Orientador: Carlos Alberto Mariotoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_PauloRobertodos_M.pdf: 2495350 bytes, checksum: 10a41e1d4144db2a991b1b570a7bc2f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A eletricidade assume cada vez mais importância na matriz energética e muitas ações, baseadas em planejamentos sérios, são necessárias para garantia de que haverá a disponibilidade das necessidades futuras. Para se ter parâmetros que possam balizar esses planejamentos, se faz necessário conhecer os usos atuais, e com bases nestes, seguir modelos de previsões que mostrem quais serão essas necessidades futuras. Estando focado no consumo de energia elétrica para fins residenciais, verifica-se que seus valores estão intimamente ligados aos comportamentos dos usuários e muitos métodos de previsão apresentam a área das edificações como parâmetro para indicação da demanda e consumo. Teve-se como objetivo verificar o consumo de energia elétrica em uma amostra dos apartamentos residenciais de Campinas, e escolheram-se para estudo algumas variáveis que pudessem estar associadas aos comportamentos dos usuários e representar este consumo. Foi feita uma pesquisa de levantamento de formulários em 540 apartamentos, nos quais se questionou o consumo de energia elétrica mensal, número de ocupantes, idades, escolaridades, renda familiar e posse de equipamentos eletrodomésticos. Para evitarem-se vícios na amostra, foram estudadas as divisões regionais oficiais da cidade, e de acordo com esse estudo, calculou-se uma amostragem que seguisse a proporção da população espalhada por essas diversas regiões. Os formulários foram distribuímos de acordo com essa proporcionalidade. As respostas foram agrupadas em um banco de dados e foram usados cálculos estatísticos para estratificação dos resultados da amostragem. Foi usada regressão múltipla para se verificar quais variáveis seriam mais representativas do consumo de energia elétrica residencial. Na comparação dos dados dos eletrodomésticos com o consumo, percebeu-se com surpresa que os dados de sugestão do PROCEL apresentaram valores bem maiores de consumo que os observados na amostra estudada. Também se encontrou que o número de moradores, a renda familiar, a faixa etária desses moradores e a posse dos equipamentos eletrodomésticos são variáveis representativas desse consumo. O consumo médio encontrado foi de 163 kWh/mês por apartamento e a variável ¿área do apartamento¿ mostrou-se ser insuficiente para indicar a previsão de consumo e demanda devido ao seu baixo coeficiente de correlação com o mesmo. Os resultados desta análise são de grande importância, pois mostram que são necessárias atualizações nos valores de consumo e novas formulações que considerem outras variáveis para indicação dos consumos atuais de energia e poder-se então, fazer um planejamento para o futuro / Abstract: As time goes by, the electricity assumes more importance in the energy matrix and many actions, based on serious planning, are necessary for guarantee that we will have the availability of the necessary future amounts. In order to have parameters that can give support to these planning, it is necessary to know the current uses, and based in these knowledge, to follow forecast models that can show what will be these future necessities. Looking for the consumption of electric energy for household sector, it was verified that the values are strongly linked with the users¿ behaviors and many methods of forecast present the squares of the buildings as parameter for indication of the demand and electrical energy consumption. The objective of this work was to verify the electric energy consumption in a sample of residential apartments of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Some variables were chosen for study that could be linked with the users¿ behaviors and by this way, it was tried to find the most representative variable of this consumption. For this, it was made a survey research through forms in 540 apartments of Campinas in which it was asked for the monthly electric energy consumption and other variable as number of inhabitants, distribution ages, instructions, familiar income and household-electric appliances ownership. In order to be more representative as possible and avoid mistakes caused by chose just part of the population, It was studied the city official regional divisions and made a sampling that followed the ratio of the population distributed for these several regions. The forms were distributed in accordance with this distribution study. The answers were grouped in a database; were used statistical calculations to separate the sampling studied results and to make analysis of them. It was made multiple regressions to verify which variable would be more representative of the household electric energy consumption in the sample. In comparison between the household-electric appliances consumption data, where it was used suggestion values of the PROCEL (Government Program of Energetic Efficiency), with the sample consumption, surprised because the appliances data had bigger values of consumption than it was observed in the studied sample. Also was found that the numbers of inhabitants, the familiar income, the ages of the inhabitants and the household-electric appliances ownership are representative factors of the consumption. The average consumption found was 163 kWh/month for apartment and the variable ¿squares of the apartment¿ revealed to be insufficient to indicate the forecast of consumption and demand due to it have low correlation coefficient with the consumption. This analysis results have great importance because they show that are necessary new updates in the consumption values and also that is necessary to discover new formularizations, which need to consider different variables that presented in oldies studies, to let us to know the real current consumptions of electric energy and help to make planning for the future / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar, à luz do pensamento de Celso Furtado e de especialistas, como Bautista Vidal, as políticas substitutivas energéticas, em especial as relativas à produção de álcool. Nesse contexto, enfoca um estudo de caso na Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, sobre pequenas propriedades rurais que atuam de modo cooperado para produzir em sistemas integrados, alimentos, energias renováveis e serviços ambientais. Pretende-se mostrar a importância desse modelo, não só para os municípios onde atuam as cooperativas estudadas, como também sua aplicabilidade em outros municípios, de acordo com as suas especificidades regionais, para atender a crescente demanda por um combustível limpo e renovável, dentre eles o álcool, bem como para diminuir as desigualdades regionais, ampliar a produção de alimentos e ainda, para criar mecanismos que possibilitem ao pequeno produtor rural deixar de ser apenas fornecedor de matéria prima. / This work intends to research - according the views of Celso Furtado and Bauptista Vidal the alternative policies of energy particularly to alcohol output. Emphasis is put on the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul where cooperative small-sized proprietors produce integrated activities with food, crops, renewable energies and environment services. It is an attempt to show the importance of this model to countries and cooperative activities. It respects their local particularities in order to satisfy a growing demand for clean and renewable combustible, specially alcohol, contributing to reduce regional inequalities. It allows to expand food output and engendering mechanisms to promote small rural producer beyond the condition of raw materials supplier.

O Planejamento Energético tradicional geralmente privilegia os custos econômicos dos recursos energéticos, relegando ao segundo plano questões políticas, sociais e ambientais. Este trabalho pretende estimular a mudança desta abordagem através da proposição de um modelo de caracterização de recursos energéticos integrando todas essas quatro dimensões. São dois seus objetivos: o fornecimento de uma metodologia para avaliar o custo global dos recursos energéticos e de outra para estimar o potencial de tais recursos. Para facilitar o processo de avaliação, o modelo sugere o uso da ACC - Avaliação de Custos Completos, a qual permite a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de custos, reduzindo a necessidade de dados quantitativos, limitados em certos casos. Ilustra-se a aplicação do modelo com um exemplo de caracterização dos recursos na região de Araçatuba, localizada no Oeste Paulista. Os resultados revelam que, quando considerados os custos globais, a adoção de recursos renováveis apresenta grande competitividade, ao contrário de outros que, apesar de serem economicamente atraentes, não apresentam custos globais aceitáveis. / The Traditional Energy Planning usually favors technical-economic costs, relegating political, social and environmental issues to a less important level of analyses. This work tries to encourage a change in such approach by elaborating a model of energy resources characterization integrating all four dimensions - environmental, political, social and economic. The model aims at two objectives: providing a method of assessing the global cost of energy resources and estimating its potential considering the limitations provided by these dimensions. The integration of distinct elements constitutes a complex and tricky activity that can result in inaccurate results if not taken carefully. To minimize this complexity, the Model suggests the use of the Full Cost Accounting - FCA - method, which allows the consideration of quantitative and qualitative costs, reducing the demand for quantitative data, limited in some cases. The Model has been applied in the characterization of the region of Araçatuba, located in the western part of the state of São Paulo, the most populated state in Brazil. The results reveal that the adoption of renewable sources is quite attractive, especially when global costs are taken into account. On the other hand, other resources don\'t present acceptable global costs despite being economically attractive.

La thèse propose d’abord un cadre général pour l’analyse de l’incertain durant les différentes phases du processus de planification énergétique à long terme à base de modèles de villes ou territoires (IEPCT). Il inclut des critères d’évaluation de la qualité d’une démarche IEPCT. Puis deux méthodes d’analyses de l’incertain sont proposées pour les activités de modélisation et de scénarisation du système énergétique : l’une basée sur l’échantillonnage aléatoire (PRSUA) et l’autre sur les scénarios flous (FSUA). Leur implémentation sur des cas a permis de montrer leur faisabilité et leur performance du point de vue des critères de qualité. La méthode PRSUA est plus gourmande en données, elle est plus adaptée à la planification sectorielle court moyen terme et tandis que FSUA convient plus à la planification long terme intersectorielle.Enfin une méthode pour la réalisation de l’ensemble des activités liées à la structuration d’un problème de planification spécifique (IMMA) est proposée. / The Phd first proposes a methodological framework for addressing different types of uncertainty within long range ntegrated energy planning for cities and territories (IEPCT) processes which includes requirements and quality factors. Second, two methods for uncertainty analysis of modelling tasks are proposed. One approach is probabilistic random sampling approach (PRSUA) another one is fuzzy scenario approach (FSUA). Compared to FSUA, the PRSUA framework is more data intensive. PRSUA is more suitable for short or midterm sector specific domain analysis, FSUA is more appropriate for long range cross sectoral integrated planning.Third it is proposed an innovative approach (IMMA) for supporting not only uncertainties in IEPCT first phase but also all other tasks relevant to this planning phase. Implementation of IMMA in Singapore shows that it can address all identified tasks and help developing requirements for innovative solutions.

O Planejamento Energético tradicional geralmente privilegia os custos econômicos dos recursos energéticos, relegando ao segundo plano questões políticas, sociais e ambientais. Este trabalho pretende estimular a mudança desta abordagem através da proposição de um modelo de caracterização de recursos energéticos integrando todas essas quatro dimensões. São dois seus objetivos: o fornecimento de uma metodologia para avaliar o custo global dos recursos energéticos e de outra para estimar o potencial de tais recursos. Para facilitar o processo de avaliação, o modelo sugere o uso da ACC - Avaliação de Custos Completos, a qual permite a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de custos, reduzindo a necessidade de dados quantitativos, limitados em certos casos. Ilustra-se a aplicação do modelo com um exemplo de caracterização dos recursos na região de Araçatuba, localizada no Oeste Paulista. Os resultados revelam que, quando considerados os custos globais, a adoção de recursos renováveis apresenta grande competitividade, ao contrário de outros que, apesar de serem economicamente atraentes, não apresentam custos globais aceitáveis. / The Traditional Energy Planning usually favors technical-economic costs, relegating political, social and environmental issues to a less important level of analyses. This work tries to encourage a change in such approach by elaborating a model of energy resources characterization integrating all four dimensions - environmental, political, social and economic. The model aims at two objectives: providing a method of assessing the global cost of energy resources and estimating its potential considering the limitations provided by these dimensions. The integration of distinct elements constitutes a complex and tricky activity that can result in inaccurate results if not taken carefully. To minimize this complexity, the Model suggests the use of the Full Cost Accounting - FCA - method, which allows the consideration of quantitative and qualitative costs, reducing the demand for quantitative data, limited in some cases. The Model has been applied in the characterization of the region of Araçatuba, located in the western part of the state of São Paulo, the most populated state in Brazil. The results reveal that the adoption of renewable sources is quite attractive, especially when global costs are taken into account. On the other hand, other resources don\'t present acceptable global costs despite being economically attractive.

Urban energy system planning can play a pivotal role in the transition of urban areas towards energy efficiency and carbon neutrality. With the building sector being one of the main components of the urban energy system, there is a great opportunity for improving energy efficiency in cities if the spatio-temporal patterns of energy use in the building sector are accurately identified. A bottom-up engineering energy model of buildings, known as urban building energy model (UBEM), is an analytical tool for modeling buildings on city-levels and evaluating scenarios for an energy-efficient built environment, not only on the building-level but also on the district and city-level. Methods for developing an UBEM vary, yet, the majority of existing models use the same approach to incorporating already established building energy simulation software into the main core of the model. Due to difficulties in accessing building-specific information on the one hand, and the computational cost of UBEMs on the other hand, simplified building modeling is the most common method to make the modeling procedure more efficient. This thesis contributes to the state-of-the-art and advancement of the field of urban building energy modeling by analyzing the capabilities of conventional building simulation tools to handle an UBEM and suggesting modeling guidelines on the zoning configuration and levels of detail of the building models. According to the results from this thesis, it is concluded that with 16% relative difference from the annual measurements, EnergyPlus is the most suitable software that can handle large-scale building energy models efficiently. The results also show that on the individual building-level, a simplified single-zone model results in 6% mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) from a detailed multi-zone model. This thesis proposes that on the aggregated levels, simplified building models could contribute to the development of a fast but still accurate UBEM.

This thesis addresses industrial energy issues from a production economic perspective. During the past decade, the energy issue has become more important, partly due to rising energy prices in general, but also from a political pressure on environmental awareness concerning the problems with climate change. As a large user of energy the industry sector is most likely responsible for a lot of these problems. Things need to change and are most likely to do so considering current and assumed future governmental regulations. Thus, the energy intensive process industries studied and focused on in this thesis exemplify the importance of introducing a strategic perspective on energy, an appropriate approach for planning, as well as the possibilities of including energy issues in a production and supply chain planning model. The thesis aims to provide models, methods and decision support tools for energy related production and supply chain planning issues of relevance for process industries as well as for other energy intensive industries. The overall objectives are to analyze the strategic importance of energy management, production and supply chain planning, and the opportunities provided when energy is included in a production and supply chain planning model. Three different studies are carried out, analyzed, and presented as in this thesis. The first study is a case study at a specialty chemicals company and resulted in the first paper. Since the energy issue is not only a cost issue driven by supply and demand, but also a political issue due to its environmental aspects, it is likely to believe that political influence and especially continuity will have escalating effect on the energy intensive process industry sector. Thus, the strategic dimension of energy is highly relevant in this thesis. The importance of organizational integration, having a main responsible person, locating core business, and political continuity are addressed as prerequisites for including energy into the corporate strategy. Regarding long term profitability, the importance of correctly utilizing the energy system by appropriate energy planning and with respect to energy efficiency and effectiveness in both flexibility and investment issues are addressed. Further on, the quest of finding alternative revenue while striving for a proper exergy usage is addressed. The second study is a multiple case study with four different case companies involved; pulp, specialty chemicals, specialty oils, as well as a pulp and paper company. The need for improved production and supply chain planning is also addressed where for instance the lack of planning support for process industries is still an area of improvement. The production and supply chain planning in process industries is found to be rather poor compared to regular manufacturing companies. The planning methods found are often tailor made and adapted to the individual characteristics that are typical for many process industries. It has further on been difficult to distinguish similarities and differences among process industries regarding these planning issues and thus hard to generalize. The third study focuses on mathematical modelling and programming developing a combined supply chain and energy optimization model for a pulp company. Taking the first papers together there are reasons to believe that a planning and optimization model that take energy aspects in consideration, as a previously missing link, will contribute to improve the operations in process industries. A clear impact of involving energy issues into the supply chain planning is shown. The results show that a different production schedule is optimal when the energy issues are applied, and depend on, for instance, variations in energy prices such as the one for electricity. This is shown by using a model for a supply chain where the energy flow, and especially the utilization of by-products, also is involved.

ABSTRACT Cities throughout Asia have experienced unprecedented economic development over the past decades. In many cases this has contributed to their rapid and uncontrolled growth, which has resulted in a multiplicity of problems, including rapid population increase, enhanced environmental pollution, collapsing traffic systems, dysfunctional waste management, and rapid increases in the consumption of energy, water and other resources. The significant energy use in cities is not very well perceived in Asian countries. Although a number of studies into energy consumption across various sectors have been conducted, most are from the national point of view. Energy demand analysis is not considered important at the level of the city. The thesis is focused on the dynamics of energy utilization in Asian mega-cities, and ultimately aims at providing strategies for maximizing the use of renewable energy in large urban systems. The study aims at providing an in-depth understanding of the complex dynamics of energy utilization in urban mega-centers. An initial general analysis is complemented by a detailed study of the current situation and future outlook for the city of Bangkok, Thailand. An integrated approach applied to the study includes identification of the parameters that affect the utilization of energy in mega-cities and a detailed analysis of energy flows and their various subsystems, including commercial, industrial, residential and that of transportation. The study investigates and evaluates the energy models most commonly used for analyzing and simulating energy utilization. Its purpose is to provide a user-friendly tool suitable for decision-makers in developing an energy model for large cities. In addition, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) process has been developed to assess whether or not the energy systems meet the sustainability criteria. A metabolic approach has been employed to analyze the energy flow and utilization in selected Asian mega-cities, including Bangkok, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tokyo. The approach is applied to measure the majority of indirect energy flows or the energy embodied in the flows of goods and services involving the residents of those cities. Since the function of cities is to serve the lives of the residents, indirect energy consumption could be regarded as being of equal importance as that of direct energy use. The essence of embodied energy is that an indirect reflection upon behavior following direct energy consumption. It can illustrate how a city relies on the outside, for example other cities, countries, etc. and provides some interesting information that cannot be easily drawn from the direct energy demand. The study reveals that the indirect energy demand is more significant than the direct energy demand in Bangkok, Shanghai, and Tokyo, while direct energy demand is greater than the indirect energy demand in Beijing. This can be explained by the fact that Bangkok, Shanghai, and Tokyo have a greater reliance upon the outside in terms of energy demand. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) system has been selected to perform Bangkok energy modeling. In a Bangkok case study a range of policy interventions are selected and how these would change the energy development in Bangkok by the year 2025 is examined. Different policies can be grouped by the sectors analyzed. The only supply-side policy considered meets an existing target of having 10% of electricity generated from renewable sources. The study period for the model started in 2005 and ends in 2025, with the year 2000 taken as the base year. The proposed scenarios were evaluated using the MCDM approach to rate their sustainability. Team members found that this method provided a methodology to help decision-makers to systematically identify management objectives and priorities. / QC 20101123

Há um cenário de agrave na indústria de energia elétrica no Brasil, por escassez de energia afluente na produção hídrica, exigindo maior acionamento térmico. Para o futuro, usinas predominantemente a fio dágua, que estão sendo inseridas, estarão pronunciando ainda mais essa necessidade. Por força da estruturação térmica, sobrarão mais emissões de gases de efeito estufa - GEEs e consumo de recursos fósseis por unidade de energia elétrica produzida. Este estudo visa testar a possibilidade de construção de um cenário futuro, eleito 2050, de fornecimento de energia elétrica no país, balizado na aceleração do uso das fontes renováveis, premissa postulada como alinhamento à busca de desenvolvimento sustentável para o país. É utilizada a pesquisa, análise e síntese, com abordagem sistêmica, e aplicação de indicadores eleitos fundamentais para alcance do objetivo. São sistematizados dados e informações existentes em diferentes tipos de documentos elaborados por autores e organizações nacionais e internacionais, e nos planos governamentais de expansão da produção de energia elétrica. A partir do referencial teórico metodológico adotado, os resultados obtidos demonstram que é possível estabelecer um planejamento de longo prazo baseado no uso renovável dos recursos de que o país dispõe, com menores pressões socioambientais, consumos de fósseis, e emissões de gases de efeito estufa, por unidade de energia produzida. São obtidas maiores participações de fontes renováveis com menor participação da fonte hídrica, e menores participações de emissões de gases de efeito estufa e de consumo de óleo combustível. Sem incorrer em aumento nos custos de produção. Resulta um sistema descentralizado, híbrido, com maior expansão das fontes térmicas renováveis, eólica e solar, maior participação de produção independente cogeração, autoprodução, e geração distribuída e menor carga na rede de transmissão, comparativamente ao cenário atual. / There is an aggravated prospect in the Brazilian electric energy industry, due to a shortage of affluent energy in the hydric production, requiring a greater thermal use. For the future, the insertion of hydroelectric power plants predominantly without reservoirs will make this need even more evident. Due to the thermal structuring, there will be more emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and consumption of fossil resources per unit of electric energy produced. This study aims to test the possibility of building a future setting, elected 2050, of electric energy supply in the country, beaconed on the acceleration of the use of renewable sources, premise postulated in alignment with the pursuit of sustainable development for the country. The research, analysis and synthesis is adopted, with a systemic approach, and applying the indicators elected as paramount to reach the goal. Data and information from different types of documents produced by international and national authors and organizations as well as governmental plans of expansion of electric energy production were systematized. From the theoretical and methodological framework adopted, the results obtained have shown that it is possible to establish a long term plan, based on the use of the available resources, with decreased social and environmental pressure, fossil consumption, and emission of GHGs per unity of energy produced. A greater participation of renewable sources is achieved, while the participation of hydric sources, the emissions of GHGs and consumption of oil-fuels are reduced. There is no increase in the production costs. The result is a decentralized, hybrid system with larger expansion of renewable thermal, wind and solar sources, larger participation of independent production co-generation, auto-generation and distributed generation and a diminished load on the transmission network, compared to the current scenario.

A avaliação de sustentabilidade emergiu a partir da pesquisa e da prática em várias áreas do planejamento e gestão como uma abordagem ou como um novo instrumento para suporte a decisões direcionadas à promoção da sustentabilidade. Uma dessas áreas é a Avaliação de Impacto, que tem um consistente histórico na busca por subsidiar processos decisórios. A partir desse referencial, e tendo em vista a crescente importância do etanol de cana-deaçúcar nas discussões sobre a sustentabilidade na área de energia, esta tese propõe procedimentos para o planejamento da oferta de etanol de cana-deaçúcar apresentada no Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia. A análise indicou que o formato atual do PDE é muito mais próximo de um estudo de potencial técnico do que de um plano, uma vez que não são estabelecidos caminhos entre a situação atual e a situação desejada, essenciais em planejamentos. As principais contribuições identificadas a partir da avaliação de sustentabilidade estão relacionadas ao fortalecimento do papel do planejamento, incluindo o aprimoramento dos métodos de avaliação de impactos e de integração de temas, à ampliação da gama de alternativas e opções apresentadas aos tomadores de decisão, evidenciando recursos necessários e consequências de cada alternativa de forma a subsidiar de fato a seleção de uma ou outra estratégia, e à valorização do pluralismo no processo de elaboração e decisão do PDE. A análise indica que o arcabouço teórico oferecido pela avaliação de sustentabilidade se mostra adequado para auxiliar no desenho de um novo modelo de planejamento, capaz de fortalecer o PDE e avançar na inserção de princípios de sustentabilidade ao longo do processo. Como conclusões, a pesquisa reitera que a inserção de princípios de sustentabilidade em planejamentos e processos decisórios é parte fundamental na consolidação de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento e que, no caso do etanol de cana-de-açúcar, a abordagem da avaliação de sustentabilidade oferece uma visão mais plural e sistêmica em relação ao que é feito atualmente, o que é ideal para o avanço em um caso emblemático de transição energética. / Sustainability assessment has emerged from both research and practice in several areas of planning and management as either an approach or a new tool for supporting decision-making towards sustainability. Impact Assessment is one of such areas and has a consistent history in supporting decision-making. Drawing from this field and considering the increasing importance of sugarcane ethanol sustainability issues in the energy sector, this thesis proposes procedures for planning the supply of sugarcane ethanol in the Decennial Energy Expansion Plan. The analysis has indicated that the current format of the PDE seems more a restricted study of technical potential instead of a plan, since paths between the current situation and the desired situation, essential to planning, have not been established. The main contributions identified from the sustainability assessment application are related to the strengthening of the role of planning, including improvements in the methods for assessing impacts and integrating issues, the expansion of the range of alternatives and options presented to decision makers, highlighting the necessary resources and consequences of each alternative to support the selection of one or another strategy, and the embracement of pluralism along the PDE process and decision making. According to the analysis, the theoretical framework offered by sustainability assessment is appropriate to assist the design of a new planning model, strengthening the PDE and advancing the integration of sustainability principles throughout the process. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of including sustainability principles in the planning and decision-making processes so that a new development model can be outlined. In the sugarcane ethanol case, sustainability assessment offers a more plural and systemic approach in comparison to what has been done, which would be ideal for advancements in this emblematic case of energy transition.