Magistro baigiamojo darbo pavadinimas „Nacionalinių teismų teisė ir pareiga kreiptis į Europos Teisingumo Teismą“. Darbą sudaro įvadas, keturios dalys, išvados ir pasiūlymai. Magistro darbe nagrinėjami teisės ir pareigos kreiptis dėl preliminaraus nutarimo probleminiai aspektai, didžiausią dėmesį skiriant kreipimosi į ETT ir asmens iš Bendrijos kilusios teisės apsaugos santykio analizei. Autorė darbe remiasi Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių autorių moksliniais darbais, konferencijų medžiaga, ETT jurisprudencija. / The title of the thesis is “The Right and Obligation of the National Courts to Apply to the European Court of Justice”. The thesis consists of introduction, four parts, conclusions and suggestions. The work includes the analysis of the problematic aspects related to the right and obligation to apply for the preliminary ruling. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the relation between the cases of appeal to the ECJ and the protection of a person’s right arising from the Community. The author of the work refers to the scientific works of Lithuanian and foreign authors, conference material, the jurisprudence of the ECJ.

As countries caught on to the benefits of limited liability corporate structures, it became necessary to protect pecuniary and non- pecuniary rights of shareholders` from the unlawful and harmful actions of the company‘s management and supervisory organs. Differences in national legislations regulating work of companies undoubtedly restrict both the natural tendencies balancing the internal market as well as the protection of the shareholders` rights. To avoid this dischord it is necessary to pay close attention to the company law harmonisation at the EC level. The purpose of law harmonisation is not only to make it easier to exercise the right of establishment found in the EC Treaty, but also to diminish the risk for violation of shareholders`, creditors` and third parties` rights caused by different company law regimes in each of the member states. The company law harmonisation programme in the EC was mostly carried out by passing secondary legislation- the directives. Regulations were passed when there was a need not only to harmonise national legislation, but also to establish transnational business entities. This paper analyses the provisions of company law directives and Societas Europaea regulation related to the protection of shareholders` rights. This paper also highlights the fact that during recent years, the reform of EC company law preceded non-binding legislation passed by the European Commission. The European Commission supports simplification and modernisation... [to full text]

This thesis makes the comparison of legal frameworks of the two Procurement Laws, the New Public Procurement Law (4734) and the Ex-State Procurement Law (2886) respectively. As a result of this comparison, it is seen that a lot of provisions starting from tender notice time limits to the awarding of contracts, have been changed substantially by the introduction of Turkish Public Procurement Law. Besides this comparison, the related procurement directive on construction works in European Community, namely EEC 93/37 is analyzed through the topics pertinent to the New Public Procurement Law, from which it is observed that there are both similar and different application regarding tender process in this directive when compared with the provisions of Turkish Public Procurement Law on construction works. This thesis study also aims to put forward the conception of Turkish contractors about the New Public Procurement Law by means of a questionnaire containing 15 questions. From the results of questionnaire, it is seen that majority of the contracting companies have a positive attitude towards the New Public Procurement Law although some provisions of the Law do not meet the expectations of the companies.

A proteção ambiental na Comunidade Européia é implementada por artigos dos seus Tratados Constitutivos consubstanciados na política ambiental, no estabelecimento do mercado interno e no princípio da integração desta finalidade a ser incorporada na aplicação das demais políticas e ações da Organização. O trabalho visa verificar a proteção ambiental na Comunidade por duas bases filosóficas que se intercomunicam: o antropocentrismo relacionado à missão comunitária de obtenção do desenvolvimento sustentado, o qual é a realização do princípio da integração interligando as políticas comunitárias, e o biocentrismo na conexão da missão comunitária de promover o alto nível de proteção ambiental e a melhora da qualidade do meio ambiente com a atuação setorial da política ambiental comunitária. Esta missão comunitária, tendo em vista a proteção dos elementos naturais e a biodiversidade, causa uma afetação maior na concorrência e nos intercâmbios comunitários comparado à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentado. Fundamentam esta pesquisa conceitos de Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau e José Rubens Morato Leite, tendo o Direito comunitário e estudos de casos, decididos pelo Tribunal de Justiça da Comunidade Européia, para corroborar as afirmações contidas nela. / The environmental protection in the European Community is implemented by articles of its Constitutive Treaties consubstantiated in the environmental policy, in the establishment of the domestic market and in the principle of integration of such target, to be incorporated in the implementation of the other policies and actions of the Organization. This study aims to verify the environmental protection in the European Community through two philosophical bases which intercommunicate with each other: the anthropocentrism related to the community mission of acquisition of sustained development, the accomplishment of the principle of integration interconnecting the community policies, and the biocentrism in the connection of the community mission of promoting the high level of environmental protection and the improvement of the quality of the environment with the sectorial action of the environmental community policy. Such community mission, considering the protection of the natural elements and the biodiversity, causes a higher aggression in the competition and in the community exchanges compared to the promotion of the sustained development. This study is founded on the concepts of Nathalie Hervé- Fournereau and José Rubens Morato Leite, having the Community Law and case studies decided by the Court of Justice of the European Communities, to corroborate the statements that this study contains.

A proteção ambiental na Comunidade Européia é implementada por artigos dos seus Tratados Constitutivos consubstanciados na política ambiental, no estabelecimento do mercado interno e no princípio da integração desta finalidade a ser incorporada na aplicação das demais políticas e ações da Organização. O trabalho visa verificar a proteção ambiental na Comunidade por duas bases filosóficas que se intercomunicam: o antropocentrismo relacionado à missão comunitária de obtenção do desenvolvimento sustentado, o qual é a realização do princípio da integração interligando as políticas comunitárias, e o biocentrismo na conexão da missão comunitária de promover o alto nível de proteção ambiental e a melhora da qualidade do meio ambiente com a atuação setorial da política ambiental comunitária. Esta missão comunitária, tendo em vista a proteção dos elementos naturais e a biodiversidade, causa uma afetação maior na concorrência e nos intercâmbios comunitários comparado à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentado. Fundamentam esta pesquisa conceitos de Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau e José Rubens Morato Leite, tendo o Direito comunitário e estudos de casos, decididos pelo Tribunal de Justiça da Comunidade Européia, para corroborar as afirmações contidas nela. / The environmental protection in the European Community is implemented by articles of its Constitutive Treaties consubstantiated in the environmental policy, in the establishment of the domestic market and in the principle of integration of such target, to be incorporated in the implementation of the other policies and actions of the Organization. This study aims to verify the environmental protection in the European Community through two philosophical bases which intercommunicate with each other: the anthropocentrism related to the community mission of acquisition of sustained development, the accomplishment of the principle of integration interconnecting the community policies, and the biocentrism in the connection of the community mission of promoting the high level of environmental protection and the improvement of the quality of the environment with the sectorial action of the environmental community policy. Such community mission, considering the protection of the natural elements and the biodiversity, causes a higher aggression in the competition and in the community exchanges compared to the promotion of the sustained development. This study is founded on the concepts of Nathalie Hervé- Fournereau and José Rubens Morato Leite, having the Community Law and case studies decided by the Court of Justice of the European Communities, to corroborate the statements that this study contains.

A proteção ambiental na Comunidade Européia é implementada por artigos dos seus Tratados Constitutivos consubstanciados na política ambiental, no estabelecimento do mercado interno e no princípio da integração desta finalidade a ser incorporada na aplicação das demais políticas e ações da Organização. O trabalho visa verificar a proteção ambiental na Comunidade por duas bases filosóficas que se intercomunicam: o antropocentrismo relacionado à missão comunitária de obtenção do desenvolvimento sustentado, o qual é a realização do princípio da integração interligando as políticas comunitárias, e o biocentrismo na conexão da missão comunitária de promover o alto nível de proteção ambiental e a melhora da qualidade do meio ambiente com a atuação setorial da política ambiental comunitária. Esta missão comunitária, tendo em vista a proteção dos elementos naturais e a biodiversidade, causa uma afetação maior na concorrência e nos intercâmbios comunitários comparado à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentado. Fundamentam esta pesquisa conceitos de Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau e José Rubens Morato Leite, tendo o Direito comunitário e estudos de casos, decididos pelo Tribunal de Justiça da Comunidade Européia, para corroborar as afirmações contidas nela. / The environmental protection in the European Community is implemented by articles of its Constitutive Treaties consubstantiated in the environmental policy, in the establishment of the domestic market and in the principle of integration of such target, to be incorporated in the implementation of the other policies and actions of the Organization. This study aims to verify the environmental protection in the European Community through two philosophical bases which intercommunicate with each other: the anthropocentrism related to the community mission of acquisition of sustained development, the accomplishment of the principle of integration interconnecting the community policies, and the biocentrism in the connection of the community mission of promoting the high level of environmental protection and the improvement of the quality of the environment with the sectorial action of the environmental community policy. Such community mission, considering the protection of the natural elements and the biodiversity, causes a higher aggression in the competition and in the community exchanges compared to the promotion of the sustained development. This study is founded on the concepts of Nathalie Hervé- Fournereau and José Rubens Morato Leite, having the Community Law and case studies decided by the Court of Justice of the European Communities, to corroborate the statements that this study contains.

[pt] O Tribunal Europeu de Justiça começou sua trajetória como um tribunal internacional bastante fraco que sofria dos mesmos problemas enfrentados por outras instituições da mesma natureza. Assim, a questão crucial a ser respondida é como o Tribunal foi capaz de alterar os fundamentos do sistema jurídico comunitário, fortalecendo as bases de seu próprio prestígio político. O procedimento de reenvio prejudicial, criado pelo artigo 177 do Tratado de Roma, estabelece um vínculo direto entre os tribunais nacionais e o Tribunal Europeu, atruindo aos primeiros a responsabilidade pela aplicação das decisões do último. Isso siguifica que todas as sanções previstas pelo direito nacional podem ser aplicadas aos julgamentos do Tribunal Comunitário. Devido ao apoio dos tribunais nacionais, a maior ameaça política ao Tribunal Europeu - a ameaça da desobediência - foi em grande medida superada. / [en] The European Court of Justice began as a fairly weak international tribunal, suffering from many of the problems faced by institutions of the same nature. So the crucial question to be answered is how the Court was able to change the foundations of theCommunity legal system, thus strengthening the bases of its own political prestige. The preliminary ruling procedure created by the Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome establishes a direct link between the national courts and the European Court, ascribing to the former the responsibility for the application of the decisions of the latter. lt means that all sanetions available under national law can be applied to the European court judgements.

Sports used to be the only way to enjoy oneself and to spend free time. Today it rather represents business and an important part of all economies around the world. That is why the European community law includes the sports indirectly in three areas: - the community market of the European union, - the economic competition of the EU, - coordinated policies of the EU. The key role of the entire diploma thesis plays the decision of the European Court in the case Bosman in 1995.

Advertisement plays an important role in the life of companies and it is understandable that there can be advertisements created, which will try to gain benefits for the company in various ways, causing damage to other competitors or to consumers included. A logical reaction is the creation of legal and ethical regulation in order to prevent this. Advertisement regulation exists on national level and in the course of the european integration development also a regulation on the community level has been created, especially in form of directives that have to be incorporated into member states' national legislation. Some of the directives allow the states to preserve stricter provisions, unless they are in conflict with the Treaty establishing the European Community, whereas in others the principle of maximal harmonisation is applied, forbidding stricter regulation. This diploma thesis describes legal regulation in the Czech Republic and the European Union as well as ethical regulation on the domestic and european level. It introduces the most important statutes and directives. One part is completely focused on self-regulation in the area of advertising. The last chapter then outlines possibilities of protection against advertisements that violate the mentioned legal and ethical standards by means of judicial or other authorities and self-regulation.

Magister Legum - LLM / The East African Commu1nity (EAC) was re-established on 30 November 1999 by the Republics of Kenya and Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania1 signing the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (the Treaty). The Treaty came into force on 7 July 2000.2 The Republics of Burundi and Rwanda acceded to the Treaty on 18 June 2007 and became full members of the EAC with effect from 1 July 2007.3 The EAC was formed with the major aim of widening and deepening co-operation among the Partner States in political, economic, social and cultural fields4 that would lead to equitable economic development in the region.