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The Interaction of Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) Clauses With Dispute Settlement Provisions in Investment Treaties : A New Continent to Discover?Koch, Alexander January 2007 (has links)
The master thesis provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the scope of most-favoured-nation clauses, focusing on the application of such clauses to dispute resolution mechanisms in bilateral investment treaty’s (BIT). The ICSID decision in Maffezini was the first in a series to extend the scope of an MFN clause to dispute resolution in such context. Traditionally, such a clause had been relied on regarding substantive rights. The debate evoked by this and subsequent decisions of arbitral tribunals, which often conflict with each other in their outcome and in their analytic methodology, illustrates the controversy of this issue.
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Beyond Special and Differential Treatment: Regional Integration as a Means to Growth in East AsiaChan, Su Jin 15 December 2010 (has links)
Special and differential treatment (SDT) provisions in GATT were created to assist developing countries achieve economic progress while assimilating into the multilateral trading system. Despite these intentions, global trade imbalances still persist. Within this context, I focus on the region of East Asia which has experienced astounding growth in just several decades, propelling it far beyond other developing country regions. Although international trade continues to be the crucial factor driving growth in the region, reliance on SDT has in certain circumstances hindered development. As such, East Asia should seek alternatives to SDT. In that vein, I argue that sustainable growth and trade liberalization can be achieved by enhancing integration through a regional trade agreement. I further discuss various proposals for an East Asian trade agreement such as ASEAN+3, FTAAP, and EARTA. Finally, I highlight the importance of governance and identify several institutions essential for a successful regional arrangement.
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Beyond Special and Differential Treatment: Regional Integration as a Means to Growth in East AsiaChan, Su Jin 15 December 2010 (has links)
Special and differential treatment (SDT) provisions in GATT were created to assist developing countries achieve economic progress while assimilating into the multilateral trading system. Despite these intentions, global trade imbalances still persist. Within this context, I focus on the region of East Asia which has experienced astounding growth in just several decades, propelling it far beyond other developing country regions. Although international trade continues to be the crucial factor driving growth in the region, reliance on SDT has in certain circumstances hindered development. As such, East Asia should seek alternatives to SDT. In that vein, I argue that sustainable growth and trade liberalization can be achieved by enhancing integration through a regional trade agreement. I further discuss various proposals for an East Asian trade agreement such as ASEAN+3, FTAAP, and EARTA. Finally, I highlight the importance of governance and identify several institutions essential for a successful regional arrangement.
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論WTO爭端解決程序中審查基準之爭議:以反傾銷協定第17.6(ii)條為中心 / ISSUES ON STANDARDS OF REVIEW UNDER WTO DISPUTE RESOLUTION: FOCUS ON ARTICLE 17.6(ii) OF ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT陳言博, Chen, Yen-Po Unknown Date (has links)
隨著WTO爭端解決機構近年來的實踐,許多制度性問題紛紛浮現,特別是WTO爭端解決小組或上訴機構在反傾銷爭端中審查基準實踐上所引發之爭議。批評者主要認為上訴機構於反傾銷規範之法律解釋上不當適用解釋規則,並未遵循反傾銷協定第17.6(ii)條之規範。另外,上訴機構實質上近乎重新審理被訴會員之法律見解,似乎違反第17.6(ii)條之規範意旨。本文嘗試整理相關經由WTO上訴機構裁決之反傾銷爭端,觀察及彙整第17.6(ii)條於現行運作中之實踐情形,並檢視上述兩項爭議之正反意見。經分析後發現,上述兩項爭議皆涉及不同之政策考量與WTO組織間的互動。易言之,除爭端解決機構對於協定條文之法律解釋外,偏重與選擇不同之政策考量做為正當性基礎,將決定著審查基準之面貌。在進一步分析並檢討在反傾銷制度下可能影響審查基準之政策價值後,本文認為WTO爭端解決機制為維繫其準司法機關之正當性與確保經由多邊架構所帶來之合作利益,有統一法律解釋與重新審理被控訴會員之法律解釋之必要。另外,反傾銷協定第17.6(ii)條審查基準之解釋上,不宜採取其立法來源—美國法Chevron doctrine—之規範內涵。同時,為避免反傾銷制度遭濫用成為貿易保護政策之工具,應賦予WTO爭端解決機構於審理反傾銷爭端時較為自主之法律解釋權力。然而,基於適度尊重WTO會員主權之考量與司法自制之要求,本文建議,WTO爭端解決機構在審理反傾銷案件時,除須正確地援引並靈活運用國際法上習慣解釋規則外,更需適度參照第17.6(ii)條之立法目的,藉由嚴格適用WTO協定,以充實其所採取審查基準之正當性基礎。 / With practices of WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the institutional issues on Standards of Review have emerged, especially on WTO Anti-dumping disputes. Contestations are focus on whether Appellate Body has mal-applied rules of interpretations on Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) as to go beyond Article 17.6(ii). Moreover, Critics query whether Appellate Body De Novo reviewed member’s legal interpretations as to disregard purpose of Article 17.6(ii). By examining relevant anti-dumping penal and appellate body reports, current modes of practices on ADA Article 17.6(ii) are concluded, and probed to its different critiques. Further, issues of such are result from policy considerations of Standards of Review under Anti-Dumping System. In other words, apart from penal and appellate body’s interpretations on ADA, different policy ends will influence current practices of Standards of Review. Consequently, the article checks on and assays on relevant policy justifications of deferential standards of review under anti-dumping system. Concluded, for retaining its institution justifications and ensuring the cooperation gains under multilateral approach, WTO dispute settlement institutes have the necessities in de novo review and leveling legal interpretations. Moreover, due to the different characters, the Chevron mode interpretations on standards of review is without analogy to ADA article 17.6(ii); meanwhile, for preventing distorting antidumping measures as trade protection tools, WTO dispute settlement institutes should have much room on discretion of reviewing members’ ADA legal interpretations. However, in respecting WTO Member’s sovereignty and the requiring of judicial restraint, when taking the standards of review on examining anti-dumping disputes, WTO dispute settlement institutes would strictly and nimbly retain customary rules of interpretation of public international law with considering purposes of ADA article 17.6(ii). Read more
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Governing the court : political economy of the WTO Dispute Settlement System /Moon, Don. January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Political Science, December 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
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O papel dos EUA na reconfiguração das estruturas dos regimes liberais: a reforma do mecanismo de solução de controversias da OMCLambert, Rodrigo Obici [UNESP] 16 April 2010 (has links) (PDF)
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lambert_ro_me_mar.pdf: 1329338 bytes, checksum: 8d0e461c554b4c9fc8b32543f83d9d35 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A reconfiguração das estruturas de governança global é uma tendência verificada no contexto pós Guerra Fria. Com o objetivo de compreender qual o papel dos Estados Unidos na reorganização dos regimes liberais no início do século XXI, delimitamos nosso objeto em torno da análise da influência norte-americana na reforma do mecanismo de disputas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Examinamos as negociações dos temas acesso ao sistema e implementação das decisões para identificar se o United States Trade Representative consegue moldar a revisão do Entendimento de Solução de Controvérsias em favor dos seus interesses. As ações norteamericanas têm uma influência importante, embora não decisiva, na reestruturação do sistema de disputas da OMC / The reconfiguration of the structures of global governance is a trend in the post-Cold War era. In order to understand the role of the United States in the reorganization of liberal regimes at the beginning of 21st century, we defined our object as being the analysis of the US influence on the reform the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization. We examine the negotiations of system access and implementation of decisions to identify if the United States Trade Representative can shape the Dispute Settlement Understanding review in favor of their interests. The US actions exert an important influence, though not decisive, in restructuring the WTO disputes system Read more
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In Pursuit of Compliance: Lessons from the World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement MechanismCoelho, Carlos Frederico January 2007 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to examine if there is a problem with compliance in the World Trade Organization, to investigate the validity of the managerial and the political economy approaches to compliance and to analyze reform proposals that tackle the issue of compliance, pursuing improvement of the system. Drawing on the scenario of increasing legalization and cooperation in trade, the first question is examined by way of interviewing trade experts and officials as well as analyzing case studies that are pertinent to the research at hand. The second question – if management is preferred to enforcement as to induce compliance – is answered by analyzing official WTO Dispute Settlement reports, interviews, case reviews and articles on retaliation and compliance written by different authors. The third question is answered as a reflection of the findings of the first two questions. Analysis on the managerial theory of compliance examine whether enforcement plays a minor role in inducing compliance in the WTO, if there is a propensity to comply amongst states and if noncompliance is inadvertent rather than a result of calculation of interests. In the other hand, tests conducted on the enforcement approach to compliance investigate the importance of retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement, the necessity of an enforcement tool and the claim that noncompliance is a political decision. Tests conducted suggest that the enforcement school of compliance is correct when stating that noncompliance is a political decision, resulted from careful calculation of interests. The research indicates that the WTO Dispute Settlement presents a dual facet of compliance, in which the enforcement tool is responsible for allowing the managerial effects to take place. In this regard, the enforcement tool alone is seen as inappropriate, especially if economic asymmetries are present. An approach that accommodates both enforcement and managerial aspects is prescribed. The research has indicated that successful reform proposals should aim at increasing the credibility of the threat of retaliation as to follow the diagnosis verified by the tests conducted. Read more
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Medidas antidumping: devido processo legal à luz das regras da OMC / Antidumping duties: due process of law according to WTO rulesCynthia Kramer 03 September 2012 (has links)
Apesar de o fluxo de comércio afetado por medidas antidumping não chegar nem a 1% do comércio global, aproximadamente 20% das disputas na OMC são sobre antidumping. A OMC é um órgão intergovernamental e seu sistema de solução de controvérsias tem por objetivo analisar se as medidas adotadas por seus Membros estão em conformidade com os compromissos assumidos nos acordos abrangidos. O Acordo Antidumping da OMC (ADA) estabelece os procedimentos investigatórios a serem seguidos por seus Membros para combater o dumping que comprovadamente causa dano à indústria doméstica. O objetivo é evitar que sejam adotadas medidas em circunstâncias descabidas, com o mero intuito protecionista de criar barreiras ao comércio. O dumping é uma prática do setor privado e não dos governos. Portanto, não é o dumping que é questionado perante a OMC, e sim a obediência pela autoridade investigadora dos procedimentos investigatórios estabelecidos no ADA. Tanto os órgãos da Administração Pública como a OMC exercem uma função fundamental para que o devido processo legal seja observado em matéria antidumping. A função legislativa é criar as normas que regularão o procedimento, a função executiva é aplicar/monitorar o procedimento, e a função judiciária é verificar se o procedimento tem sido aplicado corretamente. À luz dessas considerações, a tese a ser defendida é que: (i) diante das limitações trazidas aos painéis e ao Órgão de Apelação pelo Artigo 17.6 do ADA, a função do sistema de solução de controvérsias da OMC e dos judiciários nacionais, em matéria antidumping, muito se assemelham: ambos buscam controlar a discricionariedade da autoridade investigadora; (ii) mais efetivo para os importadores e/ou exportadores que pretendem questionar uma medida antidumping seria buscar inicialmente uma solução mediante recurso ao judiciário do país importador. O recurso ao sistema da OMC, além de depender do interesse do governo e ser oneroso, apresenta dificuldades no momento de implementação das recomendações; (iii) entretanto, tendo em vista o despreparo do Judiciário Brasileiro, sugerimos a criação de cortes especializadas; (iv) o recurso ao Judiciário, mesmo perante cortes especializadas, não resolveria os problemas do processo antidumping apontados ao longo da tese. Para sanar, fazemos algumas outras sugestões de mudanças estruturais para aplicação: (a) no âmbito da OMC, com vistas a delimitar a atuação do Órgão de Apelação e garantir segurança jurídica aos Membros; e (b) no âmbito brasileiro, com vistas a modificar a dinâmica das investigações antidumping conduzidas pela autoridade administrativa e assegurar o cumprimento de sua real finalidade. / Despite the fact that the flow of trade affected by anti-dumping measures does not reach 1% of global trade, approximately 20% of the disputes at the WTO are about these measures. The WTO is an intergovernmental organization and its dispute settlement system has the objective of analyzing if the measures adopted by its Members are in accordance with the commitments accepted in the covered agreements. The WTOs Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) sets forth the investigation proceedings to be followed by its Members in order to deal with dumping proven to have caused damage to domestic industry. The aim is to avoid that measures are taken under inappropriate circumstances, with the mere protectionist purpose of creating trade barriers. Dumping is a private practice, and not a governmental one. Thus, it is not the practice of dumping itself that is questioned before the WTO, but the obedience by the investigating authority of the proceedings established in the ADA. The Public Administration organs and the WTO are equally responsible by a fundamental role of guaranteeing that the due process of law is respected in the matter of anti-dumping measures. The legislative duty is to create rules that will govern the proceedings, the executive duty is to apply/monitor the proceedings and the judiciary duty is to verify if the proceedings have been applied correctly. In light of these aspects, the thesis to be defended is: (i) considering the limitations to panels and the Appellate Body by Article 17.6 of the ADA, the duties of the WTOs dispute settlement system and the national judiciaries, in terms of anti-dumping, are similar: both try to control the discretion of the investigating authority; (ii) it would be more effective to importers and/or exporters who want to challenge an anti-dumping measure to resort initially to the judiciary system of the importer country. The resort to the WTO system, besides depending on the government`s political interest and being expensive, has difficulties when it comes to implement the recommendations; (iii) in spite of that, considering the lack of preparation of the Brazilian Judiciary, it is suggested the creation of specialized courts; (iv) the resort to the Judiciary, even before specialized courts, would not solve the problems of the anti-dumping process pointed out throughout this thesis. To tackle these problems, we make some other suggestions of structural nature: (a) in what concerns the WTO, aiming at limiting the Appellate Body`s role and guaranteeing legal security to its Members; (b) in what concerns Brazil, aiming at changing the dynamics of the anti-dumping investigations conducted by the administrative authority and securing the fulfillment of its real purpose. Read more
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Juridicização das relações internacionais e solução de controvérsias: análise do sistema multilateral de comércio / Juridicization of international relations and dispute settlement : analysis of the multilateral trade systemElaini Cristina Gonzaga da Silva 09 May 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o processo de juridicização do sistema multilateral de comércio, por meio da aplicação do modelo teórico de K. W. Abbott et aI (2000) e contraposição dos resultados obtidos à análise do recurso a elementos normativos para justificação das decisões emanadas do sistema em procedimentos de solução de controvérsias em que foi suscitado o artigo XX(g) do GATT para defesa da medida questionada. Observou-se que, apesar do nível de juridicidade tenha permanecido praticamente o mesmo da passagem do GATT-1947 para a OMC, o recurso a elementos normativos para motivação das decisões foi incrementado. A hipótese demonstrada pelos resultados desta pesquisa é que o enfoque restrito no processo de institucionalização por meio de tratados não permite que sejam refletidas, no processo de juridicização, as alterações ocasionadas por outros elementos, como foi o caso, na presente pesquisa, das regras relativas à conformação dos órgãos auxiliares, à interpretação e à tomada de decisão - sejam elas originadas em tratados, costumes ou princípios. / This research aims at analyzing the legalization of the multilateral trade system, applying the theory developed by K. W. ABBOTT et al (2000) and confronting the results with the leveI of recourse to normative elements to justify the decisions issued on disputes where Article XX(g) of GA TT was used in defense of the challenged measure. Notwithstanding the fact that the legalization of the system did not alter from the GATT-1947 to WTO, more normative elements are used for motivation of the decisions taken by WTO. The research shows that excessive focus on the process institutionalization by treaties does not reflected the changes brought about by other elements, such as the configuration of the auxiliary organs - panels and Appellate Body - and the rules related to interpretation and decision making - be them customary international law or principIes. Read more
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Retaliação coletiva e teoria de formação de alianças no sistema de solução de controvérsias da Organização Mundial do Comércio / Collective retaliation and alliance formation theory in the dispute settlement system of the world trade organizationRenê Guilherme da Silva Medrado 06 May 2011 (has links)
Esta tese teve por objeto analisar a viabilidade de implementação de, no âmbito do sistema de solução de controvérsias (SSC) da OMC, um mecanismo de contramedidas (retaliação) coletiva, à luz da teoria de formação de alianças, tal qual desenvolvida na teoria de relações internacionais. O objetivo foi perquirir se e em que condições poderão se formar coalizões visando à aplicação de retaliação coletiva, caso tal mecanismo seja incorporado ao SSC/OMC. A tese se baseou na premissa de que o enforcement do SSC/OMC ainda se funda em soluções de self-help, ou seja, dependente da força, do poder, do Membro demandante de induzir o Membro demandado a cumprir as recomendações do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias (OSC), mediante a aplicação de retaliação bilateral, centrada na reciprocidade. Observa-se todavia uma insuficiência e/ou ineficácia de tais contramedidas bilaterais para induzir o Membro demandado a cumprir com as recomendações do OSC em situações envolvendo desequilíbrio de poder (entre Membro demandante e Membro demandado). A teoria de formação de alianças se mostrou adequada para a análise pretendida, primeiramente porque o desequilíbrio de poder é objeto de estudo de tal teoria. Em segundo lugar, com ênfase na sistematização apresentada por Glenn N. Snyder, tal teoria se mostrou apropriada para a questão em vista da configuração do sistema de comércio internacional como uma anarquia, dentro de uma estrutura de multipolaridade, em que não é possível perceber ex ante os possíveis alinhamentos, diante de uma determinada configuração, justificando o emprego de tal teoria. A tese então confirmou a necessidade de adoção de um mecanismo de retaliação coletiva no SSC/OMC, tendo indicado quando a retaliação coletiva deverá ser desnecessária, facultativa ou obrigatória. Para tanto, a tese desenvolveu conceitos como capacidade relativa, menor coalizão vencedora, aliança-dependência, além de perquirir sobre a situação pré-aliança dos interesses das unidades envolvidas, como propulsionadora ou limitadora da formação de alianças. Tais conceitos foram aplicados sobre as situações fáticas das onze arbitragens do Artigo 22.6 do Entendimento sobre Solução de Controvérsias (ESC). Por meio da aplicação da Teoria da Paisagem de Agregação, a tese confirmou a necessidade de implementação, em determinadas circunstâncias, de um mecanismo obrigatório de retaliação coletiva. Assim, propôs a tese que um mecanismo de retaliação coletiva poderá ter caráter meramente facultativo quando, em uma situação de desequilíbrio de poder: (i) houver outros Membros com interesses comuns, intensos e específicos a propulsionar a formação de uma aliança; e (ii) tais Membros reunirem capacidade relativa suficiente para formar uma menor coalizão vencedora, juntamente com o Membro demandante. De outra parte, o mecanismo de retaliação coletiva deverá ter caráter obrigatório quando, diante de uma situação de desequilíbrio de poder: (i) seja patente a baixa capacidade relativa do Membro demandante; (ii) não haja Membros com interesses comuns, intensos e específicos a propulsionar a formação de uma aliança com o Membro demandante; e (iii) seja improvável a formação de uma menor coalizão vencedora. Por fim, a tese apresentou uma proposta de emenda aos Artigos 22.3 e 22.6 do ESC, para incorporação de um mecanismo de retaliação coletiva no SSC/OMC, explicitando os requisitos legais para tanto. / The objective of the thesis was to examine the viability of implementing a mechanism of collective countermeasures (retaliation) within the dispute settlement system (DS) of the WTO, as from the perspective of the alliance formation theory, as developed under international relations. The aim was to verify whether and under which conditions coalitions seeking at imposing collective retaliation will form, in case such mechanism is implemented in the DS/WTO. The thesis developed under the premise that enforcement under the DS/WTO is still founded on self-help, i.e., dependent on the force, the power, of the demanding Members to induce the demanded Member to adopt the Dispute Settlement Bodys (DSB) recommendations, by means of bilateral retaliation, based on reciprocity. However, one can note that the insufficiency and/or ineffectiveness of such bilateral countermeasures to induce the demanded Member to comply with the DSBs recommendations are generally associated with imbalance of power situations. The alliance formation theory proved to be appropriate for undertaking the envisaged analysis. Firstly, the analysis of imbalance of power situations is under the purview of the alliance formation theory. Secondly, with emphasis on the work developed by Glenn N. Snyder, the theory showed to be appropriate for the matter at hand, because the international trade system is structured under anarchy, in a multipolar structure, where it is not possible to predict ex ante the possible alignments in a given configuration, justifying the usage of the theory. The thesis thus confirmed the need to adopt a mechanism of collective retaliation at the DS/WTO, having indicated that collective retaliation can be unnecessary; allowed or mandatory. For that, the theory developed the concepts of relative capacity, minimal winning coalition, alliancedependence, besides the examination of the pre-alliance situation of the interests of the units involved, to verify whether there are fostering or preventing factors to the alliance formation. Such concepts were applied to the factual settings of the eleven arbitrations of Article 22.6 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). By means of the application of the Landscape Theory of Aggregation, the thesis confirmed the need to implement, under certain circumstances, a mandatory mechanism of collective retaliation. Thus, the thesis submitted that the collective retaliation mechanism will be allowed, when, under an imbalance of power situation: (i) there are other Members with common, intense and specific interests fostering the alliance formation; and (ii) such Members bring about enough relative capacity to form a minimal winning coalition with the demanding Member. On the other hand, the collective retaliation mechanism will be mandatory, in an imbalance of power situation, when: (i) it is evident that the demanding Member has low relative capacity; (ii) there are no Members with common, intense and specific interests to foster the formation of an alliance with the demanding Member; and (iii) it is improbable that a minimal winning coalition will be formed. Finally, the thesis proposed an amendment to the text of Articles 22.3 and 22.6 of the DSU, to incorporate the collective relation mechanism in the DS/WTO, indicating the legal requisites thereof. Read more
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