Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz / Banca: Ricardo Ubiraci Sennes / Banca: Flávia de Campos Mello / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: A reconfiguração das estruturas de governança global é uma tendência verificada no contexto pós Guerra Fria. Com o objetivo de compreender qual o papel dos Estados Unidos na reorganização dos regimes liberais no início do século XXI, delimitamos nosso objeto em torno da análise da influência norte-americana na reforma do mecanismo de disputas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Examinamos as negociações dos temas "acesso ao sistema" e "implementação das decisões" para identificar se o United States Trade Representative consegue moldar a revisão do Entendimento de Solução de Controvérsias em favor dos seus interesses. As ações norteamericanas têm uma influência importante, embora não decisiva, na reestruturação do sistema de disputas da OMC / Abstract: The reconfiguration of the structures of global governance is a trend in the post-Cold War era. In order to understand the role of the United States in the reorganization of liberal regimes at the beginning of 21st century, we defined our object as being the analysis of the US influence on the reform the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization. We examine the negotiations of "system access" and "implementation of decisions" to identify if the United States Trade Representative can shape the Dispute Settlement Understanding review in favor of their interests. The US actions exert an important influence, though not decisive, in restructuring the WTO disputes system / Mestre

This master's thesis is concerned with the settlement of particular WTO disputes between Brazil and the United States. The aim of the thesis is to explain the importance of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) for Brazilian trade strategy. To demonstrate the use of the mechanism the focus is placed on two specific disputes involving the United States and Brazil. These disputes, regarding patent protection and cotton subsidies, are analyzed using case-study methodology. Moreover, quantitative research based on WTO disputes data is included in the introductory chapter. The study of the disputes shows that Brazil has been one of the most active users of the DSM and that it has initiated cases predominantly against developed countries, the United States being the most frequent target. This strategy enables Brazil to pursue cases that are likely to have systemic implications and thus could have an impact on the international trade order. The two case studies are examples of disputes of potential systemic importance. They further reveal the complexity of disputes in terms such as the increasing role of NGOs, the concept of retaliatory suits, and the significance of timing and political pressure. The exposed dynamics of the settlement of disputes is useful for understanding other WTO cases as well.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lambert_ro_me_mar.pdf: 1329338 bytes, checksum: 8d0e461c554b4c9fc8b32543f83d9d35 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A reconfiguração das estruturas de governança global é uma tendência verificada no contexto pós Guerra Fria. Com o objetivo de compreender qual o papel dos Estados Unidos na reorganização dos regimes liberais no início do século XXI, delimitamos nosso objeto em torno da análise da influência norte-americana na reforma do mecanismo de disputas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Examinamos as negociações dos temas acesso ao sistema e implementação das decisões para identificar se o United States Trade Representative consegue moldar a revisão do Entendimento de Solução de Controvérsias em favor dos seus interesses. As ações norteamericanas têm uma influência importante, embora não decisiva, na reestruturação do sistema de disputas da OMC / The reconfiguration of the structures of global governance is a trend in the post-Cold War era. In order to understand the role of the United States in the reorganization of liberal regimes at the beginning of 21st century, we defined our object as being the analysis of the US influence on the reform the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization. We examine the negotiations of system access and implementation of decisions to identify if the United States Trade Representative can shape the Dispute Settlement Understanding review in favor of their interests. The US actions exert an important influence, though not decisive, in restructuring the WTO disputes system

Le passage du GATT à l’OMC a été voulu comme le passage d’un système basé sur le pouvoir à un système basé sur le droit. Pourtant, une analyse approfondie du contentieux de l’OMC révèle une image plus nuancée d’un mécanisme juridictionnel qui n’a pas pleinement réussi à évincer l’influence du pouvoir politique. Dans les faits, le mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’OMC apparaît comme un organe qui opère dans un contexte d’indépendance limitée en ce qu’il interagit avec les éléments politiques du système à différents égards. Dans cette perspective, et malgré un bilan généralement positif, de nombreux auteurs affirment la nécessité de renforcer le mécanisme. Ils invoquent certains différends qui n’ont pas été résolus suite à l’épuisement de la procédure contentieuse. À cet égard, et bien que la mise en œuvre des engagements étatiques joue assurément un rôle essentiel dans l’atteinte de la justice dans le contentieux de l’OMC, nous avons tenté de démontrer dans le cadre de cette thèse que la justice que dispense ce mécanisme va au-delà de l’idée répandue selon laquelle le système est essentiellement un instrument de mise en œuvre du droit. La thèse démontre que différentes formes de justice dispensées par le mécanisme peuvent inclure notamment une forme pragmatique de justice, qui ne se limite pas aux règles et aux procédures, mais qui consiste également à délivrer le meilleur résultat dans un différend spécifique. C’est cette justice pragmatique qui se manifeste particulièrement dans les différends mettant en jeu une asymétrie de pouvoir que nous avons cherché à analyser selon le cadre théorique du pragmatisme juridique. Il est donc question dans cette thèse de l’étude des moyens par lesquels les acteurs du mécanisme, à savoir les membres des groupes spéciaux et de l’Organe d’appel mais aussi les États, adaptent l’application des règles de droit selon le contexte spécifique de chaque différend. Les résultats obtenus peuvent à certains égards susciter des interrogations quant à leurs fondements juridiques mais ils mènent certes à contenir les effets du pouvoir politique qui demeure une réalité dans le cadre du processus de règlement des différends à l’OMC. / The transition from the GATT to the WTO was intended as the transition from a power-based system to a rule-based system. Yet an in-depth analysis of WTO litigation reveals a more nuanced picture of a jurisdictional mechanism that has not fully succeeded in crowding out the influence of political power. In fact, the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO appears as a body operating in a context of limited independence in that it interacts with the political elements of the system in different ways. In this perspective, and despite a generally positive assessment, many authors affirm the need to strengthen the mechanism by pointing to different instances of non-compliance that have persisted long after the exhaustion of the litigation procedure. In this respect, and while the implementation of State commitments certainly plays a key role in achieving justice in WTO litigation, this thesis aims to demonstrate that the WTO dispute settlement is not only an instrument of law implementation. The thesis will demonstrate that different forms of justice dispensed by the mechanism may include a pragmatic form of justice, which is not limited to rules and procedures, but which helps deliver the best result in a specific dispute so as to reflect the interests of the parties.. It is this pragmatic justice that manifests itself particularly in disputes involving an asymmetry of power and that we seek to explore through the theoretical framework of legal pragmatism. This goal will be achieved by studying the means through which the actors of the mechanism, namely the panelists but also the States, adapt the application of WTO rules according to the specific context of each dispute. The results obtained may in some respects raise questions as to their legal basis, but they certainly lead to the containme

Cette étude montre comment la création d’un Mécanisme de règlement des différends, dont la juridiction est obligatoire pour régler les litiges entre les Membres de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), participe au développement du droit international, tant sur le plan normatif qu’institutionnel. Les organes du Mécanisme jouent un rôle crucial dans la centralisation de l’application du droit international des échanges du fait de leur place au sein de la structure de l’OMC, et en raison des compétences juridictionnelles qu’ils exercent. Toutefois, l’action unilatérale des Membres de l’Organisation reste déterminante pour le bon fonctionnement de ce Mécanisme. La saisine de l’Organe de règlement des différends (ORD) sur requête unilatérale, de même que la mise en oeuvre de contre-mesures en cas d’inexécution des décisions de l’ORD, en sont les meilleures preuves. En outre, les rapports des groupes spéciaux (GS) et de l’Organe d’appel (OA) incorporés à ces décisions constituent un droit dérivé jurisprudentiel d’une importance toujours croissante. Enfin, le Mécanisme est au service d’une institution internationale qui n’est pas close sur elle-même. En effet, les organes du Mécanisme interprètent les traités de l’OMC conformément aux règles du droit international coutumier. Et, la production juridique de ces organes est un facteur de modification des normes des ordres juridiques des Membres de l’Organisation, ainsi que des Accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) auxquels les Membres peuvent être parties. / Whatever the future of the WTO may be, the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) as an intergovernmental dispute settlement system is a key institution for the evolution of International Law. Firstly, its compulsory jurisdiction contributes to the structural development of the international legal system by ensuring the centralization of the WTO Law application and a multilateral control on the Member States behaviours. Yet, factors of the DSM success, such as the panel establishment by a Member unilateral request, or such as the complainant Member countermeasures used to make a defender Member comply with the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB), underline the fact that States remain the major actors of the International legal system.Secondly, the case-law of the DSM (more than 450 cases) is considerable compared to any othercase-law of an inter-governmental litigation settlement organ. At last, the panels and the AppelateBody (AB) apply in their reports the customary international rules to interpret WTO treaties and thus the Understanding on Rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).Accordingly, the DSB decisions shall have a great impact on the whole normative development of the international legal system. And eventually, DSB decisions may affect the undergoing change ofthe Members domestic legal systems, and the Regional Trade Agreements (RTA).

[pt] A dissertação analisa os acordos de integração do Nafta e do Mercosul, especialmente a estrutura institucional e o mecanismo de solução de controvérsias de cada um deles. O trabalho analisa ainda como a lógica determinante de cada acordo afetou sua institucionalidade, criando marcos distintos para a relação entre Estado e empresa em cada bloco. Para tal, duas controvérsias solucionadas no âmbito de cada acordo foram selecionadas para análise, buscando dar destaque à atuação dos Estados e das empresas envolvidas no conflito. Percebeu-se que o acordo de integração norte-americano concede amplos e pioneiros benefícios aos investidores estrangeiros, de acordo com a lógica hegemônica estadunidense, enquanto o acordo do o Mercosul estabelece um mecanismo de solução de controvérsia essencialmente estatal, na tentativa de prover seus membros com um projeto contra-hegemônico, no qual a harmonia entre os mesmos é crucial para o sucesso do acordo. / [en] The dissertation analyses the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta) and the Mercosul agreement (the South-American Agreement), especially the institutional structure and the dispute settlement mechanism of each agreement. The paper also analyses how the determining logic of each agreement affected its institutionality, creating different patterns for the relationship between State and enterprise. For this purpose, two controversies resolved under each agreement were selected for analysis, emphasizing the role played by states and enterprises involved in the conflict. It was noticed that the North-American agreement concedes broad and new benefits to the foreign investors, according to the U.S hegemonic position. Mercosul, on the other hand, implemented an essentially State-based dispute settlement mechanism, in an attempt to provide its members with an anti-hegemonic project, in which the harmony among them is crucial for the Mercosul`s success.

Magister Legum - LLM