Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-20T13:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Luiz Filho.pdf: 1412544 bytes, checksum: c51ae0533c317b450405046a5b2c324f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T13:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Luiz Filho.pdf: 1412544 bytes, checksum: c51ae0533c317b450405046a5b2c324f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-06 / Companies that are social responsible tend to be more recognized in the market. However, for this practice to happen, graduates need to be prepared to work within these expectations. In this sense and to understand if there are environmental performances in the Brazilian federal universities and their business students, this study was aimed to verify this relationship, using a scale translated and validated for the Brazilian context, based on belief, attitude, concern and consumption. The methodological approach is quantitative, allowing to analyze the environmental performance and which aspects have environmental practices. The survey data was performed using a questionnaire administered in 60 campuses of federal universities where, effectively, 35 of them participated, with a total of 1,146 respondents. Data were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), with partial least squares and paths models (PLS-PM) using the SmartPLS 2.0 software - M3, the results indicate that the development of environmental issues are not favorable in the academic world. / Empresas que demonstram ter responsabilidade social tendem a ser mais reconhecidas no mercado. Contudo, para que esta prática aconteça, os gestores sendo formados pelas universidades precisam se preparar para atuar dentro destas expectativas. Neste sentido e para entender se o comportamento ambiental dos estudantes de administração das universidades federais brasileiras exibem práticas ambientais, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar esta relação, utilizando-se uma escala traduzida e validada para o contexto brasileiro, baseada em crença, atitude, preocupação e consumo. A abordagem metodológica é de natureza quantitativa, o que possibilitou analisar o comportamento ambiental e quais aspectos apresentam práticas ambientais. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado utilizando-se um questionário aplicado em 60 campi de universidades federais onde, efetivamente, 35 deles participaram, com um total de 1.146 respondentes. Os dados foram analisados através da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM), com mínimos quadrados parciais e modelos de caminhos (PLS-PM) utilizando-se o software SmartPLS 2.0 – M3, cujos resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento das questões ambientais não são favoráveis no universo acadêmico.

Klimatförändringarna är ett av de största hoten mot mänskligheten, och konsekvenserna avklimatförändringarna kommer öka både i omfattning och allvar i takt med att den globalauppvärmningen intensifieras. Detta leder till överhängande risker mot många områden i samhället. För att den globala uppvärmningen ska hållas under 2 °C måste omfattande åtgärder tas till inom en snar framtid. I detta har individer en viktig roll. Hur individer upplever risker är viktigt för att förstå deras reaktioner gentemot dem klimatförändringarna. En majoritet av det svenska folket betvivlar inte längre att klimatförändringarna sker. Däremot finns det fortfarande mycket som måste göras på individnivå, eftersom hushåll i Sverige står för 60 % av nationens totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. Samtidigt argumenteras det för att det finns en ökad press från samhället, både när det kommer till aktivism och engagemang i klimatfrågan. Baserat på brådskan i att mildra klimatförändringarna är målet med den här studien att få en bättre förståelse för hur individer med ett redan uttalat intresse eller engagemang om klimatförändringarna upplever dessa och risker kopplade till dem samt hur deras väg mot ett engagemang har sett ut. Vidare ämnar den även undersöka hur deras syn, enligt desjälva har utvecklats samt hur denna synen tar sig uttryck kognitivt, emotionellt ochbeteendemässigt med hjälp av en narrativ livshistoriemetod. Hoppet är att få en ökad förståelse för de faktorer som har varit viktiga i detta engagemang eftersom det kan skapa inblick i de viktiga komponenter som krävs för att främja medvetenhet om klimatförändringar och engagemang. Resultaten visar att klimatförändringarna uppfattas som en moralisk oro som är starkt sammankopplad med rättvisefrågor. Kritiska händelser har lett till ett ökat medvetande om problemet. När konsekvenserna om klimatförändringarna omfamnats har hoten som uppvisas gentemot objects of care och ens kärnvärderingar triggat känslor, ökat ens risk perception och aktiverat personliga normer som lett till känslor av personligt ansvar. Så småningom har dessa faktorer, tillsammans med andra lett till olika typer av engagemang, vilket många gånger har varit en gradvis process. / Climate change is one of the biggest threats towards humanity, and the consequences of climate change will increase in magnitude and severity as global warming intensifies. This leads to imminent risks to many areas of society. To keep global warming below 2 °C, major mitigation measures will need to occur in the near future. In this, individuals have an important role. How individuals perceive risk are of importance in order to understand their reactions to them. A majority of Swedish people no longer doubt that climate change is occurring. However, there is still a lot to be done on the individual level, as the households in Sweden stands for 60 % of the nation's total greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, it is argued that there is an increased pressure from civil society, both when it comes to public activism and engagement in climate change. Based on the urgency in mitigating climate change, the aim of this study is to better understand how individuals with an interest or engagement in climate change perceives climate change and its associated risks and what their road to engagement has looked like. Furthermore, the aim is to better understand how their view, according to them, has evolved and how this view is expressed cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally with the help of a narrative life-history method. The hope is to gain an understanding of the factors that have been key in their engagement with climate change, as this can bring insight to important components in fostering climate change awareness and engagement in the issue. Results demonstrate that climate change is perceived as amoral concern, linked to issues of justice. Critical events have led to an increased awareness of these issues. When consequences of climate change are grasped, the threats they pose to valued objects of care and core values triggers emotional responses, raised risk perception and activates personal norms leading to feelings of personal responsibility. Eventually these factors, along with others, have led to different engagements in climate change, which many times have been a gradual process.

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Frage nach der Relation zwischen Umwelteinstellungen und umweltgerechtem Verhalten zu beantworten. Hierzu wird ein deduktiver, theoretischer Zugang gewählt. Es werden unterschiedliche theoretische Perspektiven, die sich in der Umweltforschung etabliert haben, vergleichend betrachtet und analysiert: die Umweltbewusstseinsforschung, die Risikoforschung, die Werteforschung und der Rational-Choice-Ansatz, wobei die beiden letztgenannten Theorieansätze in je zwei unterschiedlichen Varianten berücksichtigt werden. Die einzelnen Erklärungsansätze stehen bisher weitgehend isoliert nebeneinander, es fehlt eine explizite systematische theorievergleichende Perspektive, die versucht, den Bewährungsgrad und die Leistungsfähigkeit der dominierenden Ansätze des Forschungsfeldes empirisch zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen. Ein solcher Vergleich wird in der vorliegenden Untersuchung durchgeführt. In der vorliegenden Studie wird neben dieser theorievergleichenden Strategie zusätzlich auch eine kulturvergleichende Strategie verfolgt. Zum einen weil die Umweltproblematik in Zeiten der Globalisierung ein internationales Problem ist. Zum anderen ist die Validierung der verschiedenen Theorien in verschiedenen kulturellen Settings ein wichtiger Weg der Theorieprüfung.:Vorwort 4 1. Einleitung 5 2. Sozialwissenschaftliche Umweltforschung 10 2.1 Umweltbewusstsein – empirische Ergebnisse 13 2.2. Umweltbewusstseinsforschung – im engeren Sinne 16 2.2.1 Was ist Umweltbewusstsein? 16 2.2.2 Sozialstruktur und Umweltbewusstsein 20 2.2.3 Umweltbewusstsein und Verhalten 22 2.3. Risikoforschung 23 2.3.1 Psychologische Risikoforschung 24 2.3.2 Sozialkonstruktivistische Risikoforschung 25 2.4 Werteforschung und Umweltprobleme 29 2.4.1 Der Materialismus/Postmaterialismus-Ansatz 30 2.4.2 Der Norm-Activation-Ansatz 34 2.5 Kosten-Nutzen-Ansätze in der Umweltforschung 36 2.5.1 Die High-Cost/Low-Cost-These 37 2.5.2 Framing-Modelle 40 3. Theorien zum Umweltbewusstsein und –verhalten im Vergleich 45 3.1 Einführende Bemerkungen zur Methodologie des Theorienvergleichs 46 3.1.1 Logischer Vergleich und Ansätze einer Theorieintegration 50 3.2 Einführende Bemerkungen zur Methodologie des Kulturvergleichs 57 4. Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 61 4.1 Hypothesen auf der Strukturebene 62 4.2 Hypothesen aus kulturvergleichender Perspektive 71 4.2.1 Die ausgewählten Länder 72 4.2.2 Unterschiedshypothesen auf Struktur- und Niveauebene 79 4.4 Unterschiede zu vergleichbaren Studien – Desiderate 84 5. Methodisches Vorgehen 87 5.1 Analysestrategien 87 5.2 Stichproben 91 5.2.1 Die Auswahl der Länder 93 5.2.2 Auswahl der Individuen 98 5.3 Messinstrumente - Messmodelle im Kulturvergleich 99 5.3.1 Die Frage der Vergleichbarkeit 99 5.3.2 Meßmodelle und Äquivalenz 100 5.3.2.1 Umweltbezogene Werthaltung und Einstellungen 103 5.3.2.2 Berichtetes tatsächliches Verhalten 113 5.3.2.3 Sozialstrukturelle Variablen 115 5.3.3 Messmodelle: umweltbezogene Einstellungen 116 5.3.4 Messmodell: Umweltverhalten 123 6. Ergebnisse 125 6.1 Ländervergleich oder Kulturvergleich? 126 6.2 Kulturvergleich: Unterschiede auf der Niveauebene 129 6.2.1 Umweltbezogene Werthaltungen und Einstellungen im ISSP 130 6.2.2 Konsumverhalten - Protestverhalten 141 6.2.3 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse auf der Niveauebene 143 6.3 Ergebnisse auf der Strukturebene 145 6.3.1 Das Gesamtmodell – alle sechs Länder im Vergleich 146 6.3.2 Das Kernmodell – ein multipler Gruppenvergleich 155 6.3.3 Konsumverhalten versus Protestverhalten 160 6.3.4 Die High-Cost/Low-Cost These 163 6.3.5 Die Framing-These 171 6.3.6 Der Norm-Activation Ansatz 174 6.4 Eine Bilanz: Umweltbewusstsein – Umweltverhalten 176 7. Ergebnisse im Zeitvergleich 1993 und 2000 180 7.1 Veränderungen auf der Einstellungsebene 181 7.2 Veränderungen auf der Verhaltensebene 183 7.3 Veränderungen auf der Strukturebene 184 8. Fazit 188 Anhang 197 Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis 201 Literatur 206

This study presented meat consumption as an environmentally relevant behavior (ERB) and examined how the delay to an environmental loss might affect peoples’ decisions to eat meat. Participants completed a delay discounting survey where they selected what percentage of meat they would eliminate from their diet based on varying delays to rising sea levels flooding of their neighborhood. After watching a brief educational video, participants completed the survey a second time to examine whether the video had any influence on discounting rates in the post-survey. Participants also completed the 27-Item Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ; Kirby & Marakovic, 1996) in order to compare individuals’ monetary discounting rates to their environmental discounting rates. Data were analyzed using calculations of area under the curve (AUC) and Mazur’s (1987) hyperbolic discounting equation. Results showed that the average percentage of meat that people chose to eliminate from their diets decreased as a function of the delay to the environmental loss, the educational video was effective in reducing environmental discounting rates, and discounting rates for monetary outcomes were positively and significantly correlated with discounting rates for environmental outcomes. Implications, limitations, and avenues for future research are discussed.

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För att förstå vad som får en individ att förändra beteenden till mer miljövänliga har studien utgått ifrån Fogg behavior model som menar att faktorerna motivation, förmåga och triggers behövs för att ett beteende ska förändras. Studien har undersökt i hur stor grad individer som har motivation och förmåga, samt fått triggers, uppnått sina miljömässiga beteendeförändringsmål. Det har även undersökts hur stor skillnad triggern gör för att ett beteende ska uppnås. Jag höll fyra, för allmänheten öppna, föreläsningar om kemikalier i vardagen varpå deltagarna satte fem beteendeförändringsmål att uppnå. Hälften fick under två månaders tid kontinuerliga triggers varpå samtliga respondenter fyllde i en uppföljning där de rankade i vilken grad de upplevde att deras beteendemål var uppfyllt. Resultatet visar att gruppen med både motivation, förmåga och triggers i genomsnitt nådde sina mål med 82,6 % och att gruppen med motivation och förmåga, men utan triggers, uppnådde sina mål i genomsnitt med 59,9%. Fishers exakta test visar en signifikansnivå på p < 0,01 vilket innebär en hög signifikant. Detta tyder på att Fogg behavior model är tillförlitlig samt att faktorn trigger är viktig för att en beteendeförändring ska ske. / To understand what makes individuals change their behaviors towards more environmentally friendly, this study started with Fogg behavior model which says that the factors needed to change a behavior is motivation, ability and triggers. This study investigated in which scale individuals who has motivation, ability and triggers achieved their goals of changing behaviors to more environmentally friendly, and how much effect the trigger had. I had four lectures, all opened for the general public, about chemicals in the every day life and afterwords the participants chose five ”behavior-goals” they wanted to achieve. Half of the respondents got triggers every week and after two months everybody made a follow-up where they rated in which scale they experienced that their goals were achieved. The result shows that the group with both motivation, ability and triggers reached their goals in average with 82,6% and the group with motivation and ability but without triggers reached their goals in average with 59,9 %. Fisher ́s Exact Test shows a significance level of p < 0,01 which is the same as a highly significant. This indicates that Fogg behavior model might be reliable and that the trigger is important for a behavior to occur.

Corporate social marketing (CSM) refers to "a means whereby a corporation supports the development and/or implementation of a behavior change campaign intended to improve public health, safety, the environment, or community well-being" (Kotler & Lee, 2005a, p.114). The examination of CSM by professional sport organizations (PSOs) is significant since these organizations have the potential to serve as a particularly meaningful vehicle for promoting socially beneficial ideas and behavior (Chalip, 2006; Kaufman & Wolff, 2010; Loakimidis, 2007; Smith & Westerbeek, 2007). Despite this, little investigation has been undertaken in this research area (Irwin, Irwin, Miller, Somes, & Richey, 2010; Sparvero, 2010). Furthermore, no comprehensive framework exists that explains the process of how CSM influences consumer voluntary behavior in general business disciplines (Du, Sen, & Bhattacharya, 2008). The purpose of this study was to address this gap and investigate the role of corporate credibility in understanding the process of how PSOs influence consumer voluntary behavior through their CSM initiatives. The current research focused on corporate credibility based on previous research findings indicating that the credibility of a message source greatly influences the persuasiveness of its communication (e.g., Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953; Pornpitakpan, 2004). This study developed a theoretical model positing that consumers would formulate their perceptions regarding the credibility of a PSO on supporting environmental protection ("environmental credibility") based on: (1) characteristics of the organization, (2) characteristics of the CSM initiative, and (3) characteristics of the cause. Environmental credibility, in turn, was expected to influence consumer pro-environmental behavior measured by daily recycling involvement and recycling intentions during the PSO's home games. The model further proposed that value congruence would have mediating and moderating effects on the relationship between environmental credibility and pro-environmental behavior. To test this theoretical model, the study collected data from fans of two PSOs that currently operate environmental initiatives. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was employed to analyze the data (n = 368) obtained through web-based questionnaires. The SEM results indicated that the following four of the eight hypothesized antecedents of environmental credibility had significant positive effects: general credibility, perceived effort, perceived impact, and cause importance. Furthermore, environmental credibility was found to positively influence the two recycling behaviors as expected. Contrary to the theoretical propositions, however, the results did not find support for the positive mediating and moderating effect of value congruence. Overall, the findings of this study contribute to the literature by highlighting the role of corporate credibility when PSOs engage in CSM initiatives. Moreover, this research, as well as future endeavors, helps PSOs become an effective vehicle for promoting socially beneficial behavior, which ideally can lead to positive social change. / Tourism and Sport

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HOW THE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT ARE GETTING GREEN? Factors Influencing Environmental Policy. Jan Skalík Abstract In the new millennium the Chamber of Deputies has been significantly less supportive towards environmental protection than it was in the 1990s. It has been proved by the analysis of 156 votes concerning the environment in the period 1994 - 2010. Unequivocally, the strongest and the most influential factor in terms of the impact on the other characteristics and the environmental benefits is to which Parliamentary Club the deputy belongs. From the comparison of voting patterns of the Green Party (SZ) and Civic Democratic Party (ODS) it is possible to demonstrate why the environmental legislation is supported mostly by women and MPs from Moravian districts. Generally it could be said that growing political success in the parliamentary right-wing parties is linked to less favourable voting for the environment. However, among centrist and left wing parties this is different: proenvironmental voting is connected to success in the Chamber. MPs who vote pro- environmentally are often older and were elected to the Chamber earlier. While a degree in engineering correlates with an unenthusiastic relationship to the environment, a degree in the humanities is often related to its protection. If an MP is...