Car dependency which corresponds to excessive and inappropriate usage of the car itself is becoming a major problem all around the world. It shapes urban areas in such a way that the overall urban form as well as individual activities all develop to accommodate cars. However, introducing nonmotorized modes is seen as a remedy to overcome the car dependency. It offers a chance for retrieving healthy urban environments and healthy social lives and also for revitalizing/enhancing public spaces in cities. This means increasing the quality and quantity of pedestrian areas which have been receiving increasing emphasis all around the world. In this thesis, it is intended to show that pedestrianization can be, and should be, a valid transport policy in growing metropolitan areas that are becoming more and more car-oriented, such as Ankara. As a case study, this study assesses potentials and possibilities for creating a pedestrian environment in Ankara, Tunali Hilmi Street. To do so, detailed pedestrian surveys/analyses including v pedestrian counts, pedestrian movement analysis, pedestrian static analysis and pedestrian space analysis throughout the street and questionnaires with potential stakeholders including pedestrians, shop-owners and taxi-drivers are carried out. Through these analyses, it is assessed whether Tunali Hilmi Street is suitable for such an arrangement in terms of pedestrianization or not. As a result, this thesis makes an emphasis on non-motorization and pedestrianization as a method of preventing increasing car-oriented arrangements and revitalizing city centre for the case of Tunali Hilmi Street.

The budget of the European Union has accomplished a significant role for European integration in the history of the Union. However, it has not resulted into anticipated developments compatible with the Union&rsquo / s institutional policy reform process in the last decades. The budget has emerged as a consequence of path dependent developments in its historical progress, which has dragged the European Union to a critical stage. It is rather challenging for the Union now to sustain the current structure of the budget, since it exposes some disadvantages to continue with this structure in an enlarging and deepening Union. In spite of various reform proposals, there is no appropriate theoretical ground for the budgetary politics of the European Union to be channelled through strengthening the link between the Union and European citizens. This thesis attempts to approach the existing problems associated with expenditures and revenues of the current budget from the social constructive policy perspective, in line with the major question of &ldquo / how the budget can be made more socially constructive by utilizing expenditures and revenues?&rdquo / The study has three major objectives. Firstly, it presents a historical evolution of the European Union budget in order to explore path dependent developments inherent to its historical progress. Secondly, it offers a critical analysis on the expenditure and revenue sides of the budget. Thirdly, it introduces a social constructivist policy approach on this subject as an alternative to the most prevalent approach of fiscal federalism.

A Study of Research and Publishing Patterns among University Faculty Members in Taiwan Huei-Yu Huang Abstract The main purposes of this study were (a) to investigate if the research and publishing patterns of university faculty members in Taiwan indicates the educational dependency phenomenon; and (b) to compare if the research and publishing patterns of the faculty with different variables (including gender, the country where faculty members acquired the highest degree, rank, years of service in university, career orientation, reputation of the departments and organizational context, academic discipline, and time spent on research or instruction) has significant differences. The subjects of this study consisted of the active researchers in natural science, social science and art & humanities in the past 3 years (1999~2001), and these subjects were selected from the local and foreign citation database of SCI, SSCI, A&HCI, TSCI, TSSCI,and THCI. Through the survey of paper and cyber questionnaire of The Survey on the Research and Publishing Patterns among University Faculty Members in Taiwan, 329 samples responded. Most analysis methods were descriptives, t-test, chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings and conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. The publishing preference of university faculty members in Taiwan indicated a center-periphery phenomenon that the educational dependency theory suggested. The research findings were published mainly in journals issued in western countries. Besides, the academic journals were also their first choice to make their research finding public. 2. The literature citation preference of faculty members in Taiwan revealed a center-periphery phenomenon that the educational theory suggested. The literature written in English and academic journals have been the main source for citation. 3. The local and foreign academic publishers did not discriminate non-resident scholars or non-local subjects during their review processes; while it was usually an effective tactics to co-work with foreign scholars or to follow the mainstream issues in order to have the academic papers successfully published. 4. The faculty members in Taiwan commonly had the attitudes of endorsing the local citation index database. However, most subjects still deemed the journals of foreign database as the preferred sources of reference in their promotion processes of professorial ranks, and insisted on submitting their papers to foreign journals. 5. The research and publishing patterns of the faculty members with different variables (including gender, the country where faculty members acquired the highest degree, rank, years of service in university, career orientation, reputation of the departments and organizational context, academic discipline, and time spent on research or instruction) had significant differences. Finally, some suggestions were proposed by the researcher for related institutions, faculty members, and further studies.

This thesis presents the dynamic and static forced performance of a flexure-pivot tilting-pad bearing load between pad (LBP) configuration for different rotor speeds and bearing unit loadings. The bearing has the following design parameters: 4 pads with pad arc angle 72o and 50% pivot offset, pad axial length 0.0762 m (3 in), pad radial clearance 0.254 mm (0.010 in), bearing radial clearance 0.1905 mm (0.0075 in), preload 0.25 and shaft nominal diameter of 0.11684 m (4.600 in). The dynamic coefficients and the static performance parameters of the FPB have been compared with the theoretical predictions using the isothermal analysis from the rotordynamic software suite XLTRC2-XLTFPBrg. The bearing shows a small attitude angle, about 10o, which indicates small crosscoupling stiffnesses. The pad temperatures increase in the circumferential direction of rotation with speed and load. The pads maximum temperature was measured near the trailing edge. The dependency of the stiffness and damping coefficients on the excitation frequency has been studied. The frequency dependency in the dynamic coefficients was removed by introducing an added mass coefficient to the bearing model. The direct added mass coefficients were around 32 kg. The direct stiffness and damping coefficients increase with load, while increasing and decreasing with rotor speed, respectively. A small whirl frequency ratio (WFR) was found of about 0.15, and it decreases with load and increases with speed. A comparison between the dynamic stiffnesses using a Reynolds equation and the bulk-flow Navier-Stokes models with the experimental dynamic stiffnesses shows that the Reynolds model (even for laminar flows) is not adequate, and that the bulk-flow model should be used for rotordynamic coefficients prediction. The bulk-flow model in general predicts well the static performance parameters and the direct dynamic coefficients, and underpredicts the cross-coupled coefficients (overpredicts the stability).

<p>The essay aims to compare Swedish and Finnish decisions regarding refugee policies by tracing them back to the critical junctures when the policies were established, in order to explain why there are big differences prevalent today. The questions asked involve the motivations of the refugee policies and how they have changed over time.</p><p>The theoretical framework employed is based on historical institutionalism and path dependency. By using a most similar system design and process tracing, material in the form of government declarations and government bills are studied and summed up in two analytical models. The results show that there might be a weak path dependency in the case of Finland. However it is more apparent in the case of Sweden, with frequent statements of a generous refugee policy that is characterised by humanity. The conclusions drawn are that the differences between the refugee policies might be due to the fact that the refugee policies are motivated in different ways in the two countries. Furthermore, Sweden has had an established policy for a long time whereas Finland has only just started developing this program.</p>

In the Internet of Services (IoS) providers and consumers of services engage in business interactions on service marketplaces. Provisioning and consumption of services are regulated by service level agreements (SLA), which are negotiated between providers and consumers. Trading composite services requires the providers to manage the SLAs that are negotiated with the providers of atomic services and the consumers of the composition. The management of SLAs involves the negotiation and renegotiation of SLAs as well as their monitoring during service provisioning. The complexity of this task arises due to the fact that dependencies exist between the different services in a composition. Dependencies between services occur because the complex task of a composition is distributed between atomic services. Thus, the successful provisioning of the composite service depends on its atomic building blocks. At the same time, atomic services depend on other atomic services, e.g. because of data or resource requirements, or time relationships. These dependencies need to be considered for the management of composite service SLAs. This thesis aims at developing a management approach for dependencies between services in service compositions to support SLA management. Information about service dependencies is not explicitly available. Instead it is implicitly contained in the workflow description of a composite service, the negotiated SLAs of the composite service, and as application domain knowledge of experts, which makes the handling of this information more complex. Thus, the dependency management approach needs to capture this dependency information in an explicit way. The dependency information is then used to support SLA management in three ways. First of all dependency information is used during SLA negotiation the to ensure that the different SLAs enable the successful collaboration of the services to achieve the composite service goal. Secondly, during SLA renegotiation dependency information is used to determine which effects the renegotiation has on other SLAs. Finally, dependency information is used during SLA monitoring to determine the effects of detected violations on other services. Based on a literature study and two use cases from the logistics and healthcare domains different types of dependencies were analyzed and classified. The results from this analysis were used as a basis for the development of an approach to analyze and represent dependency information according to the different dependency properties. Furthermore, a lifecycle and architecture for managing dependency information was developed. In an iterative approach the different artifacts were implemented, tested based on two use cases, and refined according to the test results Finally, the prototype was evaluated with regard to detailed test cases and performance measurements were executed. The resulting dependency management approach has four main contributions. Firstly, it represents a holistic approach for managing service dependencies with regard to composite SLA management. It extends existing work by supporting the handling of dependencies between atomic services as well as atomic and composite services at design time and during service provisioning. Secondly, a semi-automatic approach to capturing dependency information is provided. It helps to achieve a higher degree of automation as compared to other approaches. Thirdly, a metamodel for representing dependency information for SLA management is shown. Dependency information is kept separately from SLA information to achieve a better separation of concerns. This facilitates the utilization of the dependency management functionality with different SLA management approaches. Fourthly, a dependency management architecture is presented. The design of the architecture ensures that the components can be integrated with different SLA management approaches. The test case based evaluation of the dependency management approach showed its feasibility and correct functioning in two different application domains. Furthermore, the performance evaluation showed that the automated dependency management tasks are executed within the range of milliseconds for both use cases. The dependency management approach is suited to support the different SLA management tasks. It supports the work of composite service providers by facilitating the SLA management of complex service compositions.

Detta examensarbete i socialt arbete belyser hur äldre personer upplever övergången till en beviljad hemtjänstinsats. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra äldre män på landsbygden har det empiriska materialet samlats in. För att analysera resultatet har vi använt oss av KASAM och aktivitetsteorin. Resultatet visade att de äldre männen har haft en lyckad övergång. De ansåg att hjälpen som de fick av hemtjänsten bidrog till att de kunde känna meningsfullhet och självständighet i sin tillvaro. Den sociala samvaron och den kontakt de fick med hemtjänstpersonalen betydde mycket för dem. En viktig aspekt som bidragit till att övergången varit positiv är den dagverksamhet männen deltog i. Slutsatser man kan dra från studien är att männens accepterande inställning till övergången, gemenskap med hemtjänstpersonalen och deltagande i dagverksamheten har bidragit till de positiva erfarenheterna. / This Bachelor’s thesis in social work highlights how older people experience the transition to a committed home care effort. The empirical material has been gathered through qualitative interviews with four older men in a rural area. The interviews have been analyzed with regard to the activity theory and KASAM. The results showed that the older men had a successful transition. They felt that the help they received from home care services contributed to a meaningful and independent life. The social interaction and the contact they got from the home help staff, meant a lot to them. One important aspect that contributed to a positive transition is the daytime activities the men attended. Conclusions that can be drawn from the study is that their own accepting attitude to the transition, and the social interaction they received from home care staff and the daytime activities have contributed to the positive experiences

We analyse the characteristics of workers who provide work on the basis of a civil or commercial contract, but who are dependent on or integrated into the firm for which they work. We argue that these dependent self-employed lose their rights under labour law, receive less favourable benefits from social security protection and are often beyond trade union representation and collective bargaining. Using data from the British Labour Force Survey we test two hypotheses: (1) Dependent self-employed workers are significantly different from both employees and (independent) self-employed individuals, thus forming a distinct group. (2) Dependent selfemployed workers have lower labour market skills, less labour market attachment and, thus, less autonomy than self-employed workers. The data support our hypothesis that dependent selfemployed workers are a distinct labour market group which differs from both employees and independent self-employed individuals. Men, older workers, those with low education and a low job tenure have greater odds of working in dependent self-employment than their counterparts. Our results suggest that dependent forms of self-employment are used by firms to increase labour flexibility. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The purpose of this case study was to understand governance of higher education in the developing country of Belize by examining how governance affects financial and curricular decision-making in higher education in Belize. The study also examined the role of the market in higher education and its effects on curricular and financial decision-making in higher education. Data were collected from higher education administrators and Ministry of Education officials through semi-structured interviews, and from review of institutional and public documents related to higher education. A major finding of this study is that although the Ministry of Education through the Tertiary and Post Secondary Services Unit is responsible for the supervision and development of the higher education system, there is a lack of expertise in this "Unit". The lack of expertise means that there is no one who can advise the Ministry of Education in respect to the direction or development of higher education. The study also revealed that there is a lack of an adequate funding formula to support the University of Belize and the junior colleges. While the junior colleges receive only salary grants, UB receives a yearly subvention for capital and recurring expenditures. The lack of a funding formula to include capital projects stifles the infrastructural development of the institution and affects the quality of education offered. The study also revealed that there is a lack of a national development plan to assist institutions in identifying academic programs that meet national development needs. As a result, academic programs are often identified based on market needs, perceived community needs, and social and religious needs depending on the religious affiliation of the institution. Another finding of the study is the role of the market in higher education in Belize. The market plays or should play a role in guiding higher education in Belize, but there is a need for policies and measures to be instituted to lessen the effects of the market. Also, while competition among institutions is necessary because of the small size of the higher education system, collaboration is even more crucial.

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