Large amounts of hydrocarbon reserves are trapped in fractured reservoirs where fluid flux is far more rapid along fractures than through the porous matrix, even though the volume of the pore space may be a hundred times greater than the volume of the fractures. These are considered extremely challenging in terms of accurate recovery prediction because of their complexity and heterogeneity. Conventional reservoir simulators are generally not suited to naturally fractured reservoirs’ production history simulation, especially when production processes are associated with large pressure and temperature changes that lead to large redistribution of effective stresses, causing natural fracture aperture alterations. In this case, all the effective processes, i.e. hydraulic, thermal and geomechanical, should be considered simultaneously to explain and evaluate the behavior of stress-sensitive reservoirs over the production period. This is called thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling. In this study, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical approach is developed to simulate the physical behavior of fractures in a plane strain thermo-poroelastic medium. A hybrid numerical method, which implements both the finite difference method (FDM) and the displacement discontinuity method (DDM), is established to study the pressure, temperature, deformation and stress variations of fractures and surrounding rocks during production processes. This method is straightforward and can be implemented in conventional reservoir simulators to update fracture conductivity as it uses the same grid block as the reservoir grids and requires only discretization of fractures. The hybrid model is then verified with couple of analytical solutions for the fracture aperture variation under different conditions. This model is implemented for some examples to present the behavior of fracture network as well as its surrounding rock under thermal injection and production. The results of this work clearly show the importance of rate, aspect ratio (i.e. geometry) and the coupling effects among fracture flow rate and aperture changes arising from coupled stress, pressure and temperature changes. The outcomes of this approach can be used to study the behavior of hydraulic injection for induced fracturing and promoting of shearing such as hydraulic fracturing of shale gas or shale oil reservoirs as well as massive waste disposal in the porous carbonate rocks. Furthermore, implementation of this technique should be able to lead to a better understanding of induced seismicity in injection projects of all kinds, whether it is for waste water disposal, or for the extraction of geothermal energy.

Discontinuity surfaces generally consist of undulations termed as roughness. It is well known that surface roughness plays an important role on the shear strength and shear behavior of discontinuities. However, the effect of roughness will not be the same when the direction of shearing changes. This effect causes variation of shear strength with shearing direction or in other words anisotropy on shear strength. In this thesis, an experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of roughness and anisotropy on shear strength. For this purpose, joint samples were prepared using a model material and direct shear tests were conducted at different normal stress levels and shearing directions.

In this study, novel Ray Based finite difference method for Time Domain electromagnetics(RBTD) has been developed. Instead of solving Maxwell&rsquo / s hyperbolic partial differential equations directly, Geometrical Optics tools (wavefronts, rays) and Taylor series have been utilized. Discontinuities of electromagnetic fields lie on wavefronts and propagate along rays. They are transported in the computational domain by transport equations which are ordinary differential equations. Then time dependent field solutions at a point are constructed by using Taylor series expansion in time whose coefficients are these transported distincontinuties. RBTD utilizes grid structure conforming to wave fronts and rays and treats all electromagnetic problems, regardless of their dimensions, as one dimensional problem along the rays. Hence CFL stability condition is implemented always at one dimensional eqaulity case on the ray. Accuracy of RBTD depends on the accuracy of grid generation and numerical solution of transport equations. Simulations for isotropic medium (homogeneous/inhomogeneous) have been conducted. Basic electromagnetic phenomena such as propagation, reflection and refraction have been implemented. Simulation results prove that RBTD eliminates numerical dispersion inherent to FDTD and is promising to be a novel method for computational electromagnetics.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

A presente tese de doutorado estuda duas questões referentes ao programa brasileiro de Seguro Desemprego: o impacto do benefício sobre o salário de reinserção dos trabalhadores beneficiados, bem como sobre o tempo de procura por emprego. No primeiro ensaio são apresentados alguns fatos estilizados referente ao problema de pesquisa, entre os quais destacam-se: i) Descrição Jurídica e os principais objetivos do Programa brasileiro de Seguro Desemprego; ii) O Status Quo do Programa Seguro Desemprego; iii) O Perfil do Trabalhador Beneficiado pelo Programa; iv) Salário de reinserção de trabalhadores contemplados e não contemplados pelo programa (2006-2009) com tempo de permanência no trabalho anterior entre um mês e onze meses; e v) Procura por emprego de trabalhadores contemplados e não contemplados pelo programa (2006-2010) com tempo de permanência no trabalho anterior entre um mês e onze meses. No segundo ensaio, avalia-se o impacto do benefício Seguro Desemprego sobre o salário de reinserção de seu público alvo, utilizando-se as Teorias de Job Search e do Capital Humano. Na estratégia empírica, utilizaram-se informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD no período de 2006 a 2009, bem como o método de regressão com descontinuidade. Os resultados indicaram que para o período avaliado, o programa de Seguro Desemprego vai de encontro com as teorias, visto que não se mostrou estatisticamente significativo para influenciar o salário de reinserção dos beneficiados. No terceiro ensaio, destaca-se o impacto do benefício sobre o tempo de procura por trabalho, utilizando-se como referenciais teóricos os modelos de assimetria de informação, mais especificamente o modelo de Moral Hazard. Para análise empírica da presença do risco moral no programa, foram utilizadas informações da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego - PED, no período de 2006 a 2010, e as estimativas baseadas no método de regressão com descontinuidade. Os resultados indicaram que o programa Seguro Desemprego influenciou a procura por emprego dos trabalhadores chefes de família e também dos considerados filhos. Portanto, no período avaliado, constata-se que a procura por trabalho foi realizada de modo menos intensivo pelos chefes de família e jovens que receberam o benefício, e pela inexistência de instrumentos de controle da procura por emprego por parte do Governo, a presença do risco moral acabou configurando-se no grupo de trabalhadores avaliados. / This doctoral thesis studies two issues of the Brazilian Unemployment Insurance program: the impact of the benefit on the reemployment wage of beneficiaries, as well as, job search time for reemployment. In the first test, some stylized facts regarding the research problem are presented, among which we highlight: i) Legal description and key objectives of the Brazilian Unemployment Insurance program; ii) The Status Quo of the Unemployment Insurance program; iii) Profile of the workers who benefit through the program; iv) Reemployment wage of workers, covered and not covered by the (2006-2009) program, who worked between one and eleven months in their previous job; and v) job search of workers, covered and not covered by the (2006-2010) program. The second test assesses the impact of the Unemployment Insurance benefit on the reemployment wage, using the Job Search and Human Capital theories. In the empirical strategies, the National Survey by Household Sampling – (PNAD) information, during the 2006 to 2009 period was used plus the regression discontinuity method. The results indicated that, for the evaluated period, the Unemployment Insurance program meets the theories, since it was not statistically significant in influencing the beneficiaries’ reemployment wage benefit. The third test highlights the impact of the benefit on job hunting time, using as theoretical reference the information asymmetry model, more specifically the Moral Hazard model. For the empirical analysis of the presence of moral hazard in the program, we used information from the Job and Unemployment Research (PED), during the 2006-2010 period and estimates were based on the regression discontinuity method. The results indicated that the Unemployment Insurance program influenced the search for work or job hunting of household heads and, also those considered children. Therefore, it is noted that the demand for work during the evaluated period, was performed in a less intensive manner by family heads and young people who receive the benefit and, given the absence of Government job search control methods, the presence of moral hazard eventually settled on the Group of workers assessed.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Essa dissertação propõe-se a refletir sobre o enigmático encontro intersubjetivo com a arte por ser este um acontecimento vivo de troca entre espectador e obra, em ato. O ponto de partida deste trabalho é de que, apesar de não haver dúvidas quanto à verdade humana que permeia a experiência da arte, entramos constantemente na banalização de querer prová- la ou direcioná-la a outro domínio que não o da arte ela mesma, o que faz com que a significância dessa questão fique ameaçada. Com o objetivo de discutir isso, que desdobra-se na inesgotabilidade da transmissão pela arte, faz uma articulação com a psicanálise, principalmente no campo das intensidades afetivas que se referem a ordem da pré-linguagem verbal, justamente objetivando pensá-las em sua relação com a arte pelo juízo estético, o conceito de senso comum e seus desdobramentos contemporâneos. Trata também da incompletude da obra como força de movimento que a coloca em perpétuo acabamento, na busca incessante de significação, e da crítica de arte como parte desse movimento, como transmissão da verdade do encontro com a arte sendo em si outro encontro, pela palavra, também em perpétuo acabamento / With the dissertation we aim to reflect upon the enigmatic intersubjective encounter between observer and work of art. This encounter starts an endless journey in which the experience of art keeps changing also remaining the same at its core that allows the continuity of art through the ever-present. But even if we agree that one of the most important truths about art lie on this human experience, we still often try to direct it to other competencies in order to prove it right, which tends to diminish the relevance of such an encounter. With this in mind, well carefully apply some concepts of psychoanalysis, mainly in the field of affective intensities related to pre-verbal language (as the Uncanny), articulating its relation to art as aesthetic experience. The never ending process of completeness puts the relationship between observer and work in perpetual search for an end that never comes. This paradox, far from being something that stops us, is what really puts us on the move, in search for new significations for what we dont know. And writing about art, in this sense, is part of this movement towards the unknown, is what allows us to create from its shadows still keeping its mystery alive

This thesis investigates the use of a reconceptualised social evolutionary theory for understanding and explaining how and why societies change, specifically looking at this question through the frame of nationalism. The thesis is split into three parts: in the first part I first examine older forms of social evolutionary theory (conceptions from Marx, Spencer and generalized evolutionary accounts) and critique them on the grounds that they are too ‘progressive’ in character, suffer from teleology and have a notion that all societies change linearly, i.e. pass through the same set of stages. After this I elaborate on a reconstructed version of social evolutionary theory, taking it along more Darwinian lines: that the process should be understood as contingent and non-linear, where cultural variants and social intuitions change in response to selective pressures brought about by environmental conditions. To reconstruct social evolution I draw mainly on accounts from Runciman (2009), Hodgson and Knudsen (2010), Sperber (1996), Hull (1988) and Richerson and Boyd (2006). In the second part of the thesis I look at four different theories of social change and utilize Darwinian social evolutionary theory to critique them. The four in question are: Immanuel Wallerstein (world-systems theory); Michael Hechter (rational-choice theory); Michael Mann (sources of social power); and Ernest Gellner (functionalism). These four theories were chosen as they either have, or represent, different theories of social change, and also because they are all concerned to some extent with the rise of the nation-state and nationalism. The main argument in this section is that Darwinian social evolutionary theory can incorporate elements of these theories whilst also going beyond them in explaining and understanding why societies undergo changes. In the case of Mann and Gellner I also note that they are, to a certain extent, implicitly relying on a social evolutionary account, and that drawing this out more explicitly helps provide greater theoretical solidity to their arguments. In the final part of the thesis I apply the theory to two case-studies, looking at the rise of nationalism in Britain (with a focus on England) and Japan. In both cases I examine each development of nationalism historically, using Darwinian social evolution to assess why nationalism emerged at the point that it did in each case, and not before. A final synthesis chapter then looks comparatively at the two cases and applies Darwinian social evolutionary theory to address the question of why nationalism generated in England/Britain, but did not in Japan and why the nationalist movements took the forms that they did. The chapter centres on three main themes, the role of war in forming identities, the role of variation in generating institutions, and the role of lineages in creating continuity in discontinuity. Finally it address the question of why nationalism became the dominant movement and not something else. Together this demonstrates demonstrate the usefulness of the framework for addressing questions concerning social change, in providing a different perspective and insights from other theories of social change. A final chapter summarizes and concludes the thesis, as well as pointing to new directions that research could develop.

Réalisée au sein du doctorat SACRe, la démarche de cette thèse est celle d'une recherche par la pratique. Elle est constituée de deux films en 3D stéréoscopique (3Ds). Ils sont accompagnés d'un manuscrit qui fait état des explorations et met en forme la réflexion menée au cours des trois années de doctorat.Dans un premier temps, la thèse s'emploie à définir la notion de continuité au cinéma. Elle conduit à l'identification des éléments requis pour l'existence de la continuité d'une part, et pour sa compréhension d'autre part, permettant ainsi d'établir un modèle de la continuité cinématographique, qui partage certains de ses principes avec d'autres domaines, tant scientifiques qu'artistiques.Nous analysons ensuite le cas singulier de la stéréoscopie, entre continuités et discontinuités. Cette étude technique et perceptive permet d'aborder pleinement les spécificités de cette technique, afin de faire l'état des lieux de la continuité dans le cinéma en 3D stéréoscopique.La recherche s'achève en mettant en lumière les possibilités artistiques inexplorées en 3Ds, parmi lesquelles celle d'enrichir la continuité stéréoscopique en s'inspirant de la façon dont l'architecture et la musique ont traité les notions de continuité et de discontinuité. Nous avons expérimenté certaines de ces possibilités au travers de deux courts métrages, dont nous rendons compte dans la dernière partie du manuscrit. / This work has been driven among the Sciences, Arts, Design and Research doctoral program (SACRe), which relies on a practice-based research. It is therefore made of two stereoscopic 3D (S3D) movies and a dissertation that reports the explorations and our reflexive approach during this three years program.The thesis first focuses on formalising the concept of continuity in cinema. This leads to enlighten elements that permits the continuity to exist on one hand, as well as those required for its understanding on the other hand, so as to define a general model of cinematographic continuity; that reveals itself to be sharing some of its principles with scientific disciplines as well as artistic ones.We then analyse the singular case of stereoscopy, between continuities and discontinuities. This technical and perceptual study enables us to apprehend its specificities, in order to examine the state of continuity in nowadays stereoscopic cinema.This work finally focuses on unexplored artistic possibilities in S3D, among which the enrichment of stereoscopic continuity, inspired by the way architecture and music have treated continuity and discontinuity issues. We have experimented some of these possibilities through two short films, as we report at the end of the dissertation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nicole.pdf: 12727692 bytes, checksum: e36794f65ee16fc927b752fb26ffb459 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The photograph as body, movement, change, subtraction, repetition. What vertices tense this net haved by image, viewer, space, and time? From a phenomenological analysis of the process of artists who use photography as a means and support for their work in parallel to my own work process, I sought to gather them in a logical ensemble of effects and discontinuities, which resulted in three groups or paradigms. In Chapter 1: "The body of the image: occupations," establishes that the image wavers between seeing and being seen, at times becoming the object of its viewer, others making it its own object, caught in its trap. This I called the body of image. To support this asertion, I walk the length of my body in the space of photography, revisiting the process of two works: Gravitation and In_verses: Now I feel so fragile, followed by the analysis of works by Vito Acconci and Gabriel Orozco. In Chapter 2, "Movement: otherness", I observe the construction of the image in full flight, photographs that are formed by the interest to access and be accessed by the Other, be it moving towards him or rising back from the trauma of the collision. This chapter also presents the process of two other works: Hi, Nicole Lima? and Over, followed by an analysis of photographs by Cindy Sherman and Diane Arbus. In the third and last chapter, entitled "The real thing: laterality and displacement", I describe the development process of one of my most recent works, 100 importances, alongside works by artists such as Nan Goldin, Ivars Gravlejs, Elina Brotherus and Rosângela Rennó, whose works present photographs rearranged from files, be them from their personal lives or those of others pictures of the world" restated "in the world" through na operation that seems to confirm: images are not created, but repeated. What we are able to change is their infinite combinations. At the end of each chapter, I make a brief pause between analysis and theories to present a short and new series of images entitled Geographies, which I offer the reader of this text as a form of reflection (not a conclusion) on the processes presented / A fotografia enquanto corpo, movimento, alteração, subtração, repetição. Quais vértices tensionam essa trama formada entre imagem, espectador, espaço e tempo? A partir de uma análise fenomenológica do processo de artistas que utilizam a fotografia como meio e suporte para suas obras, paralelamente ao meu processo de trabalho, busquei tecer uma lógica de efeitos e descontinuidades, a partir da qual formei três grupos ou paradigmas. No capítulo 1: O corpo da imagem: ocupações , estabeleço que a fotografia oscila entre ver e ser vista, ora fazendo-se objeto de seu espectador, ora fazendo dele seu próprio objeto, capturado em sua armadilha. A isso chamo corpo da imagem. Para sustentar essa afirmação, percorro a extensão do meu corpo na fotografia enquanto espaço, revisitando o processo de construção de dois trabalhos: Gravitação e In_versos:Tão frágil me sinto agora, seguidos da análise de obras de Vito Acconci e Gabriel Orozco. No capítulo 2: O movimento: alteridades , observo a construção da imagem em pleno vôo, uma fotografia que existe em função do interesse em acessar e se deixar alterar pelo Outro, seja partindo em direção a ele ou ressurgindo do trauma da colisão. Neste capítulo também apresento o processo de construção de dois trabalhos: Oi Nicole Lima e Sobre, seguidos de uma análise de fotografias de Cindy Sherman e Diane Arbus. No terceiro capítulo, intitulado A coisa real: lateralidade e deslocamento , descrevo o processo de elaboração de um de meus trabalhos mais recentes, a obra 100 importâncias, paralelamente a trabalhos de artistas como Nan Goldin, Ivars Gravlejs, Elina Brotherus e Rosângela Rennó, que apresentam fotografias apropriadas e deslocadas de arquivos, pessoais ou alheios fotografias do mundo reapresentadas ao mundo numa operação que parece confirmar: imagens não são criadas, mas repetidas. O que podemos alterar são suas combinações. Ao final de cada capítulo, faço uma breve pausa entre análises e teorias, para apresentar uma pequena e nova série de imagens intitulada Geografias, que ofereço ao leitor deste texto como uma forma de reflexão (um reflexo, não uma conclusão) sobre os processos apresentados

Submitted by JOÃO QUEIROZ FERNANDES NETO null (queiroznt@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-13T16:36:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado --João Queiroz para impressão final.pdf: 2042219 bytes, checksum: 05cf7759ab6639dfad79a55f5604fbf6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-14T18:05:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_neto_jq_me_arafcl.pdf: 2042219 bytes, checksum: 05cf7759ab6639dfad79a55f5604fbf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T18:05:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_neto_jq_me_arafcl.pdf: 2042219 bytes, checksum: 05cf7759ab6639dfad79a55f5604fbf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-29 / Neste estudo, discorremos sobre a (des)continuidade no ensino-aprendizagem de inglês na escola pública (EP) relacionada à aplicação e progressão de conteúdos no ensino médio. Este objeto de estudo é caracterizado pela ocorrência de rupturas que podem desfavorecer a aplicação e progressão do ensino da disciplina, ocasionar o não cumprimento do planejamento pedagógico do professor e potencializar a fragmentação do aprendizado dos alunos durante o ensino médio. Este estudo pode ser caracterizado como pesquisa qualitativa com a utilização de questionário semiestruturado e de narrativas; da análise dos materiais didáticos (MDs), diários de classe (DCs), planos de ensino (PAEs), e da consulta à legislação e documentos oficiais pertinentes. Para a investigação do problema, partiu-se de uma visão de conteúdo que se direciona ao letramento e à formação integral do indivíduo. Para analisar o desenvolvimento dos conteúdos, foram abordados: a seleção e adequação dos conteúdos à realidade dos alunos e aos documentos oficiais; a organização e sistematização desses conteúdos; e a influência do contexto escolar. A pesquisa teve como participantes, duas professoras de inglês de uma mesma escola pública estadual, cujas visões foram analisadas como ponto de partida para a abordagem do problema. Foi investigada a ocorrência de rupturas através das três séries do ensino médio, considerando-se a continuidade progressiva dos conteúdos ao longo das séries; a sequência destes em relação aos anteriores e posteriores; e a integração destes com as demais áreas do conhecimento. A seleção e a adequação foram analisadas tendo em mente a desconstrução de uma visão segmentada de conhecimento a ser promovido pela disciplina, procurando verificar o relacionamento dos ensinamentos com o contexto do aluno, considerando-se os preceitos da legislação e a proposta curricular do sistema de ensino abordado. Foram abordados os sujeitos envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês, analisando a ocorrência da (des)continuidade nas dimensões em que cada um deles se situa. Procurou-se apontar as principais causas que contribuíram para a ocorrência da (des)continuidade em relação: à organização, à sistematização e às situações que a favoreceram. Foi analisada também a influência dos métodos de ensino utilizados sobre o objeto de estudo. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo busca contribuir para o trabalho dos professores de inglês que reconhecem e convivem com o problema da (des)continuidade no ensino-aprendizagem de inglês na escola pública, em relação à aplicação e progressão de conteúdos no ensino médio. / In this study, we discuss about the (dis)continuity of English teaching-learning in the public school concerning the application and progression of content in secondary education. This object of study is characterized by the occurrence of disruptions that may disfavor the application and progression of the English teaching; that may lead the teacher's pedagogical planning not to be fulfilled; and that may also favour the fragmentation of students' learning. This study can be characterized as a qualitative research, since it used semi-structured questionnaire and narratives, analysis of teaching materials, lesson plans, and researches in the legislation and official documents. For the investigation of the problem, we started with an underlay of the content that is directed to the literacy and integral formation of the individual. In order to analyze the development of the contents, the following were taking into account: the selection and adequacy of the contents to the students' reality and the official documents, the organization and systematization of these contents and the influence of the school context. This research had as participants two English teachers from a public school, whose points of view were analyzed as a starting point for approaching the problem. The occurrence of ruptures through the three grades high school was investigated considering the progressive continuity of contents throughout the series, the sequence of these in relation to the previous and subsequent ones, and the integration of these with other areas of knowledge. The subjects involved were observed by analyzing the occurrence of (dis)continuity in the dimensions in which each one of them is situated. We sought to identify the main causes that contributed to the occurrence of (dis)continuity in relation to the organization, the systematization and the situations that favored it. The influence of the teaching methods used was also analyzed. In this perspective, this study seeks to contribute to the teaching practice of English teachers who recognize and coexist with the problem of (dis)continuity in English teaching-learning in public schools, regarding the application and progression of contents in secondary education.