategier som tar större hänsyn till växthusgasutsläpp identifierades. Strategi 1 innebär att sanering sker enligt riktvärdena för känslig eller mindre känslig mark- användning (KM/MKM) och växthusgasutsläppen minimeras genom effektiviserings- åtgärder. Som effektiviseringsåtgärd identifierades bland annat användning av lastbilar med större lastkapacitet och användning av återvunna massor som fyllnadsmaterial. Strategi 2 innebär en avvägning mellan miljömålen ”giftfri miljö” och ”begränsad kli- matpåverkan”. Riktvärdena för KM och MKM kan i strategin överskridas för att mini- mera växthusgasutsläpp. Effektiviseringsåtgärderna från strategi 1 implementeras även i strategi 2. / In Sweden, 1789 contaminated sites were remediated during 2013. The government has stated the national environmental objective “A Non-Toxic Environment” as the gov- erning environmental objective in remediation. The aim of remediation is to reduce the risk of dispersion of contamination in soils from discontinued activities such as indus- tries, roads etc. Excavation of soils takes place to remove contaminated soil from the site. However, it leads to emissions of greenhouse gases. Machines that generate emis- sions of greenhouse gases are needed in excavation, transport of contaminated soils and the production and transport of filling materials. Thus, the environmental objective “Reduced Climate Impact” is likely to be adversely affected by soil remediation. This study was conducted to answer the questions: Can soil remediation be conducted with simultaneous regard to the environmental objectives “A Non-Toxic Environment” and “Reduced Climate Impact”? and How should such efforts be conducted? Two methods were used: the web based calculation tool Carbon footprint from remediation and other soil works from the Swedish Geotechnical Society, SGF, and a survey ad- dressed to regulatory authorities. Calculations with the tool showed that the main impacts on greenhouse gas emissions were choice of filling materials, total transportation distance and carrying load of the vehicles transporting soils. None of the respondent regulatory authorities take green- house gas emissions into account when approving remediation operations. However, many of them displayed positive attitude towards a tool that would make it possible to compare impacts on environmental objectives and stated that such a tool would facili- tate their work. Two strategies that give more consideration to greenhouse gas emissions were identi- fied. In strategy 1, remediation is conducted according to the guidelines of sensitive or less sensitive land use (KM/MKM). The greenhouse gas emissions are minimized through efficiency improvement measures. Use of vehicles with a greater carrying load and recovered soils as filling material are examples of identified efficiency improve- ment measures. Strategy 2 consists of achieving a balance between the environmental objectives “A Non-Toxic Environment” and “Reduced Climate Impact”. In this strat- egy, KM and MKM can be exceeded to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The effi- ciency improvement measures from strategy 1 can be implemented in strategy 2.

De nombreux sites pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sont recensés dans les pays industrialisés. Associés aux 16 HAP US-EPA réglementaires, d’autres composés aromatiques polycycliques (CAP), notamment les CAP polaires (oxygénés et azotés) sont présents. Ils proviennent des mêmes sources que les HAP et peuvent être également formés par des processus biotiques ou abiotiques de transformation des HAP (atténuation naturelle ou procédés de dépollution). Ces CAP, plus polaires que les 16 HAP US EPA, sont plus solubles dans l’eau, induisant potentiellement une mobilité accrue dans les sols et de ce fait un risque pour l’Homme et l’environnement. Il est donc indispensable d’enrichir nos connaissances sur la mobilité des CAP polaires dans les sols et leur transfert vers les eaux souterraines. Ainsi l’objectif de ce projet était d’identifier les mécanismes contrôlant la mobilisation des CAP polaires dans les sols en relation avec les 16 HAP US EPA, et leurs modes de transfert en combinant approches laboratoire et in situ. Nos travaux confirment une mobilisation préférentielle des CAP polaires par rapport aux HAP. La mobilisation dans les sols des CAP polaires ainsi que celle des HAP de faible poids moléculaire est essentiellement pilotée par des processus de dissolution des goudrons (loi de Raoult). Néanmoins, alors que les prédictions de mobilisation des CAP polaires sont satisfaisantes dans le cadre de pollutions « fraiches », un paramètre fondamental doit être pris en compte pour les pollutions historiques ayant subi un effet d’aging : la disponibilité. En effet, quelles que soient les conditions de mobilisation (statique-batch ou dynamique-colonne) la teneur en CAP dans les eaux est fortement dépendante de la disponibilité de la pollution. De plus, pour une forte disponibilité des CAP, les autres paramètres testés (force ionique, température) ont une influence limitée sur la mobilisation alors que pour une faible disponibilité, ils peuvent avoir une influence notable. Par ailleurs, la mobilisation des CAP polaires par les colloïdes semble limitée alors qu’elle est prépondérante pour les HAP de hauts poids moléculaires notamment dans le cas d’une eau présentant une force ionique faible. Les essais réalisés sur une colonne lysimétrique (2 m3) remplie avec une terre de cokerie contaminée au 2/3 supérieure et avec une terre prélevée sur le même site mais non contaminée pour le 1/3 inferieur confirment une mobilisation des CAP selon un mécanisme de dissolution des goudrons avec toutefois des concentrations largement inférieures à celles prédites par la loi de Raoult. Aux différentes échelles expérimentales utilisées (batch, colonnes de laboratoire et lysimétrique), il a été clairement mis en évidence que la composante biologique a une influence très forte. Ainsi, une fois sous forme dissoute, les HAP mais également les CAP polaires sont fortement biodégradés sans que des sous-produits (notamment CAP oxygénés) n’aient pu être détectés / In industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected

Como efeito negativo da sociedade marcada pelo desenvolvimento industrial a qualquer preço, especialmente decorrente do revés processo histórico de desativação de indústrias, surgiram no espaço urbano extensas áreas abandonadas suspeitas ou efetivamente contaminadas. Estas áreas são denominadas brownfields, e podem ser encontradas em praticamente todos os países industrializados ou em processo intenso de industrialização, em qualquer dos Continentes. Mostra-se relevante perceber a situação atual do gerenciamento de brownfields, mais especificamente de áreas contaminadas, que compõem o cenário de grande parte das cidades, e os instrumentos utilizados para promover a sua refuncionalização, especialmente os mecanismos legais criados para este fim. A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo é caso emblemático no Brasil tanto na constatação e registros da formação de brownfields pela relocalização de empreendimentos industriais quanto pela forma pioneira com que vem inovando e implementando instrumentos para a revitalização desses espaços urbanos, aliando iniciativas políticas e legais. Ainda, a recentíssima Resolução CONAMA nº 420, de 28 dezembro de 2009, surge como a primeira regulamentação sobre o tema em nível federal no Brasil, e traz a expectativa de que o tema seja finalmente enfrentado adequadamente no País, embora ainda mereça aprimoramentos e medidas complementares. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T19:06:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Flavia Mattei.pdf: 1796369 bytes, checksum: 212b89fe86f392c6e12cad7b05d176ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T19:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Flavia Mattei.pdf: 1796369 bytes, checksum: 212b89fe86f392c6e12cad7b05d176ea (MD5) / As a negative effect of the industrial development at any price, especially due to the historical process of closure of industries have emerged large urban areas abandoned, which are suspected or actually contaminated. These areas are called brownfields, and can be found in virtually all countries, industrialized or under intense process of industrialization in any of the Continents. It is necessary to study the current status of brownfields management, which have been being a mark of industrialized cities, and the instruments used to promote their revitalization or refunctioning, especially the legal mechanisms created for this purpose. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo in Brazil is emblematic case both in finding and comfirming the formation of brownfields by relocation of industrial enterprises, as well the pioneer way in innovating and deploying tools for urban areas revitalization, combining political and legal initiatives. Also, the very recent CONAMA Resolution 420 of December 28th, 2009, appears as the first legislation on the issue from federal initiative in Brazil, and raises the hope that the problem is finally addressed adequately in the country, though still worthy of improvements and complementary measures.

O presente trabalho aborda uma questão ainda relativamente nova, mas de urgente reflexão: a reutilização de imóveis industriais, considerados hoje, áreas potencialmente contaminadas (AP) por atividades não industriais. Objetiva documentar a postura mais freqüentemente utilizada no Brasil quando da reocupação da implantação de novos usos em imóveis industriais desativados, adotando-se como parâmetro o município de São Paulo. Busca averiguar se, em algum momento deste processo, há qualquer consideração sobre a possibilidade da existência de passivo ambiental, dada a natureza industrial da atividade anteriormente desenvolvida no imóvel. Parte da hipótese que os agentes envolvidos nesse processo de mudança de uso (incorporadoras, construtoras, etc) ignoram ou desconsideram a possível existência de contaminação no imóvel. A metodologia consistiu na seleção dos imóveis, a partir de uma base cartográfica (4 cartas – escala 1: 25.000 da EMPLASA) que registrava o uso do solo em 1980. Posterior visita ao campo e registro do uso atual destes imóveis. Os que apresentaram um novo uso não industrial foram analisados e se dentro dos parâmetros desejados, sujeitos a uma entrevista. O resultado das entrevistas comprovou a hipótese inicial. Conclui-se que, a reincorporação destes imóveis ao tecido urbano dá-se sem qualquer preocupação quanto à existência de uma possível contaminação do solo, dos aqüíferos ou das instalações se reaproveitadas. Mesmo se, durante a construção do novo empreendimento, tenham sido observados indícios de uma provável contaminação. Não há qualquer interesse na investigação da qualidade do solo e água, além do usual, para execução das fundações. Do ponto de vista dos agentes envolvidos, somente a exigência de um órgão público justificaria tal atitude. / This research refers to a very new problem, which needs urgent reflection and response: the new land uses in industrial areas, considered potentially contaminated. The research intends to define which is the more common attitude in Brazil for redevelopment of decommissioning industrial plants areas, focused on São Paulo city. It aims to examine the process of redevelopment projects, in order to discover if there is any consideration about the environment quality during the land uses changes. It takes as hypothesis that the agent involved in land uses changes process ignore completely the existence of contaminated sites. The methodology was grounded and developed by using charts (4 charts- scale 1:25.000 –.EMPLASA), which indicated the industrial plants in 1980. Later visit on land to verify their current uses. The agents involved in the installation of new non-industrial establishments were interviewed about the process. In summary, one can say that the reintegration of these decommissioning industrial areas is done without any kind of deeply concerns about the contaminated sites, or the impact of the past industrial activities on the groundwater quality, or in the abandoned installations. There isn’t any further interest in order to investigate the possibility of environmental liabilities and consequent risks and hazards.

Como efeito negativo da sociedade marcada pelo desenvolvimento industrial a qualquer preço, especialmente decorrente do revés processo histórico de desativação de indústrias, surgiram no espaço urbano extensas áreas abandonadas suspeitas ou efetivamente contaminadas. Estas áreas são denominadas brownfields, e podem ser encontradas em praticamente todos os países industrializados ou em processo intenso de industrialização, em qualquer dos Continentes. Mostra-se relevante perceber a situação atual do gerenciamento de brownfields, mais especificamente de áreas contaminadas, que compõem o cenário de grande parte das cidades, e os instrumentos utilizados para promover a sua refuncionalização, especialmente os mecanismos legais criados para este fim. A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo é caso emblemático no Brasil tanto na constatação e registros da formação de brownfields pela relocalização de empreendimentos industriais quanto pela forma pioneira com que vem inovando e implementando instrumentos para a revitalização desses espaços urbanos, aliando iniciativas políticas e legais. Ainda, a recentíssima Resolução CONAMA nº 420, de 28 dezembro de 2009, surge como a primeira regulamentação sobre o tema em nível federal no Brasil, e traz a expectativa de que o tema seja finalmente enfrentado adequadamente no País, embora ainda mereça aprimoramentos e medidas complementares. / As a negative effect of the industrial development at any price, especially due to the historical process of closure of industries have emerged large urban areas abandoned, which are suspected or actually contaminated. These areas are called brownfields, and can be found in virtually all countries, industrialized or under intense process of industrialization in any of the Continents. It is necessary to study the current status of brownfields management, which have been being a mark of industrialized cities, and the instruments used to promote their revitalization or refunctioning, especially the legal mechanisms created for this purpose. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo in Brazil is emblematic case both in finding and comfirming the formation of brownfields by relocation of industrial enterprises, as well the pioneer way in innovating and deploying tools for urban areas revitalization, combining political and legal initiatives. Also, the very recent CONAMA Resolution 420 of December 28th, 2009, appears as the first legislation on the issue from federal initiative in Brazil, and raises the hope that the problem is finally addressed adequately in the country, though still worthy of improvements and complementary measures.

This interdisciplinary project offers new insights into the reclamation history of two of the most controversial and contaminated sites in Canadian history: the Sydney tar ponds and coke ovens and the Athabasca oil sands. It argues that Canada’s natural resource-dependent economy, combined with jurisdictional uncertainty, created a hesitant, fragmentary site cleanup regime, one that left room for different ideas about landscapes to shape and even distort reclamation’s goals and processes. In the absence of substantive reclamation standards and legislation, researchers struggled to accommodate the unique challenges of the oil sands during the 1960s and 1970s. Ambitious goals for reclamation faltered, and even the most successful examples of oil sands reclamation differed significantly from the pre-extraction environment; reclamation was not restoration. Planners envisioned transforming northeastern Alberta into a managed wilderness and recreation nirvana, but few of these plans were realised. The Sydney tar ponds experience suggests that truly successful reclamation cannot exist unless past injustices are fully acknowledged, reparations made, and a more complete narrative of contamination and reclamation constructed through open deliberation. Reclamation, after all, does not repair history; nor can it erase the past. Effective oil sands reclamation, then, requires a reconsideration of the site’s past and an acknowledgement of the perpetuated vulnerabilities and injustices wrought by development and reclamation.

Les hydrocarbures pétroliers sont expédiés et utilisés dans pratiquement toutes les parties du monde et sont devenus l’un des contaminants parmi les plus communs et les plus répandus dans les sols. Les éléments traces sont parfois associés aux hydrocarbures, ce qui peut augmenter la toxicité d’un site, compliquer les voies possibles de remédiation, et augmenter les coûts de traitements traditionnels. Dans les régions nordiques, où des déversements sont recensés dans de nombreux sites, le temps de nettoyage des contaminants et les coûts des méthodes d’assainissement traditionnelles peuvent s’avérer considérablement plus élevés que dans les régions tempérées. Des recherches alternatives visant une remédiation plus rapide et moins coûteuse, adaptée à des climats subarctiques, sont nécessaires et l’utilisation de plantes et champignons indigènes à l’écosystème local sont des approches prometteuses. En parallèle, les gouvernements de multiples pays visent à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, notamment par la réduction des déchets putrescibles voués à l’enfouissement. En utilisant ces matières résiduelles fertilisantes obtenues localement dans le processus de décontamination, une opportunité se présente pour valoriser ces matières tout en décontaminant des sites. Cette recherche doctorale vise à développer des méthodes de bioremédiation adaptées aux conditions locales, avec des intrants indigènes aux régions d’étude, pour des sols contaminés aux HCP au sein de trois projets de recherche à grande échelle sur le terrain, dont un également contaminé aux éléments traces. Deux projets ont été effectués dans un climat subarctique au 60° parallèle (Whitehorse, Yukon), en utilisant une approche novatrice de phytoremédiation assistée de champignons et compost municipal; nous qualifions cette technique intégrée d’approche par « microsystème écologique ». Comme le volume de sol affecte beaucoup l’efficacité des méthodes de bioremédiation, des volumes considérables de 0.15 m3 et 1 m3 ont été utilisés (au premier et deuxième site, respectivement), pour maximiser la pertinence des résultats lors de transfert d’échelles futures. Au premier site, l’efficacité des différentes composantes du microsystème a été évaluée en bacs dans quatre différentes combinaisons et comparée au traitement de base habituel (fertilisant) dans un sol contaminé par un déversement accidentel de diésel. La plante choisie était le saule Salix planifolia et le champignon Pleurotus ostreatus. Les résultats indiquent qu’après une saison de traitement, le microsystème était le traitement avec le taux d’élimination du diésel le plus rapide. Après trois saisons, les traitements contenant un ou plusieurs éléments du microsystème avaient des taux de contamination sous les normes pour des sols agricoles et étaient plus efficaces que le traitement au fertilisant ou que l’atténuation naturelle. Le deuxième site était une fosse à huiles usées située sur une pile de stériles miniers au cœur d’un ancien dépotoir. Le microsystème a été implanté dans des cellules au sol avec une doublure à l’épreuve du lessivât de contaminants. Les saules Salix alaxensis et Salix planifolia furent utilisés en combinaison avec le champignon Trametes versicolor. Cette approche, dans un sol hautement contaminé, a réussi à diminuer de façon considérable les hydrocarbures pétroliers (plus de 65 à 75 %). Le potentiel d’accumulation des métaux dans les tissus aériens des plantes a également été mesuré. Les deux espèces de saules ont démontré des taux d’accumulation d’éléments traces distincts et des stratégies racinaires différentes. Un champignon de la famille des Psathyrellaceae fut observé pour la première fois sur un site si hautement contaminé, puis est apparu de façon récurrente sur les cellules du microsystème pendant quatre ans. Les deux premiers sites répondent à un besoin de développer des méthodes de bioremédiation efficaces, passives et applicables en climat subarctique. Le troisième site de recherche porte sur l’utilisation de deux matières résiduelles fertilisantes (bois raméal fragmenté et drêche) et de fumier pour la dégradation de l’huile à moteur dans un climat continental humide à une latitude moyenne (Neuville, Québec). Des mésocosmes de 0.76 m3 avec aération contrôlée furent utilisés. L’utilisation de bois raméal fragmenté et de drêche de brassage à cette échelle, de même que l’acquisition des matières résiduelles dans un rayon très rapproché du centre de traitement afin d’explorer une approche d’économie circulaire dans un tel contexte, constituent les volets novateurs de cette étude. Les résultats démontrent que le fumier est plus efficace que le traitement habituel au fertilisant. La drêche de brassage et le bois raméal fragmenté sont utiles pour conserver l’humidité dans les sols (un paramètre de bioremédiation important). Cette étude, menée en collaboration avec un partenaire industriel, s’intègre dans la politique canadienne et québécoise de réductions des gaz à effets de serre et la philosophie de l’économie circulaire en valorisant des matières organiques résiduelles locales. Cette thèse a permis de démontrer qu’une combinaison de stratégies de bioremédiation avec des composantes locales est une méthode efficace dans un climat subarctique. Deux nouvelles espèces de saules (Salix planifolia et Salix alaxensis) ont été utilisées avec succès pour la bioremédiation d’hydrocarbures pétroliers et pour l’accumulation de certains éléments traces. Lors d’une collaboration avec un partenaire industriel, il a été possible de démontrer l’applicabilité de certains concepts d’économie circulaire et d’approche écosystémique en bioremédiation. / Petroleum hydrocarbons are shipped and used in virtually all parts of the world and have become one of the most common and widespread contaminants in soils. Trace elements are sometimes associated with them, and they can increase the toxicity of a site, complicate remediation, and increase the costs of traditional treatments. In northern areas where spills occur at multiple sites, the clean-up time and cost of traditional remediation methods can be significantly higher than in temperate regions. Alternative research aimed at faster and cheaper remediation adapted to subarctic climates is needed and the use of native plants and fungi integrated into the local ecosystem are promising approaches. Concurrently, governments in multiple countries aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, namely through the reduction of putrescible waste destined for landfills. By using locally-sourced residual fertilizing materials for decontamination processes, an opportunity arises to valorize these materials while restoring soils. This doctoral research aims to develop locally-adapted bioremediation methods, with indigenous plant and fungal inputs, to treat petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils in three large-scale field research projects, including one also contaminated with trace elements. Two projects were carried out in a subarctic climate at the 60 ° parallel (Whitehorse, Yukon), using an innovative approach of phytoremediation assisted by mushrooms and municipal compost; we call this integrated technique the "ecological microsystem" approach. Because soil volume has significant impacts on the efficiency of bioremediation methods, considerable volumes of 0.15 m3 and 1 m3 were used (at the first and second sites, respectively) to maximize the relevance of results in the event of a scale-up operation. At the first site, the effectiveness of the various components of the microsystem were evaluated in four different combinations, as well as compared to the usual basic treatment (fertilizer) in soil contaminated by an accidental diesel spill. The plant species chosen was Salix planifolia and Pleurotus ostreatus was selected for the fungus. Results indicate that after one treatment season, the microsystem was the treatment with the fastest diesel removal rates. After three seasons, treatments containing one or more elements of the microsystem were below standards for agricultural soils and were more effective than fertilizer treatment or natural attenuation. The second northern site was a waste oil pit located on top of a mine waste rock pile, at the heart of an old landfill. The microsystem was implanted into ground-level cells with a contaminant-proof leachate liner. The plant species Salix alaxensis and Salix planifolia were used in combination with the fungus Trametes versicolor. This approach in a highly contaminated soil was able to significantly reduce petroleum hydrocarbons (65 to 75%). The potential for metal accumulation in aerial plant tissues was also measured. Both willow species demonstrated distinct trace element accumulation patterns and different rooting strategies. A fungus of the Psathyrellaceae family was observed for the first time at a site so highly contaminated and was recurrent on the cells of the microsystem for 4 years. The first two sites contribute to the development of efficient and passive bioremediation methods applicable in subarctic climates. The third research site focused on the use of two residual fertilizing materials (fragmented rameal wood and brewer’s spent grain) and manure for the degradation of motor oil in a humid continental climate at a medium latitude (Neuville, Quebec). Mesocosms of 0.76 m3 with controlled aeration were used. Innovative aspects of this project include the use of rameal wood and spent grain at this scale, as well as the acquisition of residual materials in a very close radius of the treatment center to explore how a circular economy approach could apply in such a context. Results indicate that the addition of manure is more effective than the usual fertilizer treatment alone. Brewer’s spent grain and fragmented rameal wood were useful for maintaining soil moisture (an important bioremediation parameter) but did not increase degradation. This study, conducted in close collaboration with an industrial partner, falls under the objectives set by Canadian and Quebec policy on greenhouse gas reductions and circular economy approaches by working on the valorization of local residual organic matter. This thesis has demonstrated that combining strategies with local biological components is an effective bioremediation method in a subarctic climate. Two new willow species (Salix planifolia and Salix alaxensis) have been successfully used for the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and for the accumulation of certain trace elements. In collaboration with an industrial partner, it has been possible to demonstrate the applicability of certain circular economy concepts and the ecosystemic approach to bioremediation.