Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Simioes Goncalves.pdf: 1740603 bytes, checksum: cfb13501f5b47517e60c194bfbccc6b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-23 / The present work is a study of the historical and philosophical background of Latin American double consciousness. Since the beginning of America, Latin American identity has been forged through a breakup and a tension between the logic of coloniality of power (one as a principle) and the logic of critical mestizaje (two as a totality). In the first one, difference is radically denied; in the second one, it is legitimized as a foundation of reality. This originates a dialectic of extremes proper to Latin America s formation, in which different memories and times are mixed in a heterogeneous and contradictory totality. In the beginning of the XX century, the work of the thinker José Carlos Mariátegui was the expression of such tension. Being the first great Marxist thinker of Peru, Mariátegui defended the idea that there is an agonizing struggle between two souls in Latin American consciousness: on the one hand, the positivist decaying edifice built from capitalism; on the other hand, the new impetus, the passionate desire in search of Indo-American socialism, capable of bringing together indigenous world, revolution, spirituality and poetic imagination in the same movement of the subversion of Latin America s historical double consciousness. The tradition of a critical thinking that can express the way of life of different populations of Latin America continued throughout the XX century, when the idea of a critical mestizaje develops in the literature, the philosophy and the social thinking of the whole continent. It is in this context that the category of liberation is constituted as an expression proper of the Latin American critical thinking and, in the beginning of the XXI century, unfolds in the search for an intercultural and decolonized praxis. Considering this long-lasting historical arc, the thesis brings subsidies to a reading of the current context of capitalism s structural crisis, from the standpoint of the intersubjective dimension as divided historical consciousness. And it puts forward approaches to the construction of a new historical sense for the contemporary social struggles / O presente trabalho é um estudo sobre a formação histórico-filosófica da dupla consciência latino-americana. Desde o início da América, a identidade latino-americana se forjou a partir de uma cisão e de uma tensão entre a lógica da colonialidade do poder (um como princípio) e a lógica da mestiçagem crítica (dois como totalidade). Na primeira, a diferença é radicalmente negada; na segunda, é legitimada enquanto fundamento da realidade. Disso se origina uma dialética dos extremos própria à formação latino-americana, em que diferentes memórias e tempos se combinam em uma totalidade heterogênea e contraditória. No início do séc. XX, a obra do pensador José Carlos Mariátegui é a expressão dessa tensão. Primeiro grande pensador marxista do Peru, Mariátegui defendia a ideia de que havia uma luta agônica entre duas almas na consciência latino-americana. De um lado, o decadente edifício positivista erigido a partir do capitalismo. Do outro, o novo ânimo, a vontade apaixonada em busca do socialismo indo-americano, capaz de reunir mundo indígena, revolução, espiritualidade e imaginação poética em um mesmo movimento e de subverter a dupla consciência histórica latino-americana. A tradição de um pensamento crítico que seja expressão do modo de vida das diferentes populações da América Latina tem continuidade no decorrer do séc. XX, quando a ideia de uma mestiçagem crítica se desenvolve na literatura, na filosofia e no pensamento social de todo o continente. É nesse contexto que a categoria da libertação se constitui como uma expressão própria do pensamento crítico latino-americano e se desdobra, no início do séc. XXI, na busca por uma práxis intercultural e descolonizada. Ao analisar esse arco histórico de larga duração, a tese traz subsídios para uma leitura do atual contexto de crise estrutural do capitalismo, a partir da dimensão intersubjetiva enquanto consciência histórica dividida e aponta caminhos para a construção de um novo sentido histórico para as lutas sociais do tempo presente

In Outside the Metropolitan Frame: The Nouvelle Vague and the Foreign, 1954-1968 I examine the significance of the Nouvelle Vague directors’ engagement with the world beyond metropolitan France, through formal analyses of seminal films by Jean-Luc Godard, Chris Marker, Alain Resnais, and Jean Rouch, as well as close readings of archival documents pertaining to their promotion and reception. I contend that the directors of the Nouvelle Vague were concerned with the shifts in national, transnational and colonial dynamics that marked their era. I demonstrate that their texts and films are structured by a dialectical relationship between a gaze turned outwards onto the world beyond metropolitan France, and a gaze turned inwards, onto the French. In my first three chapters, I inscribe the Nouvelle Vague in a cultural longue durée by examining its formal and thematic continuities with the tradition of French ethnography; the inter-war artistic movement, Surrealism; and the cinéma vérité documentary tradition of the early 1960s. I illustrate that the films of the Nouvelle Vague were fundamentally shaped by their directors’ engagement with the decolonization of the French empire. In my final chapter, I reexamine the most conspicuous example of foreign influence on the Nouvelle Vague, American cinema, in light of my preceding demonstrations. I determine that there are two levels of foreign influence on the Nouvelle Vague, and that the influence of American cinema was above all textual and superficial, whereas a grappling with the end of the French empire was, though far less conspicuous, fundamental to the form of the Nouvelle Vague films themselves.

O sistema de saúde é desafiado diariamente por complicações infecciosas relacionadas à assistência, que constituem grave problema de saúde pública mundial, aumentando a morbidade e a mortalidade dos pacientes assistidos e elevando os custos hospitalares. O Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA), endêmico em várias instituições de saúde no mundo, é um dos principais agentes etiológicos de infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde. A colonização é um importante fator na patogênese das infecções causadas pelo MRSA, elevando o risco de uma infecção em portadores nasais desta bactéria. Além disso, sabe-se que pacientes colonizados ou infectados representam um importante reservatório desta bactéria. Atualmente, a descolonização dos portadores de MRSA é uma medida recomendada para o controle da disseminação desta bactéria. A mupirocina tem sido amplamente utilizada para a descolonização nasal, no entanto cepas de MRSA resistentes à mupirocina tem se tornado mais frequente na última década. Além disso, a formulação de mupirocina disponível no Brasil é inadequada para aplicação em mucosas, causando efeitos adversos intoleráveis. Uma vez que a sulfadiazina de prata é bastante ativa contra o MRSA in vitro, este estudo se propôs avaliar a efetividade da aplicação intranasal dessa substância para a descolonização de pacientes hospitalizados e colonizados por MRSA. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplamente cego, controlado com placebo, cuja intervenção consistiu na terapia de descolonização nasal, com a aplicação intranasal de gel de sulfadiazina de prata a 1%, duas vezes por dia, associado a utilização de clorexidina degermante a 2% para o banho diário, por 5 dias consecutivos nos pacientes internados em um hospital terciário, com colonização nasal por MRSA, demonstrada por meio de cultura seletiva de swab nasal. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a identificação de swab nasal negativo para MRSA coletado imediatamente após o fim do tratamento. A comparação da taxa de descolonização nasal entre os grupos foi feita usando-se o teste do Qui quadrado, com correção de Person, e por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. Foram identificados 279 pacientes colonizados por MRSA, no entanto 156 apresentavam critérios de exclusão e 79 não estavam mais internados no momento da inclusão, sendo incluídos 44 pacientes. A mediana de idade dos incluídos foi de 57,5 anos. Após a randomização, restaram 22 pacientes em cada grupo. Oito pacientes não completaram o protocolo, e foram excluídos da análise. A descolonização nasal foi obtida em 10/16 pacientes (62,50%) no grupo controle e 10/20 (50,00%) no grupo experimental (p=0,453). A descolonização corporal global ocorreu em 8/16 (50,00%) no grupo controle e 9/20 (45,00%) no grupo experimental (p=0,765). Na análise multivariada, nenhuma das variáveis independentes incluídas, a saber sexo, idade, uso de sulfadiazina de prata, e uso de antimicrobianos sistêmicos com atividade anti-MRSA exibiu associação com o desfecho primário. Não houve diferença, entre os grupos, na incidência de infecções por MRSA após o término da terapia. Dois pacientes apresentaram irritação nasal no grupo experimental. De acordo com os nossos resultados, a sulfadiazina de prata a 1% não foi superior ao placebo para a descolonização de pacientes com colonização nasal por MRSA. / The health system is daily challenged by health-care associated infections, which constitute a global public health problem, increasing morbidity and mortality of assisted patients as well as hospital costs. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), endemic in several facilities worldwide, is a major etiologic agent of health-care associated infections. MRSA colonization is a relevant risk factor in the pathogenesis of infections caused by MRSA. Moreover, it is known that colonized or infected patients represent an important reservoir of this pathogen. Currently, the decolonization of MRSA carriers is a recommended measure to control the spread of this pathogen. Mupirocin has been widely used for nasal decolonization, however MRSA strains resistant to mupirocin has become more common over the last decade. In addition, mupirocin formulation available in Brazil is inappropriate for application to mucosal causing intolerable side effects. Once silver sulfadiazine is active against MRSA in vitro, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal application of this substance for decolonizing hospitalized patients harboring MRSA. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which intervention consisted in intranasal application of silver sulfadiazine gel 1%, twice a day, associated with the use of chlorhexidine soap 2% for daily bath for 5 consecutive days in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital with nasal MRSA colonization, demonstrated by selective culture of nasal swab. The primary endpoint of the study was the identification of negative nasal swab for MRSA collected immediately after the end of treatment. Comparison of decolonization rate between groups was performed using Person\'s corrected chi square, and through a logistic regression model. From 279 patients colonized by MRSA identified, 156 met exclusion criteria and 79 were no longer in hospital at the time of inclusion, so 44 patients were included. The median age of those included was 57.5 years. After randomization, 22 patients remained in each group. Eight patients did not complete the protocol and were excluded from analysis. Nasal decolonization was achieved in 10/16 patients (62.50%) in the control group and 10/20 (50.00%) in the experimental group (p = 0.453). The global body decolonization occurred in 8/16 (50.00%) in the control group and 9/20 (45.00%) in the experimental group (p = 0.765). In multivariate analysis, none of the included independent variables, namely sex, age, use of silver sulfadiazine, and use of systemic antibiotics with anti-MRSA activity showed association with primary endpoint. There was no difference between groups in the incidence of MRSA infections after the end of therapy. Two patients had nasal irritation in the experimental group. According to our results, silver sulfadiazine 1% was not superior to placebo for decolonizing patients with nasal MRSA colonization.

This thesis examines the relationship between the Africa Inland Mission (AIM) and the Africa Inland Church (AIC) in Kenya between 1939 and 1975. AIM began laying plans for an African denomination in Kenya in 1939 and established the Africa Inland Church in 1943. The mission did not clearly define the nature of its relationship with the church it founded. The arrangement was informal, and evolved over time. In addition, the relationship between the AIM and the AIC between 1939 and 1975 was often troubled. African independent churches were formed in the 1940s because of dissatisfaction over AIM policies. The mission opposed devolution in the 1950s, even when other mission societies were following this policy in preparation for independence in Kenya. AIM continued to resist a mission church merger in the 1960s and did not hand over properties and powers to the church until 1971. The study focuses on how the mission’s relationship with the church it founded evolved during this period. It considers how mission principles and policies created tension in the relationship with the church it founded. First, it examines how mission policy contributed to significant schisms in the 1940s, giving rise to African independent churches. Second, it looks at how AIM interpreted and responded to post-war religious, political and social changes in Kenya. Third, it explores the reasons for AIM’s rejection of a proposed mission-church merger in the late 1950s. Fourth, this study investigates mission motives for resisting increased African pressure for devolution after independence in Kenya even while it helped establish the Association of Evangelicals in Africa and Madagascar. Fifth, it considers what happened to the mission and the church in the aftermath of a merger in 1971.

Submitted by Kenia Bernini (kenia.bernini@ufpel.edu.br) on 2017-05-30T18:56:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Thaíse_Sá_Freire_Rocha_Dissertação.pdf: 3729456 bytes, checksum: e007cf38a1bf059abbd430ecb5e1b61b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T20:21:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Thaíse_Sá_Freire_Rocha_Dissertação.pdf: 3729456 bytes, checksum: e007cf38a1bf059abbd430ecb5e1b61b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T20:22:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Thaíse_Sá_Freire_Rocha_Dissertação.pdf: 3729456 bytes, checksum: e007cf38a1bf059abbd430ecb5e1b61b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T20:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Thaíse_Sá_Freire_Rocha_Dissertação.pdf: 3729456 bytes, checksum: e007cf38a1bf059abbd430ecb5e1b61b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O presente trabalho busca refletir sobre qual a relação estabelecida entre Arqueologia e a comunidade de Carangola, Minas Gerais. O município de Carangola, devido ao seu potencial arqueológico, se tornou alvo de diferentes pesquisas arqueológicas nos últimos dois séculos. A partir de uma análise das ações desenvolvidas no município, foi possível perceber não só os impactos que esses trabalhos tiveram na comunidade local, como também, de que forma essas ações influenciaram na percepção dessas pessoas sobre a Arqueologia, o trabalho da/o arqueóloga/o e o patrimônio arqueológico. Para a concretização dessa empreitada, procurei pensar em uma Arqueologia decolonizante em consonância com a Arqueologia Pública, que busca compreender a correlação entre comunidade e patrimônio arqueológico. Em termos práticos, a abordagem ocorreu por meio da Arqueologia etnográfica, onde a etnografia é entendida como uma proposta que vem para integrar o fazer arqueológico. Com os dados obtidos através da minha inserção na comunidade de Carangola, foi possível evidenciar que a Arqueologia é entendida como escavação e a procura de coisas arqueológicas. Essa forma tradicional de pensar e compreender a disciplina arqueológica, é percebida nessa dissertação, como um reflexo da atuação de diferentes arqueólogas/os no município. Diante desses dados, a reflexão sobre uma Arqueologia decolonizante e pública se torna essencial. A forma na qual a disciplina vem sendo apresentada e desenvolvida nos lugares onde passa, tem perpetuado um pensamento cientificista tradicional, que acaba por excluir o “outro” das narrativas desenvolvidas dentro da pesquisa arqueológica e na própria construção de uma história local / The present work seeks to reflect on the relationship established between Archeology and the community of Carangola, Minas Gerais. The municipality of Carangola, due to its archaeological potential, has become the target of different archaeological investigations in the last two centuries. From an analysis of the actions carried out in the municipality, it was possible to perceive not only the impacts that these works had on the local community, but also how these actions influenced the perception of these people on Archeology, the work of the archaeologist and the patrimony archaeological. For the accomplishment of this work, I tried to think of a decolonizing archeology in consonance with Public Archeology, which seeks to understand the correlation between community and archaeological heritage. In practical terms, the approach took place through ethnographic archeology, where ethnography is understood as a proposal that comes to integrate archaeological work. With the data obtained through my insertion in the community of Carangola, it was possible to show that Archeology is understood as excavation and the search for archaeological things. This traditional way of thinking and understanding the archaeological discipline is perceived in this dissertation, as a reflection of the performance of different archaeologists in the municipality. Given these data, the reflection on a decolonizing and public archeology becomes essential. The way in which the discipline has been presented and developed in the places where it passes has perpetuated a traditional scientistic thought, which ends up excluding the "other" from the narratives developed within the archaeological research and the construction of a local history

O sistema de saúde é desafiado diariamente por complicações infecciosas relacionadas à assistência, que constituem grave problema de saúde pública mundial, aumentando a morbidade e a mortalidade dos pacientes assistidos e elevando os custos hospitalares. O Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA), endêmico em várias instituições de saúde no mundo, é um dos principais agentes etiológicos de infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde. A colonização é um importante fator na patogênese das infecções causadas pelo MRSA, elevando o risco de uma infecção em portadores nasais desta bactéria. Além disso, sabe-se que pacientes colonizados ou infectados representam um importante reservatório desta bactéria. Atualmente, a descolonização dos portadores de MRSA é uma medida recomendada para o controle da disseminação desta bactéria. A mupirocina tem sido amplamente utilizada para a descolonização nasal, no entanto cepas de MRSA resistentes à mupirocina tem se tornado mais frequente na última década. Além disso, a formulação de mupirocina disponível no Brasil é inadequada para aplicação em mucosas, causando efeitos adversos intoleráveis. Uma vez que a sulfadiazina de prata é bastante ativa contra o MRSA in vitro, este estudo se propôs avaliar a efetividade da aplicação intranasal dessa substância para a descolonização de pacientes hospitalizados e colonizados por MRSA. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplamente cego, controlado com placebo, cuja intervenção consistiu na terapia de descolonização nasal, com a aplicação intranasal de gel de sulfadiazina de prata a 1%, duas vezes por dia, associado a utilização de clorexidina degermante a 2% para o banho diário, por 5 dias consecutivos nos pacientes internados em um hospital terciário, com colonização nasal por MRSA, demonstrada por meio de cultura seletiva de swab nasal. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a identificação de swab nasal negativo para MRSA coletado imediatamente após o fim do tratamento. A comparação da taxa de descolonização nasal entre os grupos foi feita usando-se o teste do Qui quadrado, com correção de Person, e por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. Foram identificados 279 pacientes colonizados por MRSA, no entanto 156 apresentavam critérios de exclusão e 79 não estavam mais internados no momento da inclusão, sendo incluídos 44 pacientes. A mediana de idade dos incluídos foi de 57,5 anos. Após a randomização, restaram 22 pacientes em cada grupo. Oito pacientes não completaram o protocolo, e foram excluídos da análise. A descolonização nasal foi obtida em 10/16 pacientes (62,50%) no grupo controle e 10/20 (50,00%) no grupo experimental (p=0,453). A descolonização corporal global ocorreu em 8/16 (50,00%) no grupo controle e 9/20 (45,00%) no grupo experimental (p=0,765). Na análise multivariada, nenhuma das variáveis independentes incluídas, a saber sexo, idade, uso de sulfadiazina de prata, e uso de antimicrobianos sistêmicos com atividade anti-MRSA exibiu associação com o desfecho primário. Não houve diferença, entre os grupos, na incidência de infecções por MRSA após o término da terapia. Dois pacientes apresentaram irritação nasal no grupo experimental. De acordo com os nossos resultados, a sulfadiazina de prata a 1% não foi superior ao placebo para a descolonização de pacientes com colonização nasal por MRSA. / The health system is daily challenged by health-care associated infections, which constitute a global public health problem, increasing morbidity and mortality of assisted patients as well as hospital costs. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), endemic in several facilities worldwide, is a major etiologic agent of health-care associated infections. MRSA colonization is a relevant risk factor in the pathogenesis of infections caused by MRSA. Moreover, it is known that colonized or infected patients represent an important reservoir of this pathogen. Currently, the decolonization of MRSA carriers is a recommended measure to control the spread of this pathogen. Mupirocin has been widely used for nasal decolonization, however MRSA strains resistant to mupirocin has become more common over the last decade. In addition, mupirocin formulation available in Brazil is inappropriate for application to mucosal causing intolerable side effects. Once silver sulfadiazine is active against MRSA in vitro, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal application of this substance for decolonizing hospitalized patients harboring MRSA. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which intervention consisted in intranasal application of silver sulfadiazine gel 1%, twice a day, associated with the use of chlorhexidine soap 2% for daily bath for 5 consecutive days in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital with nasal MRSA colonization, demonstrated by selective culture of nasal swab. The primary endpoint of the study was the identification of negative nasal swab for MRSA collected immediately after the end of treatment. Comparison of decolonization rate between groups was performed using Person\'s corrected chi square, and through a logistic regression model. From 279 patients colonized by MRSA identified, 156 met exclusion criteria and 79 were no longer in hospital at the time of inclusion, so 44 patients were included. The median age of those included was 57.5 years. After randomization, 22 patients remained in each group. Eight patients did not complete the protocol and were excluded from analysis. Nasal decolonization was achieved in 10/16 patients (62.50%) in the control group and 10/20 (50.00%) in the experimental group (p = 0.453). The global body decolonization occurred in 8/16 (50.00%) in the control group and 9/20 (45.00%) in the experimental group (p = 0.765). In multivariate analysis, none of the included independent variables, namely sex, age, use of silver sulfadiazine, and use of systemic antibiotics with anti-MRSA activity showed association with primary endpoint. There was no difference between groups in the incidence of MRSA infections after the end of therapy. Two patients had nasal irritation in the experimental group. According to our results, silver sulfadiazine 1% was not superior to placebo for decolonizing patients with nasal MRSA colonization.

As sociedades e instituições arqueológicas, como as demais organizações científicas, são espaços fundamentais no fomento e na manutenção da rede de intelectuais de sua área de pesquisa. Podem, através da veiculação de suas publicações, apontadas na seção editorial de boletins dessas organizações, reafirmar as tradições arqueológicas ou oferecer perspectivas inovadoras. Analisamos trinta e quatro editoriais das publicações The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Nyame Akuma e Nsi, intentando compreender a formação das múltiplas imagens dos arqueólogos africanos e africanistas na era pós-colonial, entre 1987 e 1993, que, a nosso ver, dar-se-ia diante daquilo que essas sociedades através de seus boletins consolidam. Segundo a ótica de seus editores, os boletins do corpus de nossa pesquisa eram meios de comunicação rápidos e eficientes para cumprir funções de possibilitar que os arqueólogos interagissem, que se informassem sobre o andamento das pesquisas de campo e que fossem comunicados quanto à realização de congressos entre seus pares. Nosso recorte temporal define-se pela circulação concomitante dos três boletins, exceto quanto ao Nsi, que foi, um ano antes, em 1992, assimilado ao Nyame Akuma. Esse recorte temporal, a propósito, foi marcado pelas correntes teóricas da Nova Arqueologia, do Pós-Processualismo, dos estudos pós-coloniais e pela divulgação da pesquisa arqueológica na África e sobre a África em face dessas abordagens. Apontamos a título de conclusão da análise que os boletins, sob o pretexto de favorecer os arqueólogos e a produção científica em arqueologia na África durante esse período, veiculavam, na verdade, as imagens ideais ou mesmo as rechaçadas dos arqueólogos interessados na África. Essas imagens eram construídas nos textos dos editores na prática discursiva que formulavam com temas ligados ao ofício do arqueólogo. / The archaeological societies and institutions, like others scientific organizations, they are fundamental spaces in the encouragement and in the support an intellectual\'s network of the research´s area. They can, through the distribution of its publications, like the newsletters, in the editorial section, to reaffirm traditions or offer innovative perspectives. We analyzed thirty and four editorial texts in The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Nyame Akuma and Nsi, intending to understand structure multiple images\' of Africans and Africanists Archaeologists in the post-colonial era, between 1987 and 1993, that, in our opinion, would it is happen before of that societies through its newsletters consolidate. According to the viewpoint their editors, the newsletters of our documental corpus were agile and efficient to fulfill the functions to make possible archaeologists interact, they knew about the fieldwork\'s progress, they were informed about the realization of Congress. Our temporal period is defined by the concomitant movement of the bulletins, with the exception of the year 1993, when Nsi was assimilated to Nyame Akuma. It\'s a period was marked by New Archaeology´s theoretical currents, Post-processualism, postcolonial studies and dissemination of archaeological research in the Africa and about the Africa in face of these approaches. We point as conclusion of the analysis like the bulletins, under the pretext of promoting the archaeologists and the scientific archeology in the Africa, during in this period, they conveyed, in fact, the ideal or rejected images of the interested archaeologists in Africa. These images were constructed in the editor\'s texts in discursive practice that they formulated. They were recurring statements of the contingent themes at the archaeologist´s work.

L’institutionnalisation des études postcoloniales et l’essor récent du champ décolonial ont mis en évidence la reconnaissance dont bénéficient aujourd’hui les intellectuels issus d’anciens territoires colonisés. Parmi eux, Ngugi wa Thiong’o et Valentin-Yves Mudimbe sont des figures respectées dont les écrits, aussi bien théoriques que fictionnels, cherchent à résoudre les crises générées par l’expérience coloniale. Conscients que celle-ci ne s’est pas achevée avec la vague des indépendances, ils maintiennent éveillé dans leurs œuvres le désir utopique qu’elles avaient vu naître, celui de concevoir un monde nouveau où les relations entre les peuples et les individus seraient renégociées, et ce, malgré les désillusions de la période qui leur succéda. Pourtant, la survenue, en 1994, du génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda aurait bien pu symboliser l’échec de leurs entreprises de détachement épistémique avec la modernité occidentale. Celui-ci consistait en effet en la réitération, sur le continent africain, d’un crime semblable à celui qui avait poussé nombre d’intellectuels à vouloir rompre avec l’ordre dont la Shoah était la conséquence. Néanmoins, bien au contraire, les textes de Scholastique Mukasonga témoignent de la reprise de l’impératif formulé par Ngugi wa Thiong’o et Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, à savoir le besoin de parvenir à une décolonisation des subjectivités pour initier une renaissance africaine. L’étude de chacune de leurs trajectoires a pour ambition de montrer la complémentarité de ces deux processus dans leurs œuvres qui, séparément, ouvrent la voie à de multiples futurs possibles pour l’humanité. / The institutionalization of postcolonial studies and the recent development of decolonial studies have highlighted the recognition that intellectuals from former colonized territories enjoy today. Among them, Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Valentin-Yves Mudimbe are respected figures whose writings, both theoretical and fictional, seek to resolve the crises generated by the colonial experience. Aware that this did not end with the wave of independence, they kept alive in their works the utopian desire, that of conceiving a new world where relations between peoples and individuals would be renegotiated, despite the disappointments of the postcolonial regimes. However, the 1994 genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda could well have symbolized the failure of their epistemic detachment efforts with Western modernity. This consisted in the repetition, on the African continent, of a crime similar to the one that had pushed many intellectuals to want to break with the order of which the Shoah was the consequence. On the contrary, Scholastique Mukasonga's texts bear witness to the repetition of the imperative formulated by Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, namely the need to achieve a decolonization of subjectivities to initiate an African renaissance. The study of each of their trajectories aims to show the complementarity of these two processes in their works which, separately, open the way to multiple possible futures for humanity.

Si le choc de la colonisation de la Nouvelle-Calédonie évoqué dans le préambule de l’accord sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie du 5 mai 1998 n’est plus à démontrer, les moyens développés par le droit français à l’endroit du peuple restent à être examinés. Compte tenu des relations particulières qu’entretiennent les Kanak à la terre, le choc des cultures va se traduire par l’opposition des droits entre une coutume immuable, et un droit français qui sacralise la propriété privée, participant aux droits de l’homme et du citoyen Ces particularismes propres à la colonisation de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, ont pris de multiples formes juridiques, pour ce qui est de la prise de possession elle-même puisque le peuple premier kanak va connaitre un traité (1844), une prise de possession en 1853, et des actes de reconnaissance de souveraineté paraphés par certains chefs (1854) sur la Grande Terre.1Notre questionnement permanent est donc celui de savoir comment le peuple kanak a subi en vertu du droit français un bouleversement fondamental de son espace foncier vital, des zones d’influences de ses chefferies traditionnelles, une déstructuration de son organisation dotée de ses propres codes. La reconnaissance constitutionnelle d’un statut personnel propre au peuple premier dans l’accord de Nouméa de 1998, va permettre de confirmer et d’assurer la prééminence des usages coutumiers, non plus dans ce seul domaine, mais pour tout ce qui concerne le droit civil. Le droit français réputé fondé sur l’égalité. L’application au peuple kanak de Nouvelle-Calédonie montre que cette idée doit être réexaminée. Aussi, qu’il s’agisse de la période de la colonisation (1ere partie) et son droit discriminatoire négatif où celle de la décolonisation (2eme partie) et son droit discriminatoire positif, le peuple kanak a connu et connaît toujours des règles différentes / If the shock of the colonization of New Caledonia evoked in the introduction of the agreement on New Caledonia of May 5th, 1998 is not to be any more demonstrated, themeans developed by the French law towards the people remain to be examined. Considering the particular relations that maintain Kanak in the land, the shock of the cultures is goi ng to be translated by the opposition of the rights be tween an unchanging custom, and a French law which makes sacred the private property, participat ing in the rights of man and the citizen. These senses of identity appropriate for the coloni zation of New Caledonia, took multiple legal forms, as for the very taking possession because the Kanak first people knows a treaty (1844), a taking possession in 1853, and acts of gratitude of sovere ignty were signed by leaders (1854 ) on the Big Earth 2 . Our permanent questioning is thus the one to know how the Kanak people underwent by virtue of the French law a fundamental upheaval of his vital land space, spheres of influence ofhis traditional chieftainships, a disintegration of his organizatio n endowed with his owncodes. The constitutional gratitude of a personal status a ppropriate for the first people in the agreement of Noumea of 1998, is going to allow to confirm and to assure the superiority of the usual uses, either i n this only domain, but for all which concerns the ci vil law. The renowned French law based on the equality. The application to the Kanak people of New Caledonia shows that this idea must be revised. So, it is about the period of the colonization ( 1st part)) and its negative discriminatory law wher e that of the decolonization (2eme left) and its posi tive discriminatory law, Kanak people knew and always knows different rules.

前途問題展開談判以來，香港政制改革的速度開始加快。改革沿著《中英聯合聲明》和《基本法》所計畫的軌道進D義過渡到「一國兩制、港人治港」，到底關係到深層結構^國與香港三大行為者利益或價值的分歧和激烈的爭辯，也U行為者如何運用自身的資源、如何在其他行為者行為之前漱狨部A以爭取最有利或最少損失的情況，是研究香港政治者必須加以分析探討的重要課題。禰趕暋D是在於如何建立一個有長遠活力的政治秩序。這個酋w的狀態，而是一個基於公平而受愛戴的政治制度所產生隻菑@九八五年開始在香港推行部分民選議會制度，目的是k局選舉，使未來政制植根於民主基礎上，從而建立一套制m來自北京共產主義的影響；北京方面則因為要在香港計畫A特別為香港制定《香港特別行政區基本法》；而自立法局J普選議席，香港民間政治力量，僅管羽翼未豐，終於可以U個政治團體。現行狀況是中(共)英雙方基本上處於「共治O量可以運作的空間相當有限。然社會已趨於政治化及多元き瘚o揮作用，影響香港未來政治發展的同時，如何形成有活力的政治秩序則需要整個社會共同努力。D要是自一九八四年《中英聯合聲明》的簽署至一九九五年異繻陘謘A以十餘年間香港政治制度的改革和政治發展作為本文的研究範圍。